Grade 09

'S
Mathematics Chapter Notes
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BY
 CONTENTS

S. No. Chapter Page Number

1 1
Number Systems
2 12
Polynomials

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3 Coordinate 20
Geometry
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4 Linear Equations in 25
Two Variables
5 Introduction to 29
Euclid’s Geometry
BY

6 40
Lines and Angles
7 48
Triangles
8 60
Quadrilaterals
9 66
Circles
10 74
Heron's Formula
11 Surface Areas and 81
Volumes
12 85
Statistics
 Class Notes
Chapter Notes

Number Systems
'S
JU
Grade 9
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1
 Topics

Number Line

Types of Numbers
2.1 Natural Numbers
2.2 Whole Numbers
2.3 Integers
2.4 Rational Numbers
2.5 Equivalent Rational Numbers
2.6 Irrational Numbers

Real Numbers
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Decimal Expansion of Real Numbers
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4.1 Terminating
4.2 Non-Terminating
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Decimal Expansion of Rational Numbers

5.1 Terminating
5.2 Non-Terminating Recurring

Operations on Rational Numbers

6.1 Rational & Rational
6.2 Rational & Irrational
6.3 Irrational & Irrational
6.4 Identities on Real Numbers
6.5 Rationalisation

Laws of Exponents

2
 Mind Map

Natural Rational
Numbers Numbers
Whole Numbers
Irrational
Integers Numbers

Type of
Numbers

Number Line 'S Real Numbers

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Number
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Systems
Operations on
Laws of
Rational
Exponents
Numbers
Decimal
Expansion

Decimal Expansion
Decimal Expansion
of Rational
of Real Numbers
Numbers

3
 1. Number Line

-2 1 0 1 1 -1 2
4 2

A number line is a straight line with numbers placed at equal

intervals along its length. It can be extended infinitely in any
direction and is usually represented horizontally

2. Types of Numbers 'S

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Natural Whole
2.1 2.2 2.3 Integers
Numbers Numbers
BY

Natural numbers Whole numbers Integers are whole

are also called include all the numbers that can
counting numbers. natural numbers be positive,
and zero. negative or zero.

They start with 1 They start with 0

and end at infinity. and end at infinity.

Example: Example: Example:

1, 2, 3, … 0, 1, 2, 3, … …, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …

All the natural numbers are whole numbers

but the vice versa is not true.

4
2.4 Rational Numbers Equivalent Rational
2.5
Numbers
A rational number can be Rational numbers do not
𝑝
expressed as , where 𝑝 and 𝑞 have a unique representation
𝑞 𝑝
are integers and 𝑞 ≠ 0 in the form .
𝑞

1 3 1 1 2 12
Example: , , − , … Example: = = , and so on
2 4 2 2 4 24

These are equivalent

rational numbers.
𝑝
1, 2, 3, …can be written in the
2 3
form as , , … Hence, all the
1 1
integers are rational numbers
𝑞

'S There are infinitely many

rational numbers between
two rational numbers
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but the vice versa is NOT true.
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When we use the symbol ,

2.6 Irrational Numbers we assume that it is the
positive square root of the
Irrational numbers can NOT number.
𝑝
be expressed as , where 𝑝
𝑞 So, 4 = 2, though both 2 and
and 𝑞 are integers and 𝑞 ≠ 0 – 2 are square roots of 4.

Example: 2, 3, 15, 𝜋 There are infinitely many

irrational numbers between
two numbers.

