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Unit 5. Playback 0: Modeling process flow

What this unit is about

This unit covers the modeling of process flow, sequence flow, tokens,
gateways, and intermediate events.

What you should be able to do

After completing this unit, you should be able to:
• Describe process sequence flow and the runtime use of process tokens
• List and describe gateways as they are used in IBM Process Designer
• Explain how to evaluate conditions for a BPD gateway
• Model gateways in a BPD
• List and describe intermediate event types that are used in IBM Process
Designer
• Model a business process escalation path with an attached timer
intermediate event

How you will check your progress

• Checkpoint questions and lab exercises

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Unit objectives
After completing this unit, you should be able to:
• Describe process sequence flow and the runtime use of process tokens
• List and describe gateways as they are used in IBM Process Designer
• Explain how to evaluate conditions for a BPD gateway
• Model gateways in a BPD
• List and describe intermediate event types that are used in IBM
Process Designer
• Model a business process escalation path with an attached timer
intermediate event

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-1. Unit objectives WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

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Topics
• About process flow
• About tokens
• About gateways
• Intermediate events

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-2. Topics WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

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Key concepts in this unit

• Process flow: Encompasses both the normal, expected process path
to completion, and alternative process paths that might occur with
different process conditions or business rules
• Tokens: Describe how the process flows when the process is run
• Gateways: Used to control the flow of a process
– Split, join, exclusive, inclusive, and parallel

• Intermediate events: An event that takes place between a start and an

end event in the BPD
– Sequence flow intermediate events: Message, content, timer, and tracking
– Boundary (attached) intermediate events: Error, message, content, and timer

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-3. Key concepts in this unit WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

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Uempty 5.1. About process flow

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About process flow

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

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Figure 5-4. About process flow WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Comprehensive process models have one thing in common: they communicate process flow well.
Process flow encompasses both the normal, expected process path to completion, and alternative
process paths that might occur with different process conditions or business rules. To understand
how to communicate both kinds of process flows in the process model, it is important to understand
what types of sequence flow exist in process modeling and how to implement gateways.

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Normal sequence flow

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Figure 5-5. Normal sequence flow WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
What is sequence flow?
Sequence flow is considered to be part of a category of connecting objects. These objects connect
each element on the diagram to indicate the order in which elements are conducted.
Normal sequence flow:
The simplest example of sequence flow is the connection of two flow objects. A plain arrow
represents a normal sequence flow. It is the type of flow that was used when you connected
elements in the last unit.
With normal sequence flow, the business process progresses to the next step in the process as
soon as the first step is completed.

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Conditional sequence flow

• BPMN standards use a small diamond with an arrow to represent the

conditional sequence flow
• IBM Process Designer does not show a small diamond with an arrow
for the conditional sequence flow
í It looks the same as a normal sequence flow in the BPD

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-6. Conditional sequence flow WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Conditional sequence flow is associated with gateways. Conditional expressions are evaluated to
determine which path the flow is going to take. The difference between normal and conditional
sequence flows is that conditional flows are not automatically followed; the condition must be met
first.
The number of conditional flows that are followed is determined according to the type of element
that is used and the requirements of the instance that is being processed.
An arrow with a diamond at the start of the arrow represents a conditional sequence flow.

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Default sequence flow

• A plain arrow with a backslash at the beginning of the flow line

• A default sequence flow is required and is automatically created when
there is a conditional sequence flow
• The default sequence flow indicates a processing path to follow when
none of the conditions on the conditional sequence flows are true
• The default sequence flow ensures that there is at least one processing
path (the default path) for the business process to follow
© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-7. Default sequence flow WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
When using conditional sequence flow in IBM Process Designer, a default flow is required. The
default flow indicates a processing path to follow when none of the conditions on the conditional
flows are true. It allows at least one path of processing (the default path) for the business process to
follow.
This type of sequence flow has a slash added to the beginning of the flow line. You notice when you
draw sequence flows to and from certain elements that the slash immediately shows.

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Uempty 5.2. About tokens

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About tokens

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

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Figure 5-8. About tokens WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Tokens are used to describe how the process flows when the process is run.
The indication of a token on a step identifies the location of active processing steps of that business
process.

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What is a token?

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-9. What is a token? WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
A token is used in two ways:
• To display to developers, designers, and business the task it is completing.
• To help in understanding the flow through a business process, which is based on the type of
gateway that is chosen at the design stage, and different use case scenarios. Tokens can help
to determine whether the correct gateway is selected based on the business requirements.

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Traverses the flow objects

1. Original 2. Previous 3. Current

location of location of location of
token token token

Note: The different shades of the token that you see in this course are
for class illustration purpose, and only the current location of the
token displays in the BPD in the tool

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-10. Traverses the flow objects WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Here is an example of serial processing along with the explanation for the placement of the token.
As each step is completed, a token identifies the next step that is required until the path of
processing reaches an end event. In this case, the third step is active, which shows the red token
on that step. The two previous steps are completed in order, and the lighter colored tokens are
emphasizing that fact.

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Diverted through alternative paths

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-11. Diverted through alternative paths WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Tokens can help in the understanding and identification of a particular path of processing that an
instance takes. In this slide, you see that by tracking how the token gets diverted through alternative
paths, the sequence flow that the use case requires is definable.

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Split into parallel paths

• A parallel gateway is used here, and is covered later in this unit

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-12. Split into parallel paths WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
In many situations, more than one step within a business process can be active. The token allows
the identification of all active steps of a business process. Each active step within the business
process is highlighted or shown with a token. Here you can see that after the token passed through
the gateway, the business conditions required that two steps of the business process must be run
concurrently.

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Uempty 5.3. About gateways

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About gateways

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Figure 5-13. About gateways WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Often, a gateway is used to control the flow of a process.

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Represented as a diamond

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Figure 5-14. Represented as a diamond WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
A gateway is represented as a diamond.

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Can be thought of as a question

?
Is loan approved?

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-15. Can be thought of as a question WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Often, a gateway is representative of a question that is asked at a particular point in a process.

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Has a defined set of alternative answers

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-16. Has a defined set of alternative answers WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The question has a defined set of alternative answers. All of the answers can be thought of as gates
that are keeping the process from continuing until a valid answer is provided for the question.
Gateways control the divergence and convergence of sequence lines, determining branching and
merging of the paths that a process can take.

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Two distinct modes: Split

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Figure 5-17. Two distinct modes: Split WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Typically, gateways have two distinct modes. One mode is that a gateway can split an incoming
path into multiple outgoing paths. It is known as a split.

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Two distinct modes: Join

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-18. Two distinct modes: Join WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The second mode for a gateway is that it can merge multiple incoming paths into one outgoing path.
It is known as a join.
In IBM Process Designer, an exclusive gateway is not used to join multiple tokens. Inclusive and
parallel gateways allow for joins to be used.
Using gateway splits and joins:
Gateway splits allow for activities to occur at the same time.
In some situations, there are times when some actions must not proceed until a set of previous
activities are completed. An example of this gateway is a summary task of the results of previous
actions.
When this example happens, you need an accompanying join to make the process work in a
simple, sensible manner. It also makes the process diagram easy to understand by various
audiences.
A good rule to remember is that when modeling splits and joins, there is one token into the process
and one token out of the process.

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Exclusive: Diamond shape with no internal marker

Exclusive
gateway

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-19. Exclusive: Diamond shape with no internal marker WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The first type of gateway you examine is the exclusive gateway. This gateway is sometimes called
an XOR gateway. If you want to send the process flow along only one of the available sequence
flows, use an exclusive gateway.

