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Heredity

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DEBASHIS GARNAIK
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41 views3 pages

Heredity

Uploaded by

DEBASHIS GARNAIK
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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● HEREDITY

-Parental generations provides information for basic body design, acompanied with small
changes.

-Lowest part of ear is called earlobe.

-Gregor Johann Mendel studied at university of Vienna.

-Mendel used garden pea or pisum sativum.

-The trait which is expressed in F1 Generation, in heterozygous condition is the dominant


trait. The one which remains hidden, is a recessive trait.

-F1 generation is the result of cross between two pure individuals of contrasting characters.
• Hence, it will have one chromosome from either parent, making it heterozygous.

- Cellular DNA is the information for making protein. This section of DNA which provides
information is called gene.

- Snails can change their sex. It isnt dependent on genes.

Creation of variation promotes survival:


•Depending on nature of variation, different individuals will have different advantages.

F1 generation- Law of Dominance :


In heterozygous organisms, a character is represented by two contrasting factors. one which
is expressed is called dominant Law of dominance says only one dominant trait is enough
for its expression.

F2 generation: Law of independent assortment:


In F2 generation, 4 gametes are forming showing that law of independent assortment works.
• Traits get randomly re-arranged in the offspring producing new combinations.

Law of paired factor :


A character is represented in organism by atleast 2 traits.

Blood group O is recessive.


Blood group A & B are dominant.
↳ Blood group is only represented. in homozygous.

How is sex of child obtained?


Ans. Human beings have 22 pairs of autosomes which are same in both genders. and one
pair of sex chromosome. This is XX in females
and XY in males.
This shows that females produce all similar gametes, carrying X chromosome. While males
produce 2 gametes, X 50% and Y 50%
• Male determines the sex of the child. But it is based on luck and males can't choose their
gametes.
• When XX is formed, female is produced. When XY is formed, male is produced.

- Organisms have two sets of genes for each trait, one inherited from each parent.
• During formation of gamete, one set of these gene passes to the germ cell. Thus germ
cells have only one set of genes.
• Genes are located on the chromosmes, the chromosomes are present in pairs.
• During gamete formation, one chromosome of the pair is passed onto each gamete.

- Asexual reproduction has less variations because variations are only there
because of errors in DNA copying. While in sexual there are two parents causing variation.

Outcomes of mendel's experiments


• Both parents contribute equally to progeny.
• Traits may be dominant or recessive.
• Dominant trait in expressed in both hetero and homozygous.
• Recessive are only expressed in homozygous.
• Traits are independent of each other.

- Chromosomes are long DNA strands, present in nucleus, carrying genes which code for a
trait.

Basic event in reproduction?


Ans. DNA copying is basic event.
• Cells use chemical reactions to create a Dna copy.
• Additional cellular apparatus is created.
• Each separated DNA has its own cellular apparatus for maintaining life processes.

Speciation with example:


• Lets say originally, beetles were red. Some variation caused a beetle to be green. Because
it can camouflage better, green beetles were naturally selected as it has an advantage. Then
these will grow in number.
• Suppose a few green beetles move to a different environment. Then the population would
vary greatly from original red beetles. At some point, these two will not be able to interbreed
due to accumulation of variation.
• Due to natural selection and genetic drift, a new species is formed.

Mendel's experiment :
• Mendel used garden pea plants with contrasting characters like:
• Yellow or green seeds
• Tall or short
• Violet or white flowers.
• He crossed plants with contrasting characters and studied progeny of F1 and F2
generation.
• By crossing tall & short, he found that all plants in F1 generation were tall. This led Mendel
to propose law of paired factor, or that two copies of factor controlling traits are in each
organism.
• But when F1 were crossed for second generation
75% were tall, 25% were short.
• Tall pure parent was represented by TT
• Dwarf parent was represented tt,
• F1 had all Tt, hybrid tall.
• F2 had 25% TT, 50%. Tt, 25% tt.

- For every hormone, protein, enzyme. there is a gene.


- Two versions of a character are situated on copies of same chromosome.
- Genes are a specific sequence of bases in DNA molecule.
- A small population is on a greater threat of extinction, because:
• Inbreeding depression - small population give rise to inbreeding and there a less variation.
• Genetic drift - They are more susceptible to genetic drift.

Mendel used pea plants as:


• Pea plants are easy to grow
• They have a short lifespan.
• They have a larger Hover
• Pea plants are self-porinated
• Easily identified characters

- Genes controlling traits segregrate indepently and recombine to form new combination.
- Individual genes exist in 2 forms that may be similas or dissimilar.

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