5
 3. Real Numbers

Rational Numbers
𝟓 𝟕
… , − , 𝟎, 𝟎. 𝟖, 𝟏, 𝟐, , …
𝟐 𝟑

Integers
… , −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, …
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Whole Numbers
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𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, …
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Natural Numbers
𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, …

Irrational Numbers
… , 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝝅, …
6
 4. Decimal Expansion of Real
Numbers

4.1 Terminating 4.2 Non - Terminating

RECURRING NON-RECURRING

2.345 2.3333… 1.23464…

Rational Irrational
Rational Number
Number Number

'S
We often take the approximate value of 𝜋 as
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22 22
, but 𝜋 ≠
7 7
BY

𝒑
5. Decimal Expansion of Rational Numbers
𝒒

5.1 Terminating 5.2

Non – Terminating
Recurring
The denominator, 𝑞 has factors The denominator, 𝑞 DOES NOT
in the form of have factors in the form of

𝟐𝒏 , 𝟓𝒎 or 𝟐𝒏 × 𝟓𝒎 𝟐𝒏 , 𝟓𝒎 or 𝟐𝒏 × 𝟓𝒎

Example: Example:
1 1
25 27

7
 6. Operations on Real Numbers

Rational & Rational & Irrational &

6.1 6.2 6.3
Rational Irrational Irrational

Rational Number Irrational Number Rational/Irrational

Example: Example:
Example:
3 3× 2=3 2
3÷4=
4 'S
3× 2=3 2
(1 + 2) + (1 − 2) = 2
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BY

If 𝑟 is rational and 𝑠 is irrational, then 𝑟 + 𝑠

and 𝑟– 𝑠 are irrational numbers, 𝑟 ≠ 0.

If 𝑟 is rational and 𝑠 is irrational, then 𝑟 × 𝑠

𝑟
and are irrational numbers, 𝑟 ≠ 0.
𝑠

8
6.4 Identities on Real Numbers

𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏

𝑎 𝑎
=
𝑏 𝑏

𝑎− 𝑏
'S
𝑎+ 𝑏 =𝑎−𝑏
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𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏
BY

2
𝑎+ 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2 𝑎𝑏

2
𝑎− 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2 𝑎𝑏

9
 6.5 Rationalisation

Rationalisation of the denominator

means removing any radical term or surds from
the denominator and expressing the fraction in
a simplified form.

Rationalising Simplified
Denominator
Factor Form

𝑎+ 𝑏 𝑎− 𝑏 𝑎2 − 𝑏

𝑎− 𝑏 𝑎+ 𝑏 𝑎2 − 𝑏

𝑎+ 𝑏 'S
𝑎− 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
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BY

Steps for Rationalisation

Step 1: Find the conjugate or rationalising

factor of the denominator.

Step 2: Multiply the numerator and denominator

by the conjugate.

Step 3: Simplify the expression.

10
 7. Laws of Exponents

𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 𝑎0 = 1

1
𝑎𝑚 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 = 𝑎−𝑛
'S 𝑎𝑛
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1
𝑎𝑚
= 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 𝑛
𝑎=𝑎 𝑛
BY

𝑎𝑛

𝑚
𝑛
𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑚
𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑛

11
Chapter Notes

Polynomials
'S
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Grade 09
BY

12
 Topics to be Covered

1. Introduction to
Polynomials
• 1.1. Polynomial in One
Variable.
• 1.2. Type of Polynomials.
• 1.3. Degree of a Polynomial.
• 1.4 Classification of Polynomial:
based on the degree.

2. Zeroes of a
Polynomial 'S
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3. Division of
BY

Polynomials
• 3.1 Factor Theorem.

4 .Factorisation of
Polynomials

5. Algebraic Identities

13
 1. Introduction to Polynomials

1.1 Polynomial in One Variable

A polynomial p(x) in one variable 𝑥 is an algebraic expression

in x of the form:
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 +………+ 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥+ 𝑎0
where 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … … … 𝑎𝑛 are constants and 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0.
𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … … … 𝑎𝑛 are respectively the co-efficients of 𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ,
𝑥2 , … … … 𝑥𝑛 and 𝑛 is called the degree of the polynomial.
Each of 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 ,…….. 𝑎0 with 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0 is called the term
of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥).

For example:
'S
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BY

1.2 Type of Polynomials

Monomial Binomial Trinomial

Single non- Exactly two Exactly three

zero term unlike terms unlike terms

Ex: 5𝑥, 3, 6𝑎4 , −3𝑥𝑦 Ex: −5𝑥 + 3, 6𝑎4 + 17𝑥 Ex: −8𝑎4 + 2𝑥 + 7

14
 1. Introduction to Polynomials

1.3 Degree of a Polynomial

The degree of a polynomial is the highest power

of the variable in the polynomial.
For example:

The degree of the above polynomial is 3.