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Exclusive: One or more outgoing conditional sequence

flows

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Figure 5-20. Exclusive: One or more outgoing conditional sequence flows WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Outgoing sequence flow conditions are evaluated from top to bottom as defined in the properties
tab of the gateway.
• It is a good practice to model exclusive gateways so that only one outgoing sequence flow
condition can be true.
• After a business process condition is met, that conditional sequence path is followed, and
evaluation of subsequent outgoing sequence flow conditions stops.
• If no conditions are met, the default processing path is followed.

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Exclusive: Default sequence flow

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Figure 5-21. Exclusive: Default sequence flow WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Because this gateway uses conditional sequence flow, an outgoing default sequence flow (a line
with no condition) must be modeled with exclusive gateways. It allows the process to proceed even
if none of the conditions on the conditional processing paths evaluate to true.

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Process narrative
Submit auto damage claim:

• If claim amount is less than $1000, conduct a small claims review

• If claim amount is $1000 to $5000, conduct a standard claims review

• If claim amount is greater than $5000, conduct a fraud claims review

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-22. Process narrative WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

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Submit auto claim example (1 of 6)

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Figure 5-23. Submit auto claim example (1 of 6) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
This example has an exclusive gateway. The activity labels are not all verb-noun pairings.
Sometimes there is not enough space for a full name. If it happens this way during your modeling,
the key is to make sure that your labels communicate the process clearly.

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Submit auto claim example (2 of 6)

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Figure 5-24. Submit auto claim example (2 of 6) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Here is an example with tokens.

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Submit auto claim example (3 of 6)

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Figure 5-25. Submit auto claim example (3 of 6) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The lighter tokens show where the token was. These lighter tokens are shown to further
understanding and are not part of the software. The red token indicates where the token is.

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Submit auto claim example (4 of 6)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-26. Submit auto claim example (4 of 6) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
This path is taken if the claim is under $1000.

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Submit auto claim example (5 of 6)

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Figure 5-27. Submit auto claim example (5 of 6) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
This path is taken if the claim is between $1000 and $5000.

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Submit auto claim example (6 of 6)

Receives the token

only if all preceding
conditions are not
met

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-28. Submit auto claim example (6 of 6) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The default sequence flow is taken if the rest of the conditions are not met.

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Inclusive: Diamond shape with an internal circle

Inclusive
gateway

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-29. Inclusive: Diamond shape with an internal circle WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The next type of gateway is the inclusive gateway. This gateway can be used as either a split or a
join. To distinguish the usage, it is called the inclusive split gateway or inclusive join gateway.

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Inclusive split: One or more outgoing conditional sequence

flows

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-30. Inclusive split: One or more outgoing conditional sequence flows WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
A gateway that is used to move process flow along one or more conditional sequence flows is
called an inclusive split gateway. Each conditional sequence flow is evaluated in turn, and each one
that evaluates to true is followed. This type of evaluation means that the inclusive split can cause
parallel processing to occur within a business process.

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Inclusive split: Default sequence flow

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Figure 5-31. Inclusive split: Default sequence flow WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
This type of gateway also uses conditional sequence flow so an outgoing default sequence flow (a
line with no condition) must be modeled with conditional gateways. The default sequence flow is
followed only if none of the preceding conditions are true.
While both exclusive gateways and inclusive splits evaluate conditions, they behave differently. The
exclusive gateway allows a process to take only one of the available paths, while an inclusive split
can allow it to take one or more conditional paths. The default sequence flow works the same in
both gateways; the default sequence flow is followed only if all of the conditional sequence flows
evaluate to false.
Inclusive join gateways:
The same inclusive gateway also has a join function. It can be used to bring together multiple
processing paths and “join them together.” This gateway is useful when a previous gateway caused
parallel processing paths to occur in the business process, and they are now required to be joined
to be able to complete a common business activity.
The inclusive join has the following capabilities:
• Any number of incoming sequence flows can be modeled.

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Uempty • The inclusive join is able to determine which of these sequence flows are live.
• After all live incoming sequence flows reach the inclusive join, the outgoing sequence flow is
followed.
• The inclusive join is able to determine whether an incoming sequence flow is no longer live and
no longer waits for it.

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Process narrative
Building damage report process:
• When damage occurs to the building, the facilities manager must
submit a damage report

• If fire damages the building, the fire department must be notified

• If the amount of damage is greater than $5000, the insurance agent

must be notified

• The building manager must always be notified

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Figure 5-32. Process narrative WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

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Damage report example (1 of 8)

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Figure 5-33. Damage report example (1 of 8) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
This example has an inclusive gateway.

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Damage report example (2 of 8)

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Figure 5-34. Damage report example (2 of 8) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Follow the tokens.

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Damage report example (3 of 8)

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Figure 5-35. Damage report example (3 of 8) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Now the token is at the gateway.

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Damage report example (4 of 8)

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Figure 5-36. Damage report example (4 of 8) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The token takes the path if the damage is from the fire only. In this case, the second condition is not
met because the damage is under $5000.

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Damage report example (5 of 8)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-37. Damage report example (5 of 8) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The token meets both conditions if the damage is from fire and the damage is over $5000. In this
case, the fire department and insurance agent are notified.

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Damage report example (6 of 8)

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Figure 5-38. Damage report example (6 of 8) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The token can also meet the condition of damage over $5000 and be non-fire damage.

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Damage report example (7 of 8)

Receives the
token only if all
preceding
conditions are
not met

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-39. Damage report example (7 of 8) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The token can also go through the default path as none of the other conditions are met.

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Damage report example (8 of 8)

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Figure 5-40. Damage report example (8 of 8) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
With this pattern change, you can now be sure that the building manager is notified any time
damage occurs to the building.
However, there is one more potential problem. Can you spot it?

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Inclusive join example

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Figure 5-41. Inclusive join example WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
There is the potential of notifying the building manager twice. You can fix this potential problem with
one more pattern change.
To solve this issue, add a join to the diagram. Even if two tokens arrive at the join, only one token
arrives at Notify building manager.

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Parallel gateway: Diamond with an internal plus

Parallel
gateway

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Figure 5-42. Parallel gateway: Diamond with an internal plus WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The next type of gateway is a parallel gateway (AND). The split mode is called a parallel split, and
the join is a parallel join.

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Parallel split: No conditional or default flows

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Figure 5-43. Parallel split: No conditional or default flows WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Parallel split gateway:
Parallel split gateways are used to direct the process flow along every sequence flow in parallel.
There are no conditional or default flows for parallel split gateways; every exiting sequence path is
followed.
Parallel join gateway:
A parallel gateway also has a join capability. Similar to an inclusive join, there can be occasions
when the business criteria caused multiple sequence flows to be followed in parallel, and the
business criteria now needs the sequence flow to be joined.
The parallel join has the following capabilities:
• Any number of incoming sequence flows can be modeled.
• After all incoming sequence flows reach the parallel join, the outgoing sequence flow is
followed.
• The parallel join is unable to determine whether an incoming sequence flow is no longer live.
Care must be taken when designing the parallel join to ensure that all sequence flows reach it.

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Do not use a parallel join if you cannot be sure that all incoming sequence flows are followed for
every instance likely to be processed.

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Process narrative
New hire onboarding process:

• On the first day of employment, employees must complete the HR new

hire forms

Then, they must:

• Apply for a security badge

• Requisition a computer

• Apply for a network ID and email address

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-44. Process narrative WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 5. Playback 0: Modeling process flow 5-51
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New hire onboarding example (1 of 4)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-45. New hire onboarding example (1 of 4) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
This example has a parallel split gateway.

