Module 6 – MIMO Technology

MIMO System Model – Zero Forcing and Minimum

Mean Square Error receivers - Singular Value
Decomposition - Channel Capacity - Optimal Water
filling Power Allocation - Beam forming
Multi user Communication
 Cellular System
Duplexing: separate uplink and downlink
(FDD and TDD)
Multiple Access: sharing of resources in
uplink and downlink : TDMA, FDMA,
CDMA, SDMA
 For More Data Rate
Higher order constellation, power and rate adaptation
Time/ Frequency: use OFDM
Space: use multiple antennas
- Send one symbol per antenna
- Channel mixes the symbol
- Let receiver untangle the signal
 Configuration
SISO, SIMO, MISO, MIMO
• SISO
- No diversity gain, no array gain
• SIMO
- Diversity gain and Array gain
• MISO
- Tx power is divided
- Diversity gain through CSIT
- Diversity gain through CSIR + space time coding
• MIMO
- Tx power is divided
- Diversity gain
- Array gain
 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
• Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
wireless communications employ multiple
antennas at the transmitter and the receiver.
• they increase the reliability of the signal
through diversity combining
• This leads to diversity gain and a net decrease
in the bit-error rate of the wireless
communication system.
• a unique aspect of MIMO is they enable a
several-fold increase in the data rate of the
wireless communication system
 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
Increase in data rate is achieved by transmitting
several information streams in parallel. This is
termed spatial multiplexing.
This can be thought of as transmitting multiple
parallel streams in space through different
spatial modes, i.e., multiplexing information
streams in the space dimension

MIMO system schematic

MIMO System Model
 MIMO System Model
Consider MIMO system with ‘t’ transmit antenna and ‘r’ receive
antenna is r  t system.
Let x1,x2, ...,xt denote the ‘t’ symbols transmitted from the ‘t’
transmit antennas in the MIMO system, i.e., xi denotes the
symbol transmitted from the ith transmit antenna1 ≤ I ≤ t. These
transmit symbols can be stacked to form the t-dimensional
vector, also termed the transmit vector,
 MIMO System Model
Let the complex coefficient hij represent the
fading channel coefficient between the ith
receive antenna and the jth transmit antenna.
Thus, there are a net of ‘rt’ channel coefficients
in this wireless scenario corresponding to all
possible combinations of the r receive antennas
and t transmit antennas.

Where the r×t dimensional matrix

‘H’ is termed the MIMO channel
matrix.
 MIMO System Model
net MIMO input output system model can be
represented in vector form as

Using matrix notation

 MIMO System Model
the special case of t=1, i.e., single transmit
antenna and multiple receive antennas , this is
termed as Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO)
system or the receive diversity system this can
be modelled as
 MIMO System Model
for the case of one receive antenna, i.e., r=1
and multiple transmit antennas, it is termed a
Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) system
model or a transmit diversity system. Its system
model is given as

Finally, for r=t=1,i.e.,a single receive and transmit

antenna, it reduces to the single-input single-output
(SISO) system, modelled as
 MIMO System Model
The covariance matrix of the noise Rn of the noise vector n
defined as

At time instant k

Vectors y(k), x(k), n(k) define the receive, transmit, and noise
vectors of the MIMO wireless communication system at the time
instant k. assume the channel matrix H to be constant or, in other
words, not dependent on the time instant k. This is also termed as
low fading or quasi-static channel matrix, indicating that the
channel coefficients are constant over the block of MIMO vectors
 MIMO System Model
assume that any two noise samples across two
different time instants are uncorrelated, i.e.,

Hence, the noise covariance matrix is given as

Where the delta function

and 0 otherwise.

This noise process, which is uncorrelated across different

antennas and time instants is termed spatio-temporally
uncorrelated noise
 MIMO Zero-Forcing (ZF)Receiver
the process to recover the transmitted signal
vector x from the received vector y at the MIMO
receiver. This can be considered as solving the
system of linear equations
Simplistic scenario, where r=t, i.e., the number of receive
antennas is equal to the number of transmit antennas. In
this case, the matrix His square. Further, if the matrix H is
now invertible, the estimate of the transmit vector ‘x’
is still given as
 MIMO Zero-Forcing (ZF)Receiver
Frequently, one has more receive antennas than
transmit antennas, i.e. ,r>t.

H has more rows than columns. Such a matrix is

popularly known as a tall matrix due to its structure. In
this situation, one cannot exactly solve for x since there
are more equations r than unknowns t.
 MIMO Zero-Forcing (ZF)Receiver

The above error function is also termed the least-

squares error function and the resulting estimator
is termed the least-squares estimator.
For the case of complex vectors/matrices x,y,H, the
transpose in the above expression can be replaced by
the Hermitian operator to yield