'S
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1.4 Classification of Polynomial:
based on Degree
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Linear Polynomial: A polynomial of degree one is

called a linear polynomial. For example: x- 12.

Quadratic Polynomial: A polynomial of degree

two is called a quadratic polynomial. For example:
2x2 - 3x + 5.

Cubic Polynomial: A polynomial of degree

three is called a cubic polynomial. For example:
4a3 - 100a2 + a - 6.

15
 2. Zeroes of a Polynomial

For a polynomial, there could be some values of the

variable for which the polynomial will be zero. These
values are called zeros of a polynomial. Sometimes,
they are also referred to as roots of the polynomials.
In general, we find the zeros of quadratic equations,
to get the solutions for the given equation.

If the value of the polynomial 𝒑(𝒙) becomes equal to

0 when we substitute 𝒙 = 𝒂, then 𝒂 is a zero of the
polynomial 𝒑(𝒙), and vice-versa.

'S
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𝑝 𝑥=𝑎 =0 𝑎 is a zero of 𝑝(𝑥)
BY

3. Division of Polynomials

16
 3. Division of Polynomials

p(x) = q(x) × g(x) + r(x)

where,
p(x) is the dividend
g(x) is the divisor
q(x) is the quotient
r(x) is the remainder

'S
3.1 Factor Theorem
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According to factor theorem, if f(x) is a polynomial of
degree n ≥ 1 and ‘a’ is any real number, then, (x-a) is a
BY

factor of f(x), if f(a)=0.

Factor theorem is commonly used for factoring a

polynomial and finding the roots of the polynomial. It is
a special case of a polynomial remainder theorem.

4. Factorisation of Polynomials

Factorisation of polynomials is the process of

expressing the polynomials as the product of two or
more polynomials.
For example, the polynomial 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6 can be
factorised as (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2).

17
 5. Algebraic Identities

The algebraic identities are the algebraic equations,

which are valid for all values. The important algebraic
identities are:
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒙−𝒚 𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒙𝟐 – 𝒚𝟐 = (𝒙 + 𝒚) (𝒙 – 𝒚)
(𝒙 + 𝒂)(𝒙 + 𝒃) = 𝒙𝟐 + (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒙 + 𝒂𝒃

(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟑 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚(𝒙 + 𝒚)
𝒙 –𝒚 𝟑
'S
= 𝒙𝟑 – 𝒚𝟑 – 𝟑𝒙𝒚(𝒙 – 𝒚)
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BY

18
 Mind Map

Ex: 5𝑥, 3, 6𝑎4 , −3𝑥𝑦 Ex: −5𝑥 + 3, 6𝑎4 + 17𝑥 Ex: −8𝑎4 + 2𝑥 + 7

Monomial Binomial Trinomial

Remainder Types of Polynomial

Theorem
Factorisation
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Division Polynomials

Algebraic
Identities
BY

Factor
Theorem Classification of Polynomial

Linear Quadratic Cubic

Degree 1 Degree 2 Degree 3

19
 CHAPTER NOTES
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Coordinate Geometry
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Grade 9
BY

20
 Topics Covered

1 Cartesian System
1.1 Axes and Origin
1.2 Quadrants

2
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Coordinates of a point
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2.1 Abscissa and
Ordinate
2.2 Identifying
BY

Coordinates of a Point

21
 1. Cartesian System

7
Quadrant II Quadrant I
6
(−, +) 5 (+, +)
4
3
2
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1
x′ 0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
Quadrant III -2
Quadrant IV
(−, −) -3 (+, −)
-4
-5
-6
-7 'S
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y′

1.1 Axes and the Origin

BY

• X′X is called the x-axis.

• Y′Y is called the y -axis.
• The point where X′X and Y′Y intersect is
called the origin (O).

1.2 Quadrants

• The axes divide the plane into four parts.