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New hire onboarding example (2 of 4)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-46. New hire onboarding example (2 of 4) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
This example uses tokens.

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New hire onboarding example (3 of 4)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-47. New hire onboarding example (3 of 4) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The token is now on the gateway.

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New hire onboarding example (4 of 4)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-48. New hire onboarding example (4 of 4) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
There are no conditions on the lines of a parallel split, so all paths are taken at the same time.

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Parallel join

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-49. Parallel join WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Adding a parallel join to your diagram is a good practice.

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Name the gateway

? ?

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-50. Name the gateway WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Joins are flexible in BPMN. Can you name the type of gateway that would be used at each of the
question marks?

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Name the gateway solution

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-51. Name the gateway solution WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Both are inclusive joins.
The path at the bottom of the design has an exclusive gateway after the activity. Because only one
of the paths can be followed, you do not know until run time which path is taken. Only an inclusive
join can determine which paths are live, so it does not wait for a path that never completes.

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Evaluating conditions: Decision logic in the outgoing

sequence flow

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-52. Evaluating conditions: Decision logic in the outgoing sequence flow WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Both exclusive and inclusive gateways use conditions. These gateways allow the evaluation of
these conditions to determine whether they are true or false. You can put the decision logic in the
outgoing sequence flows of the gateway if the conditions are simple expressions of process data.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 5. Playback 0: Modeling process flow 5-59
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Evaluating conditions: Externalized decision logic

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-53. Evaluating conditions: Externalized decision logic WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
If the conditions are not simple expressions of process data, the good practice is to externalize the
decision logic to make it independent of the process model.
Use an activity before the gateway to decide what path to take. Then, use the outgoing sequence
flows from the gateway to route the flow based on the decision, as shown in the diagram. This
method is the most explicit way to model decision logic used by a gateway.
Gateways can also use a rule service or decision service as part of the implementation of the
gateway. This approach has the advantage that it eliminates the creation of a system lane activity
on the BPD to provide the logic for the gateway. The disadvantage is that the logic is hidden from
implementers who maintain the code. Both approaches are effective, but it is up to the implementer
to decide which approach works best for the organization.

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© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 5. Playback 0: Modeling process flow 5-61
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Intermediate events

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM. 10.1

Figure 5-54. Intermediate events WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
If an event takes place between a start and an end event in the BPD, it is called an intermediate
event.
The intermediate event is designated by a double-lined circle, and an internal marker specifies the
type of intermediate event that is taking place.

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Intermediate events
• Four types of sequence
flow intermediate events
– Message
– Content
– Timer
– Tracking

• Four types of boundary

(attached) intermediate
events:
– Error
– Message
– Content
– Timer

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-55. Intermediate events WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Intermediate events:
• There are four main types of sequence flow intermediate events: message, content, timer, and
tracking.
• There are four main types of boundary (attached) intermediate events: error, message, content,
and timer.
• Intermediate events are drawn as a double circle with an internal marker that identifies the type
of event.
• All intermediate events behave the same way; they respond to a specific event; however, the
implementation of each intermediate event, whether attached or sequence flow, differs.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 5. Playback 0: Modeling process flow 5-63
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Intermediate events: Timer

• Used for modeling escalation paths or delays in your BPDs

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-56. Intermediate events: Timer WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
A timer intermediate event is used to model escalation paths or delays in a BPD. By using a timer
intermediate event, developers can specify a time interval after or before which some activity is
conducted.

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Intermediate events: Message

• Used for modeling a message event that is received or sent while a
process is running

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-57. Intermediate events: Message WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
A message intermediate event is used to model a message event that is received or sent while a
process is running. For the sequence flow message intermediate event, a light envelope receives a
message, and a dark envelope sends a message. When the message intermediate event is
attached to an activity, the event receives messages but does not send messages.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 5. Playback 0: Modeling process flow 5-65
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Intermediate events: Error

• Used for detecting errors and handling errors with login in the process
flow

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-58. Intermediate events: Error WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Use the intermediate event to detect errors and to handle errors with login in the process flow.

Important

The Error implementation option is available for events that are attached to activities. Error
intermediate events are not used in sequence flow.

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Intermediate events: Content

• Used for modeling an Enterprise Content Manager event that the
BPD receives

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-59. Intermediate events: Content WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Use the Content implementation option to model an Enterprise Content Manager event that is
received. The Content implementation option is available for events that are included in the process
flow and events that are attached to an activity.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 5. Playback 0: Modeling process flow 5-67
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Intermediate events: Tracking

• Used for indicating a point in a service at which you want Process
Designer to capture the runtime data for reporting purposes
• This event is an intermediate event that is specific to IBM

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-60. Intermediate events: Tracking WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The tracking intermediate event is used to indicate a point in a service at which you want IBM
Process Designer to capture the runtime data for reporting purposes.
A tracking intermediate event is a sequence flow implementation. This event is an intermediate
event that is specific to IBM Business Process Manager.

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Attached and sequence flow intermediate events

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-61. Attached and sequence flow intermediate events WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Intermediate events can be in sequence flow or attached to the boundary of an activity. All
intermediate events, except for tracking intermediate events, are processed the same way in IBM
Process Designer.

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Sequence flow intermediate event

Pauses the process

flow until the
specified event
occurs

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-62. Sequence flow intermediate event WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
An intermediate event in the sequence flow pauses the process until the specified event takes
place.

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Process stops until an intermediate event occurs

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-63. Process stops until an intermediate event occurs WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

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Process continues on sequence flow when an intermediate

event completes

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-64. Process continues on sequence flow when an intermediate event completes WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
When the specified event occurs, the process flow continues along the normal sequence flow.

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A common requirement (1 of 5)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-65. A common requirement (1 of 5) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
This example shows the inventory requirement model. When someone places an order, check
inventory and see whether it is in stock or out of stock. If it is in stock, process the order. If it is not in
stock, wait for replenishing of the inventory before processing the order.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 5. Playback 0: Modeling process flow 5-73
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A common requirement (2 of 5)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-66. A common requirement (2 of 5) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Follow the token again.

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A common requirement (3 of 5)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-67. A common requirement (3 of 5) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The token is on the gateway, and the inventory is not in stock.

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A common requirement (4 of 5)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-68. A common requirement (4 of 5) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The token stops on the intermediate event.

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A common requirement (5 of 5)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-69. A common requirement (5 of 5) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The process is paused while the token is on the event, and then the process continues again after
the Wait for inventory event takes place.

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Attached intermediate event

Creates another
process token

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-70. Attached intermediate event WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
An intermediate event that is attached to the boundary of an activity produces a separate token. If
the specified event takes place while the activity is active, the intermediate event distributes the
token along the outgoing sequence flow. After it occurs, you can specify whether to create parallel
or an alternative process flow.

Note

An intermediate tracking event has a different behavior and does not conform to these behaviors.

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Process flow reaches an activity

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-71. Process flow reaches an activity WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Follow the token. Here the process flow reaches the activity.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 5. Playback 0: Modeling process flow 5-79
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Attached intermediate event generates a separate token

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-72. Attached intermediate event generates a separate token WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The attached intermediate event generates a separate token.

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Attached intermediate event can create a parallel flow

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-73. Attached intermediate event can create a parallel flow WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Two things might happen:
• One option is that the attached intermediate event can create a parallel flow, and both tokens
continue.
• The second option is shown on the next slide.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 5. Playback 0: Modeling process flow 5-81
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Attached intermediate event can close an activity

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-74. Attached intermediate event can close an activity WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Another option is that the attached intermediate event can be defined to close an activity. The token
on the activity is consumed, and one token continues down an alternative path.

