UNIVERSITY OF BAGAHDAD

(COLLEGE OF ENGINERRING)

ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATIOM DEPARTMENT

NAME: MOHAMMED FARIS ABDUL MAJEED

STAGE: FOURTH STAGE

LABORATORY NAME: Electronics and Communications

NAME OF EXPERIMENT: Delta Modulation &

Demodulation (DM)
 Exp. No.2: Delta Modulation & Demodulation (DM)

Objective:-
To study and implement the generation and detection of delta modulation
signals.

Equipment:-
1- Oscilloscope.

2- Function generator.

3- Pulse generator.

4- DC power supply.

5- 741 Op-Amp.

6- BC107 npn transistor.

7- Resistors and capacitors.

 Procedure:-
1- We designed the circuit shown in figure(2-a) for values of R and C to meet the
following requirements:
𝛼 = 25 𝑚𝑉
𝑓(𝑡) = 0.1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋 ∗ 100)𝑡
Duty cycle of 𝑃𝑖(𝑡) is 10%, A=5V
Take𝑅1 = 1𝑘Ω, 𝑅𝑓 = 1𝑘Ω, 𝑅2 = 82𝑘Ω, 𝑅𝐵 = 39𝑘Ω
Transistor type BC107
2- We Connected the circuit and sketch to scale𝑃𝑖(𝑡),𝑃𝑜(𝑡), f(t), 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) and the output of
the comparator.
3- We Keeping R, C and 𝜏 constant, find the limiting values of the following variables
beyond which slope overload starts:
-Input frequency
- Input amplitude
-Pulse train frequency
-Pulse train amplitude

4- we Connected the circuit for demodulating 𝑃𝑜(𝑡). This consists of a passive RC

integrator similar to that of the transmitter, followed by a second-order active LPF for
additional smoothing. Sketch the output.
Report:-
1- Define delta modulation and state its advantages.
Sol:
Delta modulation is a form of analog-to-digital conversion technique used to encode
analog signals into digital format. It works by comparing the input signal with a
quantized version of the previous sample and encoding the difference (delta)
between them.

Advantages of delta modulation include:

1. Simplicity: Delta modulation is a relatively simple technique compared to other

modulation schemes, making it easier to implement in hardware.

2. Low complexity: The encoding process involves only comparison and quantization,
resulting in lower computational complexity.

3. Reduced bandwidth requirement: Delta modulation requires less bandwidth

compared to other techniques like pulse code modulation (PCM), as it only transmits
the changes or differences between samples instead of transmitting each sample
individually.

4. Low transmission rate: Due to its reduced bandwidth requirement, delta

modulation can achieve a lower transmission rate, making it suitable for applications
with limited bandwidth or low data rate requirements.

5. Real-time operation: Delta modulation operates in real-time, making it suitable for

applications that require immediate processing and response.

6. Robustness against noise: Delta modulation is relatively robust against noise and
channel disturbances since it only relies on the difference between samples rather
than their absolute values.

However, it's worth noting that delta modulation also has some limitations, such as
higher quantization error compared to PCM and sensitivity to high-frequency
components in the input signal.
2- What are the major drawbacks of delta modulation?
Sol:
Delta modulation, while a simple and efficient technique for analog-to-digital
conversion, does have some major drawbacks. These drawbacks include:
1. Quantization noise: Delta modulation uses a one-bit quantizer, resulting in
quantization noise. This noise can be significant, especially when the input signal has
high-frequency components or rapid changes. The quantization noise can degrade the
signal quality and introduce distortion.
2. Slope overload distortion: Delta modulation relies on tracking the slope of the input
signal to encode it digitally. If the slope of the input signal exceeds the maximum slope
that can be tracked by the delta modulator, it leads to slope overload distortion. This
distortion causes errors in reproducing the original signal accurately.
3. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) degradation: Due to quantization noise and slope overload
distortion, delta modulation suffers from a lower SNR compared to other modulation
techniques. The SNR determines the fidelity of the reconstructed signal and can limit its
quality.
4. Limited dynamic range: Delta modulation has a limited dynamic range due to its one-
bit quantizer. It cannot accurately represent signals with large amplitudes or wide
dynamic ranges since it lacks precision in encoding these variations.
5. High bit rate requirement: Delta modulation requires a high bit rate to achieve
acceptable signal quality due to its one-bit encoding scheme and potential for high-
frequency components in the quantization noise.
6. Sensitivity to channel errors: Delta modulation is sensitive to transmission errors or
channel distortions since any error in transmitting or receiving a single bit can
significantly affect the reconstructed signal quality.
These drawbacks make delta modulation less suitable for applications that require high-
fidelity reproduction of analog signals with wide dynamic ranges and low levels of
distortion and noise.

3- What is Slope Overload distortion and Granular Noise in Delta

Modulation? Explain your answer with figures.
Sol:

Slope overload distortion and granular noise are two types of distortions that can
occur in delta modulation.
 1. Slope Overload Distortion:
Slope overload distortion occurs when the slope of the input signal is too steep for
the delta modulation system to accurately track. This results in an incorrect
representation of the signal, leading to distortion.

In delta modulation, the input signal is compared with a quantization level, and the
difference (delta) between the input and quantization level is encoded. The encoded
signal is then used to reconstruct the original signal.

When the slope of the input signal exceeds the tracking capability of the delta
modulation system, it leads to slope overload distortion. This happens because the
system cannot accurately represent such rapid changes in slope.

2. Granular Noise:
Granular noise is another type of distortion that can occur in delta modulation. It
arises due to quantization errors during encoding and decoding processes.

In delta modulation, quantization levels are used to represent different levels of

amplitude in the input signal. However, due to limited resolution or step size of
these quantization levels, there will always be some error introduced during
encoding and decoding.

4- Suggest a method to overcome the problem of slope overload

Sol:

To overcome the problem of slope overload in delta modulation, you can

employ a technique called Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) or Delta
Modulation with Step Size Control. The key idea behind ADM is to
dynamically adjust the step size (also known as the slope or delta) based on
the local characteristics of the signal.
 𝑨𝝉
5- Derive the equation of the step size which is 𝛼 = 𝑹𝑪
Sol:
6- Briefly Explain the difference delta modulation and PCM.
Sol:

Delta modulation and Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) are both techniques used for
digital signal encoding, but they differ in their approach and the amount of
information they encode.

Delta modulation is a simple form of analog-to-digital conversion that encodes the

difference between consecutive samples of an analog signal. It works by comparing
the current sample with the previous one and encoding whether it is higher or lower.
This results in a binary stream that represents the change or delta between samples.
Delta modulation is a type of differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) and is
commonly used for low-bitrate applications such as voice transmission.

On the other hand, PCM is a more sophisticated technique that encodes the
amplitude of an analog signal at regular intervals. It samples the analog signal at a
high rate and quantizes each sample into a discrete value. These discrete values are
then represented by binary codes, resulting in a digital representation of the original
analog signal. PCM provides higher fidelity compared to delta modulation as it
captures more information about the original signal.

In summary, delta modulation focuses on encoding only the change or difference

between consecutive samples, while PCM captures and encodes the actual
amplitude values of an analog signal at regular intervals.