• These four parts are called the quadrants
numbered I, II, III, and IV.

22
 2. Coordinates of a Point

y x - coordinate
or Abscissa
7
6
5
P (4, 4)
4
3
2
1
y - coordinate
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
x′ x or Ordinate
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
'S
JU
y′

2.1 Determining Coordinates of a Point

BY

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

The x - coordinate The y - coordinate To write the

of a point is its of a point is its coordinates of a
perpendicular perpendicular point, the x -
distance from the distance from the coordinate comes
y - axis measured x - axis measured first, and then the
along the x - axis. along the y - axis. y - coordinate.

2.2 Abscissa and Ordinate

• The x - coordinate is also called the abscissa.
• The y - coordinate is also called the ordinate.

23
 Mind Map

Axes and
Origin

Quadrants

COORDINATE
GEOMETRY

'S
JU
Cartesian
System
BY

Coordinates
of a Point

Identifying
Abscissa and
Coordinates of a
Ordinate
Point

24
 CHAPTER NOTES

Linear Equations in Two Variables

'S
JU
Grade 09
BY

25
 Topics to be Covered

1. Linear Equations in
Two Variables

2. Solution of a
'S Linear Equation
JU
BY

26
 1. Linear Equations in Two Variables

An equation of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are

real numbers, such that 𝑎 and 𝑏 are not both zero, is called a
linear equation in two variables.
Example:
𝑥– 𝑦 = 2
Rearranging the equation in the form
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0;
1. 𝑥 − 1. 𝑦 − 2 = 0 where,
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −1, and 𝑐 = −2.

2. Solution of a Linear Equation

𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 'S
JU
The solution to the above equation can be determined by
following the below steps:

Step 1: Substitute 𝑥 = 0; we get

BY

3𝑦 = 12
𝑦 =4
So (0, 4) is the solution of the given equation.

Step 2: Substitute 𝑦 = 0; we get

4𝑥 = 12
𝑥 =3
So (3, 0) is the solution of the given equation.

Similarly, we can find multiple solutions for the given

equation by substituting any value for one variable and
finding the value for other variable.

A linear equation in two variables has infinitely many

solutions.

27
 Mind Map

Linear
Solution of a
Linear Equations
Equations in
Two
Variables
'S
in Two Variables
Linear
Equation
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BY

28
 Chapter Notes

Introduction to Euclid’s
'S
Geometry
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Grade 09
BY

29
 Topics to be Covered

1. Euclid’s Elements

• 1.1 Euclid’s definitions

• 1.2 Dimensions of Euclid’s
Elements

2. Euclid’s Axioms

• 2.1 Axiom 1
• 2.2 Axiom 2 'S
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• 2.3 Axiom 3
• 2.4 Axiom 4
• 2.5 Axiom 5
BY

• 2.6 Axiom 6
• 2.7 Axiom 7

3. Euclid’s Postulates

• 3.1 Postulate 1
• 3.2 Postulate 2
• 3.3 Postulate 3
• 3.4 Postulate 4
• 3.5 Postulate 5

30
 1. Euclid’s Elements

1.1 Euclid’s definitions

Point

A point is that which has no part.

Line

'S
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• A line is breadthless length.
BY

• The ends of a line are points.

• A straight line is a line which lies evenly with the
points on itself.

Plane/Surface

• A surface is that which has length and breadth only.

• The edges of a surface are curves or straight lines.
• A plane surface is a surface which lies evenly with the
straight lines on itself.

31
 1. Euclid’s Elements

1.2 Dimensions of Euclid’s elements

• In going three steps from solids to points

(solids-surfaces-lines-points), we lose one extension,
also called a dimension.

'S
JU
• A point has no dimension.
• A line has a dimension of one (1D) because only one
coordinate is needed to specify a point on it.
BY

• A surface such as a plane has a dimension of two

(2D) because two coordinates are needed to specify a
point on it.
• A solid is three-dimensional (3D) because three
coordinates are needed to locate a point within these
spaces.