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Attached intermediate event example (1 of 4)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-75. Attached intermediate event example (1 of 4) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
This slide is an example process for an attached intermediate event.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 5. Playback 0: Modeling process flow 5-83
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Attached intermediate event example (2 of 4)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-76. Attached intermediate event example (2 of 4) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The token starts on the Process order activity.

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Attached intermediate event example (3 of 4)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-77. Attached intermediate event example (3 of 4) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Intermediate events can also be attached to the boundary of an activity.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 5. Playback 0: Modeling process flow 5-85
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Attached intermediate event example (4 of 4)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-78. Attached intermediate event example (4 of 4) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The intermediate event is defined to close the activity, so only one token continues to Cancel order.

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Attached intermediate event is active only when the activity

it is attached to is active

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-79. Attached intermediate event is active only when the activity it is attached to is active WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The event is no longer active when the process activity is not active.
The tracking event has a particular way of working. As already mentioned, it is used to capture
runtime data for reporting purposes. Tracking events can be placed only on process flows and not
attached to activities. After the flow reaches a tracking event, it does not “pause” the process, but
instead causes the capturing of runtime data at the event. Multiple tracking points can be placed
within a BPD to capture different data at different points and different “snapshots” of data at various
points. For more information, see the IBM Business Process Manager help file.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 5. Playback 0: Modeling process flow 5-87
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A way to model an escalation

• Use an attached intermediate event
• Activity takes longer to complete than a defined amount of time
• The attached intermediate event triggers a process, which follows the
path from the attached intermediate event to an escalation activity

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-80. A way to model an escalation WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

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Timer intermediate event

• Allows a process to wait explicitly, or react to the passing of time
• Time interval can be based on system time, a due date, or a custom
time

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-81. Timer intermediate event WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
A timer intermediate event has the following characteristics:
• Allows a process to wait explicitly, or react to the passing of time
• Time interval can be based on system time, a due date, or a custom time
• Example: A traffic citation process (pay the fine activity) where if someone does not pay a traffic
ticket within 30 days, a citation is issued

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Instructor walk-through
This demonstration covers the following topics:
• Create gateways
• Create intermediate events

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-82. Instructor walk-through WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
This demonstration is stored as the demo4.mp4 file that is in the C:\labfiles\demo folder.
Creating gateways:
1. Drag the gateway symbol from the element palette to the BPD.
2. Name the gateway.
3. Select the type of gateway you want in the General section of the Properties tab.
4. Using the sequence flow tool, click to anchor the flow line from an activity, and then click to
connect the flow line to a gateway in the BPD.
5. Using the sequence flow tool, click to anchor the flow line from a gateway, and then click to
connect the flow line to an activity in the BPD.
6. To add a label to the sequence flow line, select the line in your BPD and then edit the Name
property value. Make sure that you select the Name Visible check box to see it in the BPD.
7. Do not worry if there are no conditional diamonds on your sequence flow lines or if the wrong
sequence flow is displayed with the default flow identifier. The conditional and default flow
identifiers are corrected during implementation.

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Uempty Creating intermediate events:

1. Drag the intermediate event component from the element palette to the BPD.
2. If an attached timer intermediate event is needed, place the element in the boundary of the
chosen activity.
3. Name the event according to naming conventions.
4. If a sequence flow intermediate timer event is needed, place the element in the sequence flow
that you want in the BPD.
5. Select the event and change the type in the implementation section, if needed.
6. If modeling an escalation, place an activity from the element palette into the BPD, where the
participant responsible for the escalated task is located.
7. Use the sequence flow tool from the element palette to connect the attached intermediate event
to the activity and modify the process flow.

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Unit summary
Having completed this unit, you should be able to:
• Describe process sequence flow and the runtime use of process tokens
• List and describe gateways as they are used in IBM Process Designer
• Explain how to evaluate conditions for a BPD gateway
• Model gateways in a BPD
• List and describe intermediate event types that are used in IBM
Process Designer
• Model a business process escalation path with an attached timer
intermediate event

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-83. Unit summary WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

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Checkpoint questions (1 of 2)
1. True or False?
A gateway that merges multiple incoming paths into one outgoing
path is known as a split.
2. Which of the following sequence flows indicates a processing path to
follow when none of the conditions on the conditional flows are true?
A. Default
B. Normal
C. Conditional

3. A gateway that is used to move process flow along one or more

conditional sequence flows is called an ___________ gateway.
A. Inclusive split
B. Exclusive split
C. Inclusive join
D. Exclusive join

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-84. Checkpoint questions (1 of 2) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Write your answers here:
1.

2.

3.

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Checkpoint questions (2 of 2)
4. True or False?
Exclusive gateways should be modeled so that only one outgoing
sequence flow condition can be true.
5. After all incoming sequence flows reach the _________, the outgoing
sequence flow will be followed.
A. Exclusive join
B. Parallel split
C. Parallel join

6. Which of the following list can be used to model escalation paths or

delays in your business process definition?
A. Message intermediate events
B. Timer intermediate events
C. Error intermediate events
D. Tracking intermediate events

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-85. Checkpoint questions (2 of 2) WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Write your answers here:
4.

5.

6.

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Checkpoint answers
1. False. The gateway that merges multiple incoming paths is known
as a join.
2. A: Default.
3. A: Inclusive split.
4. True.
5. C: Parallel join.
6. B: Timer intermediate events.

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 5-86. Checkpoint answers WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

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Uempty
Unit 6. Playback 0: Building consensus

What this unit is about

A validation is accomplished through a review session with all business
stakeholders, business users, and the BPM development team. This unit
describes the Playback 0 validation goals and requirements, explains how to
validate that a process model meets the goals and requirements, and
describes how to reach consensus on the process model.

What you should be able to do

After completing this unit, you should be able to:
• Describe the Playback 0 validation goals and requirements
• Validate that a process model meets Playback 0 goals and requirements

How you will check your progress

• Checkpoint questions and lab exercises

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 6. Playback 0: Building consensus 6-1

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Unit objectives
After completing this unit, you should be able to:
• Describe the Playback 0 validation goals and requirements
• Validate that a process model meets Playback 0 goals and
requirements

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 6-1. Unit objectives WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

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Topics
• Playback 0: Validation phase
• Reaching consensus on the process model

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 6-2. Topics WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 6. Playback 0: Building consensus 6-3

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Key concepts in this unit

• Playback 0: Building
consensus: A validation
that is accomplished
through a review session
with all business
stakeholders, business
users, and the IBM BPM
development team

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 6-3. Key concepts in this unit WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

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Uempty 6.1. Playback 0: Validation phase

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Playback 0: Validation
phase

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM. 10.1

Figure 6-4. Playback 0: Validation phase WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
In Playback 0, documentation and process analysis set the correct framework for the process
model creation, process automation, and process activity value analysis to gain efficiencies,
visibility, and effectiveness for the business process. The entire Playback 0 stage typically takes
one to three weeks to complete.