Above is zero forcing receiver

 MIMO Zero-Forcing (ZF)Receiver
the zero-forcing decoder can be expressed as

The matrix is also termed the zero-

forcing receiver matrix and the estimate is,
therefore, given as
 Problems
6.1 Compute the MIMO zero-forcing receiver for
the channel matrix H given as
 MIMO MMSE Receiver
Advantage:
Interference Mitigation
• MMSE receiver filter is effective in mitigating interference in
congested urban environments.
• In MIMO systems, there can be significant interference due to
multipath propagation and co-channel interference from
neighbouring cells.
• MMSE processing can effectively suppress this interference,
leading to improved signal quality and higher data rates.
Disadvantage:
Complexity
• MMSE receiver filtering can be computationally intensive,
especially in MIMO systems with multiple antennas at both
transmitter and receiver ends.
• In urban environments with high user density and fast-fading
channels, the computational complexity of MMSE processing
can become a bottleneck, potentially leading to increased
latency and power consumption.
 MIMO MMSE Receiver
In summary,
• while MMSE receiver filtering offers excellent
interference mitigation capabilities, its
computational complexity may pose
challenges, especially in congested urban
areas with short-range MIMO systems.
• Deployment decisions should consider a
balance between performance requirements
and computational overhead.
Singular Value Decomposition(SVD)of the MIMO Channel
Singular Value Decomposition(SVD) of the MIMO channel matrix
H, which is a very important tool to understand the behavior of a
MIMO wireless communication system.

U an orthogonal matrix representing the left singular vector

 diagonal matrix containing singular values
VH orthogonal matrix representing right singular vector
 SVD of the MIMO Channel
In the context of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems,
the channel matrix ‘H’ represents the wireless channel between
the transmitter and receiver, where there can be multiple
antennas at both ends. The SVD of ‘H’ is important for several
reasons:
1. Orthogonalization: SVD orthogonally decomposes the channel
matrix H into its constituent parts, allowing for a clear separation
of the effects of the transmit and receive antennas. This helps in
analyzing the channel characteristics and understanding how
signals propagate through the MIMO system.
2. Channel Capacity The singular values in Sigma represent the
singular values of the channel matrix, which are related to the
channel's capacity. Larger singular values correspond to stronger
components of the channel, indicating better channel conditions.
By analyzing these singular values, one can gain insights into the
achievable data rates and capacity of the MIMO system.
 SVD of the MIMO Channel
3 Precoding and Beamforming: SVD facilitates optimal precoding
and beamforming techniques in MIMO systems. By decomposing
H into U , Sigma , and VH , one can design precoding and
beamforming strategies based on the channel characteristics
represented by these matrices. For example, maximizing the
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or minimizing interference can be
achieved by appropriately manipulating these matrices.
4. Performance Analysis: The SVD allows for a clear
understanding of the channel's singular values and singular
vectors, enabling the analysis of MIMO system performance
under different conditions. This includes assessing the impact of
channel fading, antenna correlation, and spatial multiplexing on
system performance.

Overall, the SVD of the channel matrix H is crucial in analyzing

the performance of MIMO systems as it provides insights into
channel characteristics, enables optimal design strategies, and
facilitates performance evaluation under various scenarios.
 MIMO Capacity
Shannon capacity of the channel is

noise power 2n and power gain 2 i

MIMO system is a collection of ‘t’ parallel
data pipes, with capacities C1 to Ct with

The net MIMO capacity is given as the

sum of the individual capacities

The total power P at the transmitter can

be allocated to the individual streams to
maximize the net capacity. Thus, one can
maximize the above sum capacity subject MIMO SVD parallel channels
to the power constraint P1+P2+...+Pt ≤ P
 Optimal MIMO capacity
Optimal power allocation problem is formulated
as

Above constrained optimization based problem is solved using

standard Lagrange multiplier based technique
 - Lagrange multiplier

This is because of the fact that each power Pi ≥ 0, i.e., power

cannot be negative.

Optimal power allocation is also termed water filling

 Optimal MIMO capacity
Lagrange multiplier λ, can be found from the
constraint equation

Above is Optimal power allocation is also termed water filling

MIMO water filling capacity

Water Filling Algorithm for Optimal Power Allocation
Power Constraint: There is a total power constraint
P_total that limits the total power that can be
transmitted through the channel
Channel Model: The algorithm assumes that we have a
frequency-selective channel with different levels of
attenuation (or gain) at different frequencies
Eigenvalues Calculation: The channel is characterized by
its eigenvalues, which represent the singular values of the
channel matrix. These eigenvalues correspond to the
channel gains.
Water Level Calculation: The water level is calculated
based on the eigenvalues. It is determined such that the
total power constraint is satisfied when water is poured
up to this level across the frequency bands
Water Filling Algorithm for Optimal Power Allocation
Power Allocation: The algorithm allocates power to
each frequency band (or eigenvalue) according to
the difference between the water level and the
channel gain. More power is allocated to frequency
bands with higher channel gains
Transmit Signal Formation: Using the power
allocations determined in the previous step, the
transmitter constructs the transmit signal
Receiver Processing: At the receiver, the received
signal is processed to decode the transmitted
information.
 Channel Capacity
Shannon capacity of a MIMO channel, maximum
data rate that can be transmitted over the channel
with arbitrarily small error probability.
Capacity versus outage defines the maximum rate
that can be transmitted over the channel with some
nonzero outage probability.
Channel capacity depends on what is known about
the channel gain matrix or its distribution at the
transmitter and/or receiver.
 Problems
6.3 Consider the MIMO channel matrix H given
as
2 −6 0
𝐻= 3 4 0
0 0 2
Considering a transmit power P = -1.25dB and
noise power n2 = 3dB. Singular values are 1 =
52, 2=13,3=2. Compute the optimal power
allocation and channel capacity.