Object Oriented Programming OOP treats data as an important element in the program development and does not allow it to flow freely around the system. It ties data more closely to the function that operate on it, and protects it from accidental modification from outside function, OOP allows decomposition ofa problem into a umber of entities called objects and then builds data and function around these objects. ‘The organization of data and function in object-oriented programs is shown in the following figure Organization of data and fimetion in OOP Object A Object B DATA pata ommunication ¥ F »| + FUNCTION FUNCTION DATA| z FUNCTION Features of object oriented programming are: + Emphasis is on data rather than procedure, + Programs are divided into what are known as objects. + Data structures are designed such that they characterize the objects + Functions that operate on the data of an object are tied together in the data structure. + Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external funtion, + Objects may communicate with each other through function. + New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary, + Follows bottom up approach in program design. Basic Concepts of Object Oriented Programming + Objects + Classes: + Inheritance + Polymorphism + Abstraction+ Encapsulation + Dynamic binding + Message passing 1. Objects Object is an instance of a class. Objects are the basic run time entities in an object-oriented system ‘They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of data or any item that the program has to handle. They may also represent user-defined data such as vectors, time and lists. Objects take up space in the memory and have an associated address like a record in Pascal, ora structure ine. 2. Classes + Collection of objects is called a class. It isa logical entity + class ean also be defined as a blueprint from which you ean create an individual object Class doesn't consume any space. + Acclass is thus a collection of objects of similar types. For examples, Mango, Apple and orange ‘members of class fruit. Classes are user-defined that types and behave like the built-in types of a programming language. + Lffiuit has been defined as a class, then the statement Fruit Mango; Will create an object mango belonging to the class fruit. 3. Inheritance: Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire the properties of objects of another classes. It supports the concept of hierarchical classification For example, the bird, ‘robin’ isa part of class “flying bird’ which is again a part of the class “bird”. Each derived class shares common characteristics with the class ftom which it is derived. In OOP, the concept of inheritance provides the idea of reusability. This means that we can add additional features to an existing class without modifying it. 4. Polymorphism : Polymorphism is another important OOP concept. Polymorphism means the ability to take more than on form. An operation may exhibit different behavior in different instances, For example, consider the operation of addition. For two numbers, the operation will generate a sum. If the operands are strings, then the operation would produce a third string by concatenation. This process is known as operator overloading. 5. Abstraction : Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the ‘background details or explanation. Classes use the concept of abstraction. They encapsulate all the essential properties of the object that are to be created The attributes are some time called data members because they hold information. The functions that operate on these data are sometimes called methods or member function 6. Encapsulation : The wrapping up of data and function into a single unit (called class) is known as encapsulation. The data is not accessible to the outside world, and only those functions which are‘wrapped in the class can access it. This insulation of the data from direct access by the program is called data hiding o information hiding. 7. Dynamic Binding ; In dynamic binding, the method call is bonded to the method body at run time, Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a given procedure call is not known until the time of the call at run time, Its associated with polymorphism and inheritance. Consider the previous fig, Every object will have “draw”. ts algorithm is, however, unique to each object and so the draw procedure will be redefined in each class that defines the object. At run-time, the code matching the object under current reference will be called. Dynamic binding is also known as late binding 8. Message Passing An object-oriented program consists of a set of objects that communicate with each otber. The process of programming in an object-oriented language, involves the following basic steps 1. Creating classes that define object and their behavior, 2. Creating objects from class definitions, and 3. Establishing communication among objects. A Message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure, and therefore will invoke a function (procedure) in the receiving object that generates the desired results. Message passing involves specifying the name of object, the name of the function (message) and the information to be sent. Example: + Employee. Salary (name); Introduction to Java + Java is a programming language and a platform. Java is a high level, robust, object oriented and secure programming language. + Java was developed at Sun Microsystems (which is now the subsidiary of Oracle) by James Gosling in the year 1991, James Gosling is known as the father of Java. Before Java, its name was Oak, Since Oak was already a registered company, so James Gosling ‘and his team changed the Oak name to Jav: + Java programming is very useful for Internet Programming, Today, it is used not only for Web Programming, but also for developing standalone applications across platforms on servers, desktops and mobile devices. Classification of Java Programs programs are classified into two types: 1. Application Programs2. Applet Programs 1.An application program is run on the computer under the operating system of the computer. This is similar to the other programming languages. 