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Playback 0 validation
Playback zero

Definition
1 - 3 weeks

Descriptive modeling Analytical modeling Validate

Discovery As Is
is model
Model Analysis To be model Final playback

• Process goals • Current state • Refine the • Business data

• Critical success model in current state • KPI and metrics
factors various process model
formats • Business case
• Scoping • Added value with estimated
• Captured analysis potential value
• Process information:
capture and • Root cause and impact
RACI, SIPOC, analysis
documentation and issues • Scope and
• Opportunity effort
prioritization assessment
• Process • Process model
simulation diagram (BPMN)
© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 6-5. Playback 0 validation WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 6. Playback 0: Building consensus 6-7

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Student Notebook

How validation works

Work completed Future work
End of Start of
Playback 0 Playback 1

Definition Development

Analytical modeling Validate Executable modeling

New or modified
requirements are
identified
Or
Process model is validated

• Playback 0 validation is accomplished through a review session with all business

stakeholders, business users, and the IBM BPM development team
• Validation leads to the switch from analytical modeling to executable modeling
• More refinement to process requirements can continue through the framework of
the next series of implementation playbacks in process implementation
© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 6-6. How validation works WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The work that is done in Playback 0 is reflected in the adjusted process model of the business
process, and now it can be implemented as a process application. To ensure that the business
process is the right candidate to implement, it is necessary to have consensus that Playback 0
reached the final goal. This consensus is known as Playback 0 validation.
Playback 0 validation is accomplished through a review session that includes attendance of all
business stakeholders, business users, and the BPM development team. The validation leads to
the switch from analytical modeling to executable modeling. If the validation is complete and the
process model is approved, then any additional refinement to process requirements can continue
through the framework of the next series of implementation playbacks in process implementation.
There are situations when a validation playback session discovers requirements that were missed
or new requirements are introduced. This situation is not uncommon in BPM; the one thing that is
certain is that requirements change. For this reason, a process model must be flexible enough for
change; and BPM provides the best system to manage change, which results in continuous
process improvement.

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Uempty 6.2. Reaching consensus on the process model

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 6. Playback 0: Building consensus 6-9

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Reaching consensus on
the process model

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM. 10.1

Figure 6-7. Reaching consensus on the process model WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
During the Playback 0 stage of project development, multiple playback sessions are held. In fact,
there is typically a themed approach for these sessions within the three-week time frame. The BPM
team can establish the best course of action to take for playbacks within the Playback 0
development. The strategy to handle each of these themed playbacks is through iteration.
These sessions take 60 – 90 minutes, and must include important decision makers for the specific
playback achievement that is reached. Many organizations select a project sponsor or a senior
business user to conduct the playback so there is buy-in for the project. The session also requires
business users to fully understand the development phase end products, thus increasing the tie
between the IT and business stakeholders. Here are some examples of themed playbacks for
Playback 0:
• Process discovery playback
• Initial (as-is) process model or discovery map playback
• Conceptual design (process application or report mock-up designs) playback
• Measurement and visibility playback
• Validation playback

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Uempty None of these examples are meant to be the exact themes a BPM team must use; that varies from
organization to organization. However, make sure the themes match work that is done during this
stage of project development. What is important is the last playback session: validation of the
business process and process model.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 6. Playback 0: Building consensus 6-11

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Validation goals
Playback zero
Definition
1 - 3 weeks

Descriptive modeling Analytical modeling Validate

Discovery As Is
is model
Model Analysis To be model Final playback
• Process goals • Current state • Refine the • Business data 9Confirmed
stakeholder
• Critical success model in current state • KPI and
various process model acceptance
factors metrics
formats • Added value 9Prioritized
• Scoping • Business case roadmap of
• Captured analysis with estimated
• Process information: current and
capture and • Root cause potential value future
RACI, SIPOC, analysis and impact
documentation and issues requirements
• Opportunity • Scope and 9No requirement
prioritization effort is lost in
• Process assessment translation to
simulation • Process model process model
diagram 9Developer ready
(BPMN) process model
(implementation)
© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 6-8. Validation goals WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Having a final process model that is ready for implementation means that the BPM team is ready to
validate the business process along with the business groups, such as stakeholders and users.
Process analysis, process adjustment, and process modeling have all come together in the short
three-week cycle to enable the final session for this stage of project development. This stage is
when consensus is reached on the following conditions:
• The process model is ready for implementation.
• No requirements are lost in the translation effort.
• If the business stakeholders still change the requirements, it is time to evaluate the best
roadmap to implement those requirements into the model, up to and including just before the
validation agreement is obtained.
Playback 0 validation is conducted with the BPD inside the Process Designer tool. On the condition
that everyone in the room can view the process, any tool can be used to show the process. The
objective is to review all process flow, normal and conditional, and model specifics such as
participants, activities, and process control.

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Uempty

Unit summary
Having completed this unit, you should be able to:
• Describe the Playback 0 validation goals and requirements
• Validate that a process model meets Playback 0 goals and
requirements

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 6-9. Unit summary WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 6. Playback 0: Building consensus 6-13

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Student Notebook

Checkpoint questions
1. True or False?
Playback 0 validation is accomplished through a review session with
all business stakeholders, business users, and the IBM BPM
development team.
2. Validation leads to the switch from ______ modeling to ______
modeling.
A. Data . . . deployment
B. Analytical . . . validation
C. Analytical . . . executable
3. The objective of ______ is to review all process flow, normal and
conditional, and model specifics, like participants, activities, and
process control.
A. Playback 0 validation
B. Analytical modeling
C. Descriptive modeling
D. Definition
© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 6-10. Checkpoint questions WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Write your answers here:
1.

2.

3.

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Uempty

Checkpoint answers
1. True.
2. C: Analytical to executable.
3. A: Playback 0 validation.

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 6-11. Checkpoint answers WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

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Uempty
Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager
architecture

What this unit is about

IBM Business Process Manager is a comprehensive and consumable
business process management environment that provides visibility and
management of your business processes. It includes tools and a runtime
environment for process design, execution, monitoring, and optimization. It is
designed to enable process owners and business users to engage directly in
the improvement of their business processes.

What you should be able to do

After completing this unit, you should be able to:
• Describe IBM Business Process Manager product components
• Describe the relationship between IBM Process Center and the runtime
environments
• Identify the integrations with other IBM products

How you will check your progress

• Checkpoint questions and lab exercises

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-1
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Unit objectives
After completing this unit, you should be able to:
• Describe IBM Business Process Manager product components
• Describe the relationship between IBM Process Center and the runtime
environments
• Identify the integrations with other IBM products

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-1. Unit objectives WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

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Uempty

Topics
• IBM Business Process Manager Standard architecture overview
• Integration with other IBM products

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-2. Topics WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-3
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Student Notebook

Key concepts in this unit

• Process Center: An application that is running on WebSphere
Application Server that helps developers create business processes
and reusable components in a collaborative environment
– The Process Center is used when a developer performs playback sessions to
demonstrate working code
– It allows administrators to install and run processes on the Process Servers in
test and production environments when process consensus is met
– You can run and test processes as you build them on the Process Center

• Process Server: Provides a runtime environment that supports a

range of business processes, service orchestration, and integration
capabilities
• Performance Data Warehouse: Collects and aggregates process data
from processes that run on the Process Servers

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-3. Key concepts in this unit WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

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Uempty 7.1. IBM Business Process Manager architecture overview

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-5
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Student Notebook

IBM Business Process

Manager architecture
overview

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM. 10.1

Figure 7-4. IBM Business Process Manager architecture overview WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
This unit is an introduction to the architecture of the typical IBM Business Process Manager
Standard installation. To learn more about server configuration and administration, IBM Education
offers more in-depth classes on IBM Business Process Manager administration and WebSphere
administration.