Though Euclid defined a point, a line, and a plane,

the definitions are not accepted by mathematicians.
Therefore, these terms are now taken as undefined.

32
 2. Euclid’s Axioms

• Euclid assumed certain properties, which were not to be

proved. These assumptions are actually ‘obvious
universal truths.’

• Common notions (often called axioms) are assumptions

used throughout mathematics which are not specifically
linked to geometry.

• A system of axioms is called consistent if it is impossible

to deduce from these axioms a statement that
contradicts any axiom or previously proved statement.

'S
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2.1 Axiom 1
BY

Things which are equal to the same thing are

equal to one another.

Example:
If a = b and c = b
then a = c

33
 2. Euclid’s Axioms

2.2 Axiom 2

If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.

Example:
'S
If a = b and c is added on both sides
then a + c = b + c
JU
2.3 Axiom 3
BY

If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders

are equal.

Example:
If a = b and c is subtracted from both sides
then a − c = b − c

34
 2. Euclid’s Axioms

2.4 Axiom 4

Things which coincide with one another are equal to

one another.

Example:
𝑎 = 𝑎
'S
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2.5 Axiom 5
BY

The whole is greater than the part.

Example:
𝑎
𝑎 >
2

35
 2. Euclid’s Axioms

2.6 Axiom 6

Things which are double of the same things are equal

to one another.

Example:
2𝑎 = 2𝑎 'S
JU
2.7 Axiom 7
BY

Things which are halves of the same things are equal

to one another.

Example:
𝑎 𝑎
=
2 2

36
 3. Euclid’s Postulates

Assumptions used throughout mathematics which are

specifically linked to geometry are known as postulates.

3.1 Postulate 1

A straight line may be drawn from any one point to

any other point.

A B

'S
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3.2 Postulate 2
BY

A terminated line can be produced indefinitely.

Q
P

3.3 Postulate 3

A circle can be drawn with any centre and any radius.

37
 3. Euclid’s Postulates

3.4. Postulate 4

All right angles are equal to one another.

3.5. Postulate 5

'S
When the sum of co-interior angles is less than 180°,
the two lines intersect at a point.
JU
B
A P
BY

2
C
Q
D
Example:
∠1 + ∠2 is less than 180° and hence lines AB and CD will
eventually intersect on the left side of PQ.

The statements that can be proved are called

propositions or theorems.

38
 Mind Map

Postulate 1 Postulate 2 Postulate 3 Postulate 4 Postulate 5

Euclid’s Postulates

Definition

'S
Euclid’s
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Euclid’s Elements
Geometry

Dimensions
BY

Euclid’s Axioms

Axiom 1 Axiom 7

Axiom 2 Axiom 3 Axiom 4 Axiom 5 Axiom 6

39
 'S
Class Notes
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LINES AND ANGLES
Grade 09
BY

40
 Topics Covered

Intersecting and Non-intersecting Lines

Angles

2.1 Types of Angles

2.2 Complementary Angles
2.3
2.4
'S
Supplementary Angles
Adjacent Angles
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Pairs of Angles
BY

3.1 Linear Pair of Angles

3.2 Vertically Opposite Angles

Parallel Lines Theorem

41
 Mind Map

Complementary
Adjacent Angles
Angles

Supplementary
Types of Angles
Angles

Angles

Parallel Lines
Theorem 'S
JU
BY

Lines and
Angles

Pairs of Angles

Vertically Opposite
Linear Pair of Angles
Angles

42
 1. Intersecting and
Non-intersecting Lines

E C

D F

'S
Lines EOF and COD are
JU
intersecting lines.
BY

E C

D F

Lines EC and DF are

non - intersecting lines
(parallel lines).

43
 2. Angles

An angle is a figure formed by two rays (arms) or lines that

shares a common endpoint (vertex).