2.An applet is designed to be transmitted over the internet and executed by a Java ‘compatible web browser. Applets can be run from a web browser. Applets use a modern graphical user interface with buttons, text fields, text areas, radio buttons and so on, to interact with users on the web and process their request. Applets make the web responsive, interactive and fun to use. Applets are not full-featured application programs. They are usually written to accomplish a small task or a component of task. Differences between Application Program and Applet Applets are smalll Java programs that are designed to be included with the HTML web document. They require a Java-enabled web browser for execution. Applet does not require a main function for its execution, Applets don’t have local disk and network access. Applets can only access the browser specific services. They don’t haye access to the local system. Applets cannot execute programs from the local machine, It is downloaded from remote machines. ‘An applet program is needed to. perform smal tasks or the part of it.Features of Java Compiled and Interpreted Platform Independent and Portable Object-Oriented Robust and Secure Distributed Simple, Small and Familiar Multithreaded and Interactive Dynamic and Extensible High Performance Explanation of the Features of Java 1, Compiled and Interpreted Usually a computer language is either compiled o approach, thus making Java a two-stage system. terpreted. Java combines both this First, Java compiler translates source code into what is known as byte code instructions. Byte codes are not machine instructions and therefore, in the second stage, Java interpreter generates machine code that can be directly executed by the machine that is, running the Java program. We can thus say that Java is both a compiled and interpreted. Ex: filename,java ‘Compiling > javae filename java After successful compilation, filename.class is made which is a byte code. Interpreting > Now, filename.class can be executed anywhere by: java filename 2. Platform Independent and Portable Java is a platform independent language. Once we created the program in one operating system, it can work on any other operating system under any environment. Java programs can be easily moved from one computer system to another, anywhere and anytime. Changes and upgrades in operating systems, processors and system resources will not force any changes in Java programs. Java ensures portability in two way:Java compiler generates byte code instructions that can be implemented on any machine. i. The size of the primitive data types are macl same 1¢ — independen .. sizes remain the 3. Object-Oriented Java is a true object oriented language. Almost everything in Java is an object. All the program code and data reside within objects and classes. Java comes with an extensive set of classes, arranged in packages, that we can use in our programs by inheritance. The object oriented model in Java is simple and easy to understand. 4, Robust and Secure + Java is a robust language. It provides many safeguards to ensure reliable code. It has strict compile time and runtime checking for data types. It is designed as a garbage — collected language relieving the programmers virtually all memory management problems. Java also incorporates the concept of exception handling which captures serious errors and eliminates any risk of crashing the system. Security becomes an important issue for a language that can be used for programming on internet. Java systems not only verify all memory access but also ensure that no viruses ean communicate with an applet. The absence of pointer in Java ensures that programs cannot gain access to memory locations without proper authorization, 5. Distributed Java is designed as a distributed language for creating applications on networks. It has the ability to share both data and programs. Java applications can open and access remote objects or internet as easily as they can do in a local system. This enables multiple programmers at multiple remote locations (o collaborate and work together on a single object. 6, Simple, Small and Familiar + Java is a small and simple language. Many features of C and C++ that are either redundant or sources of unreliable code are not part of Java, For example, Java does not use pointers, pre-processor header files, goto statement and many others, + To make the language look familiar to the existing programmers, it was modelled on C and C+ languages, Java uses many constructs of C and C+ and therefore, Java code “look like a C+#” code. 7. Multithreaded and Interactive ‘Multithreaded means handling multiple tasks simultancously. In Java, we need not to wait for the application to finish one task before beginning another. For example, we can listen to an audio clip while scrolling a page and at the same time download an applet from a distant computer. This feature greatly improves the interactive performance of graphical applications.8. Dynamic and Extensible Java is a dynamic language. Java is capable of dynamically linking the new class libraries methods and objects. Java supports functions written in other languages such as C and C++. These functions are known as native methods. Native methods are linked dynamically at runtime. 