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Uempty

The Process Center: The center of the development effort

Process
Server
(staging)

Process
Center

Process Process
Server Server
(test) (production)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-5. The Process Center: The center of the development effort WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
You now return to the center of the development effort, the Process Center. The Process Center not
only is the center of the development effort, but also provides governance over the entire lifecycle of
a business process. It includes the central repository for multiple process authors who work with
process application artifacts. You can see that the different Process Servers surround the Process
Center. The Process Center is where process applications are created and stored, whereas the
Process Servers (also called runtime environments) are where those process applications are
tested and processes are executed. When the development effort reaches a milestone, a process
application is installed on a Process Server to test, stage, or moved into a production environment.
This topology is similar to a hub and spoke deployment configuration, where all development
occurs inside the Process Center and then the assets are deployed out to each environment.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-7
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The Process Server databases

Process Server

BPMDB

CMNDB PDW

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-6. The Process Server databases WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Every Process Server contains a common, BPM, and Performance Data Warehouse database.
Both the BPM database and the common database contain the tables that the server uses to store
the process artifacts and execute the processes, along with all the other requirements to run the
server. There might be a requirement to query the system for data about in-flight instances, and this
data comes from these tables. Do not query the tables directly, as the schema might change from
version to version. IBM BPM provides a robust set of JavaScript and REST APIs to retrieve the data
from these databases.
Although the data in these databases might contain business data about the process, these
databases should not be considered a business data system of record. You should persist the
business data to an enterprise system of record during or after the process is complete.

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Uempty

The Performance Data Warehouse

Process Server

BPMDB

CMNDB PDW

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-7. The Performance Data Warehouse WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The Performance Data Warehouse collects performance data that represents key business events
and metrics when processes are run in the development environment. You can use this collection to
examine reports and data in development before a process is tested or put into production. It acts
as a system of record for all production process data of an organization. The typical configuration
contains a Performance Data Warehouse, which is run as a service on the Process Server. For
some high-demand organizations, the Performance Data Warehouse can be configured to run on a
separate node or cluster to meet the performance needs of the environment as configured by
WebSphere.
The Performance Data Warehouse uses the process model to correlate the business events in real
time and aggregate raw performance data into a single database view for reporting and auditing.
This database is the system of record for process data for the organization. Developers can create
queries against the Performance Data Warehouse database to retrieve information on process
performance. Information on total time or average time for a process to complete, and the
percentage of processes that follow a certain flow, can be retrieved from the Performance Data
Warehouse database.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-9
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Student Notebook

IBM Business Process Manager automatically installs a Dashboards toolkit for developers to create
quick reports with the data from the Performance Data Warehouse. However, third-party reporting
packages and environments can integrate with the Performance Data Warehouse to extract
process metrics for their own reporting needs.

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Uempty

The Process Center: A unique Process Server

Process Designer Integration Designer

Process Designer Integration Designer
Process Designer Integration Designer
Process Center

CMNDB BPMDB PDW

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-8. The Process Center: A unique Process Server WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Every Process Center is a Process Server with more capabilities. The Process Server manages
and runs all process model definitions in the development environment. It also stores the versions
and history for process development and deployment. The Process Server is an application server
that is running on WebSphere, and it can run on a single node or cluster to meet the performance
requirements of the environment as configured by WebSphere.
The Process Server relies upon a database to store the data for process instances, similar to the
runtime environments. The Process Center also uses database tables to store and version the
process development assets that developers create by using the Process Designer. Because the
development occurs on the Process Center, it is sometimes called the development environment.
You created a process application and business process definitions in the first part of the course.
The Process Center is where developers now create the toolkits, rules, integrations, and services to
implement the processes that were built in Playback 0. Complex process interactions like timers,
message events, and error handling are part of the development effort and are implemented in the
Process Center.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-11
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Student Notebook

The Process Center contains an integrated Process Server, which you can use to run and debug
processes as you build them. When you are ready, you can install and run those same processes
on the Process Servers in your runtime environments.
The Business Performance Data Warehouse (PDW) component collects and aggregates process
data from processes that run on the Process Servers. You can use this data to improve your
business processes. You can use the Process Admin Console to manage the Process Servers in
your runtime environments (development, test, staging, production) and the Process Server that is
part of the Process Center.

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Uempty

Architecture: Process Center

Process Center
PS
PDW
PS and PDW
repository

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-9. Architecture: Process Center WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The following diagram illustrates a typical IBM Business Process Manager Standard configuration.
The architecture centers around the Process Center, which consists of the Process Server and the
Performance Data Warehouse. Process application, BPD, service, coach, and integration
development occurs on the Process Center.
In some cases, a single Process Center server is not enough. Many factors affect scaling and
topology:
• Team structure (teams can own and manage one or more projects)
• Security
• Geography
• Sheer volume of process applications and toolkits
• Sheer volume of developers
• Intensity of developer’s playback activity

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-13
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Student Notebook

The Process Center can be configured as a stand-alone server, or can be clustered in a way that is
similar to the other Process Servers. Process Centers can also be federated so development
assets stored in multiple Process Centers can be shown in a single Process Designer.

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Uempty

Architecture: Process Servers

Process Center Production

PS
PDW PS
PDW
PS and PDW PS and PDW
repository repository

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-10. Architecture: Process Servers WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Each Process Center environment and each Process Server environment is built on a WebSphere
cell. Each IBM Business Process Manager Process Server contains resources for running and
completing installed processes that are deployed from the Process Center. The Process Server
provides a single BPM runtime environment that can support a range of business processes,
service orchestration, and integration capabilities.
You can use the integrated Process Server within the Process Center to run processes as you build
them. When you are ready, you can install and run those same processes on a Process Server.
Similar to the Process Center, each runtime environment or Process Server has its own Process
Server and Performance Data Warehouse components. The Process Center is just a unique
Process Server that can design process applications and can deploy those assets to the Process
Servers.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-15
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Student Notebook

Architecture: Scaling to meet performance demands

Production

PS
PDW

Process Center
PS PS
PDW PDW
PS and PDW
repository

PS
PDW

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-11. Architecture: Scaling to meet performance demands WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
IBM Business Process Manager has numerous ways to scale to meet performance demands.
Process Servers can meet performance demands through vertical scaling, horizontal scaling, and
federating more Process Servers.
Each environment can be set up as a cluster of servers with its associated database. IBM Business
Process Manager supports horizontal clustering of servers by adding extra servers to the cluster.
IBM Business Process Manager also supports vertical scaling and clustering by adding more nodes
and resources (memory and processors, for example) to each individual server. The database for
each environment can also be clustered in the same way. The clustering needs of each
environment are based on the performance requirements. For assistance with determining the
scaling requirements for your installation, contact your IBM representative.

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Uempty

Architecture: Multiple Process Servers

Process
Servers

Staging
PS
PDW
Process Center

PS Test
PDW PS
PDW

Production
PS
PDW

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-12. Architecture: Multiple Process Servers WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
There can be a number of Process Servers within your enterprise, depending on your business
needs. Each environment runs independently from each other. Each environment can have unique
instances that are run in the environment, can connect to different endpoints for integrations, and
can be customized as necessary for that particular environment. Typically these environments are
designated as development (the Process Center), staging, test, or production, but they can be used
for any other type of environment as required.
The Process Center pushes all the process development assets on the Process Center to the
different Process Servers in a “hub and spoke” deployment approach.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-17
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Architecture: Process Center tools

IBM Process Process Center
Designer Console
Process
Servers

Staging
PS
PDW
Process Center

PS Test
PDW PS
PDW

Production
PS
PDW

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-13. Architecture: Process Center tools WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The Process Center has two tools unique to this environment. IBM Process Designer is an
application that is installed on a client computer that connects to the Process Center, and
developers use this tool to create processes. The Process Center Console is a web application that
is used for Process Center administration.