2.1 Types of Angles

Acute angle 0o < x < 90o

'S
x
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Right angle x = 90o
x
BY

Obtuse angle x 90o < x < 180o

Straight angle x x = 180o

x
Reflex angle 180o < x < 360o

44
 2.2 Complementary Angles

A
Sum of two angles is 90
degrees. C

∠AOC + ∠COB = 90°

O B

'S
2.3 Supplementary Angles
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Sum of two angles is 180 C
degrees.
BY

∠AOC + ∠COB = 180° A O B

2.4 Adjacent Angles

A C
Angles that have a
common vertex,
common arm and non- 1

common arms are on 2

O B
different sides of the
common arm. ∠1 and ∠2 are adjacent angles

45
 3. Pairs of Angles

3.1 Linear Pair of Angles

If a ray stands on a line, then C

the sum of the two adjacent
angles so formed is 180°
and vice- versa.
A O B
This property is called as the
Linear pair axiom.

∠AOC + ∠COB
'S = 180°
JU
BY

3.2 Vertically Opposite Angles

If two lines intersect each

other, then the vertically R
opposite angles are equal.

O
P Q
∠POR = ∠SOQ

∠POS = ∠ROQ
S

46
 4. Parallel Lines Theorem

Lines that are parallel to a

given line are parallel to p
each other. 𝑙
If
q
𝑚 𝑙 and 𝑛 𝑙
=
=

𝑚
then
Line 𝑚 is parallel to line 𝑛, r
i.e. 𝑛
𝑚 𝑛
=

'S
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BY

47
Chapter Notes

Triangles
'S
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Grade 09
BY

48
 Topics to be Covered

1. Introduction to
Congruence
• 1.1. Congruency Vs Similarity
• 1.2. Congruence of Triangles

2. Criteria for

• 2.1.
Congruence
SAS Congruence Rule
'S
JU
• 2.2. ASA Congruence Rule
• 2.3. AAS Congruence Rule
• 2.4. SSS Congruence Rule
2.5. RHS Congruence Rule
BY

3. Properties of
Triangle
• 3.1. Angles opposite to
equal sides of an isosceles
triangle are equal
• 3.2. The sides opposite to
equal angles of a triangle
are equal

49
 1. Introduction to Congruence

1.1. Congruency Vs Similarity

Same shape Same shape

Same size Different size
In the above pictures we can observe that in Picture 1
'S
we have two bottles of same shape and same size that
means bottle are identical and in Picture 2 we have
JU
bottles with same shape but different size, that means
bottles are not identical.

In similar way, in geometry, when we have two identical

BY

shapes, i.e., with same shape and same size then we say
that the figures are congruent.
If two shapes have same shape but different size then
the figures are said to be similar.

Congruent shapes Similar shapes

50
 1. Introduction to Congruence

1.2. Congruency of Triangles

𝐀 𝐏

𝐁 𝐂 𝐐 𝐑

Consider two triangles with

• 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃𝑄
• 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑄𝑅
• 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑃𝑅 'S
JU
• ∠𝐴 = ∠𝑃
• ∠𝐵 = ∠𝑄
• ∠𝐶 = ∠𝑅
BY

Thus, the corresponding sides and angles of the given

two triangles are equal.
Hence, we say that the given triangles are congruent.
The symbol used to denote congruence of triangles is ≅.

For the given case we write the congruence as

∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅

• The order of vertices is important while denoting

congruence of triangles
• In congruent triangles corresponding parts are equal
and we write in short ‘CPCT’ for corresponding parts
of congruent triangles.

51
 2. Criteria for Congruence

2.1. SAS Congruence Rule

If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are

equal to two sides and the included angle of the other
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

𝐀 𝐗

'S
JU
𝐁 𝟒. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦 𝐂 𝐘 𝟒. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦 𝐙
BY

We can observe that two adjacent sides of one triangle

are equal to two adjacent sides of another triangle, i.e.,
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑋𝑌 (Side)
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑍𝑌 (Side)
Further, the included angle of first triangle is equal to
included angle of second triangle. i.e.,
∠𝐶 = ∠𝑌 (Included Angle)
In such cases as per the SAS Congruence Criterion, the
triangles are said to be congruent.
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝑋𝑍𝑌
Then by CPCT it follows that
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑋𝑍
∠𝐴 = ∠𝑋
∠𝐵 = ∠𝑍

52
 2. Criteria for Congruence

Why SSA or ASS doesn’t work?

