What is an IP address?

An Internet Protocol address is a numerical

label assigned to each device connected to a
computer network that uses the Internet
Protocol for communication.
An IP address serves two principal functions:
host or network interface identification
location addressing.
 IP (Internet Proocol)
Network layer of TCP/IP supports IP in turn four
other supporting protocol
◦ ICMP
◦ IGMP
◦ ARP
◦ RARP
It is a transmission mechanism used by TCP/IP
protocols
IP datagram
 C ont.,

IP Is a unreliable and connection less

datagram protocol.
No error checking or tracking.
Data transmitted to destination but no
guarantees.
IP must be paired with TCP.
 IP Addressing
In addition to physical address (NIC) ,to identify
each device in the network it requires IP address.
Address that identify host of its network.
An IP address is a 32-bit address.
The IP addresses are unique and
universal.
It Represented in a Dotted-decimal
Notation.
Example 1
Change the following IP addresses from binary notation to dotted-
decimal notation.
a. 10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11111001 10011011 11111011 00001111

Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent decimal
number and add dots for separation:
a. 129.11.11.239
b. 249.155.251.15
Example 2
Change the following IP addresses from dotted-decimal notation to
binary notation.
a. 111.56.45.78
b. 75.45.34.78

Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary equivalent
(see Appendix B):

a. 01101111 00111000 00101101 01001110

b. 01001011 00101101 00100010 01001110
Figure 19.10 Finding the class in binary notation
Finding the class in decimal notation (changes from 0 to 255)
 Private and Public IPAddress
Class Starting IPAddress Ending IPAddress # of Hosts

A 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 16,777,216

B 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 1,048,576

C 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 65,536

 Types of IP address
Static address
Dynamic address

Static IP address
◦ manually input by network administrator.
◦ manageable for small networks.
◦ requires careful checks to avoid
duplication.
 Types of IP address
Dynamic IP address
examples - BOOTP, DHCP
◦ Assigned by server when host boots
◦ Derived automatically from a range of
addresses
◦ Duration of ‘lease’ negotiated, then address
released back to server
 Subnetting
Dividing the network into several smaller
groups (subnets) with each group having its
own subnet IP address.
Site looks to rest of internet like single
network and routers outside the organization
route the packet based on the main Network
address.
Local routers route within subnetted
network using subnet address.
 Subnetting
Host portion of address partitioned into subnet
number (most significant part) and host number
(least significant part)
In this case, IP address will have 3 levels
(Main network, subnet, host)
Subnet mask is a 32-bit consists of zeros and ones
that indicates which bits of the IP address are
subnet number and which are host number
Subnet mask when AND ed with the IP address
it gives the subnetwork address
 Masking.
Masking is a process that extracts the address
of the physical network from an IP address.
Boundary level masking: Here the mask
numbers are either 255 or 0, finding the
subnetwork address is very easy.
Non-boundary level masking.
If mask numbers are not just 255 or 0,
finding the subnetwork address involves
using the bitwise A N D operators
 Supernetting:
• Supernetting combines several networks into
one lager one (Because of Address reduction)
 IP Network Addressing
INTERNET  world’s largest public data
network, doubling in size every nine months
IPv4, defines a 32-bit address - 232
(4,294,967,296) IPv4 addresses available
The first problem is concerned with the
eventual depletion of the IP address space.
Traditional model of classful addressing does not
allow the address space to be used to its
maximum potential.
 ClassfulAddressing
When IP was first standardized in Sep 1981,
each system attached to the IP based Internet
had to be assigned a unique 32-bit address
The 32-bit IP addressing scheme involves a
two level addressing hierarchy

Network Number/Prefix Host Number

 Internet Protocol (IP)
What is Internet Protocol?
◦ Internet Protocol is a set of technical rules
that defines how computers communicate
over a network.

◦ Currently, There are two versions of IP

IP version 4 (IPv4)
IP version 6 (IPv6).
 Internet Protocol (IP)
What is IPv4?
◦ IPv4 was the first version of Internet
Protocol to be widely used, and accounts
for most of today’s Internet traffic.

◦ There are just over 4 billion IPv4 addresses.

While that is a lot of IP addresses, it is not
enough to last forever.
 Internet Protocol (IP)
What is IPv6?
◦ IPv6 is a newer numbering system that
provides a much larger address pool than
IPv4. It was deployed in 1999 and should
meet the world’s IP addressing needs well
into the future.
 Internet Protocol (IP)
What is the major difference?
◦ The major difference between IPv4 and
IPv6 is the number of IP addresses.

◦ There are 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses.

◦ while, there are
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,
768,211,456 IPv6 addresses.
 128-bit IPv6 Address
3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234

8 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers separated by “:”

Leading zeros can be
removed

3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234

:: = all zeros in one or more group of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers

 IPv4 vs. IPv6
IPv6

IPv4 addresses are 32 IPv6 addresses are 128

bit length. bit length.

IPv4 addresses are binary IPv6 addresses are binary

numbersrepresented in numbers represented in
decimals. hexadecimals.

IPSec support is
Inbuilt IPSec support.
only optional.
Fragmentation is done by
Fragmentation is done only
sender and forwarding
by sender.
routers.
 Packet flow identification is
available within the IPv6 header
No packet flow identification.
using the Flow Label field.

Checksum field is No checksum field in

available in IPv4 IPv6 header.
header

Options fields are No option fields, but

available in IPv4 IPv6 Extension headers
header. are available.

Address Resolution Protocol

Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP) is replaced with a
(ARP) is available to map IPv4
function of Neighbor Discovery
addresses to MAC addresses.
Protocol (NDP).
Internet Group
IGMP is replaced with
Management Protocol
Multicast Listener
(IGMP) is used to manage
Discovery (MLD) messages.
multicast group
membership.
Broadcast messages are not
available. Instead a link- local
scope "All nodes" multicast
Broadcast messages are IPv6 address(FF02::1) is used
available. for broadcast similar
functionality.

Manual configuration Auto-configuration of

(Static) of IPv4 addresses or addresses is available.
DHCP (Dynamic Host
 IPv4 companion protocols (1)
ARP: Address Resolution Protocol
◦ Mapping from IP address to MAC address
ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol
◦ Error reporting & Query
IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol
◦ Multicast member join/leave
Unicast Routing Protocols (Intra-AS)
◦ Maintaining Unicast Routing Table
◦ E.g. RIP, OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
 IPv4 companion protocols (2)
Multicast Routing Protocols
◦ Maintaining Multicast Routing Table
◦ E.g. DVMRP, MOSPF, CBT, PIM
Exterior Routing Protocols (Inter-AS)
◦ E.g. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
Quality-of-Service Frameworks
◦ Integrated Service (ISA, IntServ)
◦ Differentiated Service (DiffServ)
 Why IPv6?
Deficiency of IPv4
Address space exhaustion
New types of service  Integration
◦ Multicast
◦ Quality of Service
◦ Security
◦ Mobility (MIPv6)
Header and format limitations
 Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4
Larger address space
Better header format
New options
Allowance for extension
Support for resource allocation
Support for more security
Support for mobility