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Uempty

Architecture: Deploying process applications

IBM Process Process Center
Designer Console

Staging
PS
PDW
Process Center

PS Test
PDW PS
PDW

Production
PS
PDW

Online installation Offline installation

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-14. Architecture: Deploying process applications WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
When the development is complete, a developer or administrator copies assets from the Process
Center to a Process Server. This task is commonly called installing or deploying a snapshot to a
Process Server. If there is an Internet connection between the environments, this deployment can
be done through the Process Center console by an administrator with permissions. This
deployment is completed over a secure connection.
Many clients isolate the production server from the development servers, so there is no physical
connection between servers. In this situation, an installation package is created from the Process
Center, and the snapshot must be physically deployed and installed on the Production server.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-19
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Installing process applications on a Process Server

• The developer creates a snapshot (version) of the process application
that contains all the development assets and toolkit dependencies
• The process application is installed or deployed by using the Process
Center Console
– Correct permissions are required for a user to deploy to a Process Server
• Deployment services and a governance process can be used to control
the deployment process
• When existing instances of a process exist on a Process Server,
careful consideration must be given to the migration of those instances

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-15. Installing process applications on a Process Server WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
To deploy assets to a Process Server, developers must first create a snapshot of the process
application. Snapshots record the state of library items within a process application or track at a
specific point in time. You can create snapshots in the Process Center Console or in the Designer
view. Snapshot management, such as installing, exporting, and archiving, is done in the Process
Center Console. More information about creating snapshots is covered in Unit 7.
When the snapshot is created, it must be exported or deployed to the Process Server through the
Process Center Console. By default, the following access to the process application is required for
each type of environment:
• Administrative access to install to Process Servers in production environments
• Write access to install to any non-production Process Server
• Read access to install to Process Servers in development environments
You can create a governance process that reacts to the status change of a snapshot. The System
Governance toolkit (TWSYSG) contains the machinery that is required to build a governance
process. The toolkit has integration services for installation and snapshot status, undercover agents
(UCAs), and governance business objects.

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Uempty When a snapshot of a process application or toolkit is created or when the status of a snapshot
changes, a message event is triggered. If there is no governance process in place, the message
goes nowhere. If a governance process is bound to the snapshot event, the governance process is
triggered and you can use it to track status changes. A new BPD instance of the governance
process starts whenever a snapshot is created or the status of the snapshot is changed. You can
see the status changes by opening the Inspector in IBM Process Designer and selecting the
Process Instances tab. You can also use Process Portal on the Process Center server to work with
governance process BPD instances.
When there are existing instances of a process on a Process Server, careful consideration must be
made to the migration of those instances.
To learn more about server configuration and administration, IBM Education offers classes on IBM
Business Process Manager administration and WebSphere administration.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-21
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Architecture: Administrative consoles

IBM Process Process Center
Designer Console
Process
Servers

Staging
PS
PDW
Process Center

PS Test
PDW PS
Process and PDW
Business Performance
Administrative console
Production
PS
PDW

WebSphere Process Portal

Application
Server
Administrative
Console © Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-16. Architecture: Administrative consoles WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
The Process Center also uses three web applications to interact with the Process Center.
Administrators use the Process, Business Performance, and WebSphere Application Server
administrative consoles to configure the server.
The Process Portal allows users to create and work on the tasks that are assigned to them.
Because users interact exclusively with the portal and not the Process Designer, process playbacks
are conducted with the Process Portal. The IBM Process Designer tools are designed for
developing and debugging processes and services, and are not used for playbacks.

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Architecture: Process Server tools

IBM Process Process Center
Designer Console
Process
Servers

Staging
Process and
PS Business Performance
PDW Administrative console
Process Center

PS Test
PDW PS
Process and PDW
Business Performance Process Portal
Administrative console
Production
PS
PDW

WebSphere Process Portal WebSphere

Application Application Server
Server Administrative console
Administrative
Console © Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-17. Architecture: Process Server tools WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Process Servers each contain their own set of these applications (Process and Business
Performance administrative console, WebSphere Application Server administrative console, and
the Process Portal). These web applications are dedicated to the server that they are associated
with.
Users use the runtime Process Portal to work on their process tasks and create instances of the
processes necessary to do their jobs. For example, testers use the test environment to create
process instances and to see the tasks that are assigned to them. The test environment is
independent of the production environment, which can have a different version of the process with
production tasks that are running on that server.

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Student Notebook

IBM Business Process Manager on Cloud

Client site/private Public cloud

• IT is provided “as a Hybrid • IT activities and
service,” over an intranet, functions are provided
within the client and “as a service,” over
behind the firewall the Internet

Client •Client •Client •Client •Users

•Client site data center A B
•A •B

•Managed •Hosted
private cloud
•Managed IT private cloud
•Third-party
•Third-party hosted and •Shared cloud •Public cloud
operated operated services services

Each client has a separate IBM BPM instance

• Private IBM BPM software, virtual machines,
data
IBMBPM
• Shared hardware and network onCloud
© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-18. IBM Business Process Manager on Cloud WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Getting started with a BPM project or rolling out a BPM program requires investment. This
investment is in setting up and configuring a set of BPM environments in which to develop, test,
execute, and improve upon those business processes that are being automated. There are many
ways to tackle the challenge of getting the right environments ready to go.
The traditional approach to setting up environments for IBM Business Process Manager is to install
and configure these environments on locally owned hardware or a locally managed virtualization
platform. This approach usually involves reading an IBM Redbooks publication or acquiring the
service skills and helping to do the installation and configuration. In some cases, it is preceded by
acquiring the compute resources and getting them available and running.
The SaaS approach is at the other end of the spectrum, and in the world of IBM BPM, this approach
is called IBM BPM on Cloud.
In the middle ground between the traditional approach and the full SaaS approach, you find the
world of PaaS. For IBM BPM, PaaS means patterns. Specifically, it means patterns for
PureApplication Systems or patterns that work in the context of PureApplication Service on
Softlayer. IBM also supports IBM Cloud Orchestrator with the IBM Business Process Manager
Pattern.

7-24 Process Implementing with IBM Business Process Manager © Copyright IBM Corp. 2015
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Uempty By using IBM Business Process Manager in the cloud, it means that:
• Full environments can be set up in a few hours with a minimal set of inputs required.
• These environments can be customized to meet specific local requirements.
• These environments can be managed and evolved in a simplified and consistent way.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-25
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7-26 Process Implementing with IBM Business Process Manager © Copyright IBM Corp. 2015
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Uempty 7.2. Integration with other IBM products

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-27
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Student Notebook

Integration with other IBM

products

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM. 10.1

Figure 7-19. Integration with other IBM products WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
IBM Business Process Manager integrates with other IBM products natively through the Process
Designer and the BPM REST operations. By configuring your Process Center and Process
Servers, you can use the power of numerous IBM tools to provide robust process capabilities.