9. High Performance Java performance is impressive for an interpreted language, mainly due to the use of intermediate byte code Java and architecture is designed to reduce overheads during runtime. Furthermore, multithreading enhance the overall execution speed of Java programs. Java Environment Phase 1 = }_.fSa | Phase 2 — |_,! Phase 3 ‘Stas Loader Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 1: Java program is typed in a text editor (ex. Notepad). The programmer specifies that the fire in the editor should be saved. The program is stored on a secondary storage device such as disk. Java program files are stored with .java extension filename. Ex:- C:\jdk1.S\bin\filename.jaya + Phase 2: The programmer gives the command javac filename,java to compile the program. At this stage, the Java compiler translates the Java program into byte codetha correcth that will be interpreted d s the language understood by the Java interpreter. If the program compiles a file called filename.class is produced. This is the file containing byte codes ig the execution phase. + Phase 3: This phase is called loading. The program must be placed in memory before it can be executed. This is done by the class loader, which takes the .class file cont byte code and translates it into the memory. + Phase 4: Byte code verifier confirms that all byte codes are valid and do not violate Java security instructions. + Phase 5: Java interpreter reads byte code and translate them into a language that the computer can understand and then exeeutes the code. Java Program Structure 1, Documentation: Comprises a set of comment ing the name of the program, the author and other details, a ae *yforms the compiler that the classes defined here belong to this package. ex: package abes 3. Import Statements: \elude statement in C import abe.test ‘This statement instructs the interpreter to load the test ¢ abe. ss contained in the package 4, Interface Statements: implement multiple inhe is like a class but includes a group of method declarations used to ance. 5. Class Definitions: Classes are the prime and essential elements used to map the objects. 6. Main Method Class :Every Java standalone program requires a man method as its starting point. Tokens in Java+ Reserved Keywords : Keywords have specific meaning in Java. We cannot use them as names for variables, classes, methods and so on. Ex: class, double, event, new, public, try, while ete. About 50 reserved keywords currently in Java. + Identifiers : ‘These are used for naming classes, methods, variables, objects, labels, packages and interfaces. Ex: sum, length, average etc. © Literals Integral Literals in Java t 146, -98 Floating-Point Literals : 101.23, 78.987 Char Literals in Jaya : ‘a. Single Quote : char ch = ‘a's b, Escape Sequence : char ch = \n's String Literals : String s = "Hello" Boolean Literals : boolean b = true; ‘* Constants: Constants are also like normal variables. But, the only difference is, their values can not be modified by the program once they are defined. Constants refer to fixed values. They are also called as literals. Syntax: final int a= 16; + Separators: Parentheses(), braces {}, brackets[], semicolon; comma , dot . (used to separate package name from sub package and classes)A simple Java Program class Example { publie static void main (String args[]) System.out.printin(“Hello”) 1 } - Class Declaration : The first oriented construct. ine i.e. class Example declares a class, which is an object 2. Opening Braces : Every class definition in Java begins with an opening brace “{* and ends with a closing brace *}” 3. The Main Line The third line public static void main(String args[]) This defines a method main whi the execution of the program. is the starting point for the interpreter to begin Contains public, static, void and string args|] 4. public: it declares the main method as unprotected and therefore making it accessible (o all the other classes, 5. static: Declares this method as one that belongs to the entire class and not a part of any object of the class. It_ allows main( ) method to be called without having to instantiate a particular instance of the class. The interpreter uses this method before any objects are created. 6. void: main( ) method does not return any value. 4. String args] ] : Declares a parameter named args, which is am array of instances of the class string. args receives any command line arguments present when the program is executed. 4, The Output ‘System.out.printin(“Java is better than CH); It is similar to pringf(). Since Java is a true object oriented language, every method must be a part of an object, which is a static data member of the System class.Data Types Data Type Primitive Non-Primi Boolean Numeric Character integral Integer Floating-point ae ee boolean char byte short int long float double Primitive Data TypesJava Statements Expression Statements Expression statements are valid Java expressions that are terminated by a semicolon. In Java, there are four kinds of expression statements: + assignment expressions such as ¢ = ab; a4=53 z=x; ‘+ prefix and postfix increment and decrement such as ++a3 --b; ¢~ + method invocations, whether or not they return a value If and If-Else Statements ‘The simplest control flow construct in Java is the if statement, which can have an optional else clause, Here is the format without the else clause: if (oolean-expression) statement ‘The statement can be a simple statement terminated by a semicolon or a block enclosed in curly braces. Alternatively, we can add an els if (boolean-expression) statement! else statement? Else-If Ladder if(conditiont) statement-1;