7-28 Process Implementing with IBM Business Process Manager © Copyright IBM Corp. 2015
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Uempty

Integrating BPM and Enterprise Content Management

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-20. Integrating BPM and Enterprise Content Management WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Enterprise Content Manager systems manage documents of different types, such as records,
images, and web pages, throughout their lifecycle. You can access and update such documents
from a business process inside IBM Business Process Manager by using special Enterprise
Content Manager operations in services such as an integration service or a client-side human
service.
The integration with Enterprise Content Manager systems is based on Content Management
Interoperability Services (CMIS). CMIS is an open standard that the Organization for the
Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) administers. CMIS defines an
abstraction layer for controlling diverse document management systems and repositories by using
web protocols. As a result, there can be seamless integration between IBM Business Process
Manager and Documentum, IBM Content Manager, FileNet Content Manager, SharePoint, or any
other JCR-compliant repository.
An internal CMIS repository, which is known as the BPM document store, supports an embedded
Enterprise Content Manager and uses consistent access mechanisms for integrating to it. As a
result, documents, images, or any other files can be associated with process instances even if your
organization does not currently use an Enterprise Content Manager system.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-29
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Student Notebook

Enterprise Content Manager events can trigger content start and intermediate events. For
Enterprise Content Management integration, predefined types, services, and events are available.
These types and services are contained in the Content Management (SYSCM) toolkit.
For more information on IBM Business Process Manager and Enterprise Content Management:
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/bpm/bpmjournal/1312_mcelroy/1312_mcelroy.html

7-30 Process Implementing with IBM Business Process Manager © Copyright IBM Corp. 2015
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Uempty

IBM Business Process Manager and IBM Business Monitor

Generate a default monitor model
for your process application from
the Process Designer

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-21. IBM Business Process Manager and IBM Business Monitor WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
IBM Business Monitor is comprehensive business activity monitoring software that:
• Provides an up-to-date view of your business performance
• Provides predictions for you to act on before problems occur
• Processes business events and data with personalized business dashboards
• Calculates key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics
• Can collect events and data from a wide variety of sources
IBM Business Process Manager contains native capabilities to visualize process performance, but
Business Monitor provides a robust tool that can monitor IBM Business Process Manager and other
sources.
You can use the IBM Process Designer to generate a default monitor model for your process
application. A dashboard is automatically generated for the monitor model, and it shows up in the
Business Space Manager page in a web browser. You can also create your own dashboard for
viewing monitored data.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-31
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Student Notebook

You can integrate IBM Business Monitor with IBM Business Process Manager to provide business
monitoring capability for your process applications. Business authors who use IBM Process
Designer to define a BPMN process application can specify IBM Business Monitor tracking
definitions for the process application without having to use a separate tool. If IBM Business
Monitor is installed, its tracking definitions (part of a monitor model) are updated when you update
tracking definitions inside the Process Designer or when process applications are deployed to the
runtime environments.
For more information about IBM Business Process Manager and IBM Business Monitor:
http://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/?lang=en#!/SSFPJS_8.5.5/
com.ibm.wbpm.mon.doc/scen/bpm.html

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Uempty

IBM Business Process Manager and IBM Operational

Decision Manager

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-22. IBM Business Process Manager and IBM Operational Decision Manager WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
IBM Operational Decision Manager (ODM) complements IBM Business Process Manager products
to empower businesses to automate, manage, and improve the decision cycle in the face of
growing complexity and change. IBM Process Designer supports rich rule authoring and execution
features that are based on paradigms that are familiar to Operational Decision Manager users.
Authoring features include the Business Action Language (BAL) for authoring if-then rules in the
Intellirule Editor.
Although IBM Business Process Manager provides limited rule creation capabilities, IBM
Operational Decision Manager might be used for other systems outside of IBM Business Process
Manager, and can provide a dedicated rules engine to the organization.
IBM Process Designer users can export a rule project that contains the rules that implement a
process task. The exported rules thus move from a process-centric lifecycle and governance model
to the Operational Decision Manager methodology and lifecycle. IBM Process Designer and
Integration Designer also include wizards to easily integrate existing business rule applications into
business processes.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-33
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Student Notebook

IBM Operational Decision Manager (ODM) complements the IBM Business Process Manager
products to empower businesses to automate, manage, and improve the decision cycle in the face
of growing complexity and change.
For more information about IBM Business Process Manager and IBM Operational Decision
Manager, see “Best practices for designing and implementing decision services, Part 2: Integrating
IBM Business Process Manager and IBM Operational Decision Management,” at:
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/bpm/bpmjournal/1212_boyer2/1212_boyer2.html

7-34 Process Implementing with IBM Business Process Manager © Copyright IBM Corp. 2015
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Uempty

IBM Business Process Manager and IBM MobileFirst

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-23. IBM Business Process Manager and IBM MobileFirst WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Mobile Smarter Process helps organizations to reinvent how business is done by using Mobile
technologies. As stated in the first part of the course, MobileFirst integration provides new context,
new ways of engagement, and new methods of gathering input for processes. Now process
participants can use mobile capabilities to interact with the process wherever they are. All of these
new capabilities create more interactions than ever before. Although these interactions add value,
they must be harnessed to accomplish an end goal. IBM Mobile Smarter Process combines
market-leading offerings from IBM Smarter Process suites and IBM MobileFirst Platform offerings.
The illustrated process provides these advantages:
1. Customers, employees, and business partners want to interact with the organization by using
their device of choice to instantiate a process or check on the status of a process they
previously started. For example, in an insurance company scenario, by instantiating a claim,
customers start a process that can use their device for various purposes: geolocation
information available on their device, device services such as the camera to take a picture of a
damaged car and upload it, and the information that is stored in multiple back-end systems.
2. A process can involve many different roles to complete it. Smarter Process uses coaches or
forms that streamline the activities of the process performers and work across any mobile

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-35
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Student Notebook

devices with different form factors. A Mobile Smarter Process allows for process performers to
use social collaboration to deliver a better customer experience. Integration with multiple
back-end systems might be necessary to complete the process that uses service-oriented
architecture (SOA).
3. If the process requires human input, it can send a notification to the appropriate people and they
can always be reached through their mobile devices. The business process is not going to be
hindered because of someone not having access to a website or not being logged in.
4. Processes do not always occur as planned. As the global economy, the global workforce, and
mobility expand, it is even more important to give managers process visibility and agility to
make quick decisions. It is good to unleash the benefits of IBM Mobile Smarter Process with
IBM Business Process Manager and IBM MobileFirst Platform changes. Otherwise,
organizations risk losing customers. A Mobile Smarter Process gives managers the visibility
and agility they need to use their device of choice for making fast adjustments to improve
performance.
In summary, this simple example shows these advantages:
• Mobile extends the reach of a business process beyond the traditional channels to where the
knowledge workers (customers, employees, business partners, managers) are. Knowledge
workers always have access to the business process, and the business process can reach
them when required. For example, if the process requires an approval, a notification is sent to
the approver’s mobile device to alert them that the process is waiting for their approval.
• By adding mobility to the smarter process, Mobile Smarter Process allows managers to gain
instant visibility. In this way, they can adapt to changes in the market by making faster
adjustments and quicker decisions on a device of their choice. The mobile smarter process has
constant access to decision makers, and decision makers can always interact with the business
process.

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Unit summary
Having completed this unit, you should be able to:
• Describe IBM Business Process Manager product components
• Describe the relationship between IBM Process Center and the runtime
environments
• Identify the integrations with other IBM products

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-24. Unit summary WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-37
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Student Notebook

Checkpoint questions
1. True or False?
By default, a developer must have administrative access to install
Process Servers in production environments.
2. Every Process Server contains which databases?
A. Process Application, Event Manager, and Performance
B. MobileFirst, Business Monitor, and Enterprise Content Management
C. Common, IBM BPM, and Performance Data Warehouse

3. When attempting to deploy a process application, what must be

created that records the state of library items within a process
application or a track at a specific point in time?
A. Database
B. Library
C. Process model
D. Snapshot

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-25. Checkpoint questions WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:
Write your answers here:
1.

2.

3.

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Uempty

Checkpoint answers
1. True
2. C: Common, IBM BPM, and Performance Data Warehouse
3. D: Snapshot

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2015

Figure 7-26. Checkpoint answers WB819 / ZB8191.0

Notes:

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015 Unit 7. IBM Business Process Manager architecture 7-39
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7-40 Process Implementing with IBM Business Process Manager © Copyright IBM Corp. 2015
Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part
without the prior written permission of IBM.