SSA stand for side - side – angle, where 𝐴 is not the

included angle.
ASS stand for angle - side – side, where 𝐴 is not the
included angle.

'S 𝑨
JU
𝐐 𝐑 𝑩 𝑪
𝟓 𝐜𝐦 𝟓 𝐜𝐦
BY

In the above two triangles, ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 and ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶

𝑃𝑄 = 𝐴𝐵 = 4 cm
𝑄𝑅 = 𝐵𝐶 = 5 cm
∠𝑅 = ∠𝐶
Both the triangles have two sides and one angle equal,
where ∠𝑅 and ∠𝐶 are not included angles, we can see
that the triangles are not congruent.

Hence, we can say that SSA or ASS does not work

always.

53
 2. Criteria for Congruence

2.2. ASA Congruence Rule

If two angles and the included side of one triangle are

equal to two angles and the included side of the other
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent by ASA
rule.

A P

≌ 'S
JU
B C Q R
BY

From the figure we can observe the congruent pairs,

∠𝐵 = ∠𝑄 (Angle)
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑄𝑅 (Included Side)
∠𝐶 = ∠𝑅 (Angle)

In such cases as per the ASA Congruence Criterion, the

triangles are said to be congruent.
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅

Then by CPCT it follows that

𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃𝑄
∠𝐴 = ∠𝐵
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑃𝑅

54
 2. Criteria for Congruence

2.3. AAS Congruence Rule

Two triangles are congruent by AAS if any two pairs of

angles and one pair of corresponding sides are equal.

A P

≌
'S
JU
B C Q R
BY

From the figure we can observe the congruent pairs,

∠𝐴 = ∠𝑃 (Angle)
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑄𝑅 (Side not included)
∠𝐶 = ∠𝑅 (Angle)

In such cases as per the AAS Congruence Criterion, the

triangles are said to be congruent.
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅

Then by CPCT it follows that

𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃𝑄
∠𝐵 = ∠𝑄
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑃𝑅

55
 2. Criteria for Congruence

2.4. SSS Congruence Rule

Two triangles are congruent by SSS if all the three

pairs of sides are equal in length.

A E

≌ 'S
B C F G
JU
BY

From the figure we can observe the congruent pairs,

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸𝐹 (Side)
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐹𝐺 (Side)
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐸𝐺 (Side)

In such cases as per the SSS Congruence Criterion, the

triangles are said to be congruent.
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝐸𝐹𝐺
Then by CPCT it follows that
∠𝐴 = ∠𝐸
∠𝐵 = ∠𝐹
∠𝐶 = ∠𝐺

56
 2. Criteria for Congruence

2.5. RHS Congruence Rule

If one side and the hypotenuse of one right-angled

triangle are equal to one side and the hypotenuse of
another right-angled triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent by RHS rule.

M X

≌ 'S
JU
N O Y Z
BY

From the figure we can observe the congruent pairs,

𝑀𝑁 = 𝑋𝑌 (Side)
𝑀𝑂 = 𝑋𝑍 (Hypotenuse)
∠𝑁 = ∠𝑌 (Each 90°)

In such cases as per the RHS Congruence Criterion, the

triangles are said to be congruent.
∆𝑀𝑁𝑂 ≅ ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍

Then by CPCT it follows that

∠𝑀 = ∠𝑋
∠𝑂 = ∠𝑍
𝑁𝑂 = 𝑌𝑍

57
 3. Properties of Triangle

Theorem: The angles opposite to equal sides of an

isosceles triangle are equal.

𝐂 𝐁
•
•
•
'S
If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶, then ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐶.
If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶, then ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐶.
If 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶, then ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐵.
JU
Theorem: The sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle
BY

are equal.

𝐂 𝐁
• If ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐶, then 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶.
• If ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐶, then 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶.
• If ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐵, then 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶.

58
 Mind Map

Congruency Congruence of
vs Similarity Triangles

Introduction
to Congruence

'S
Triangles
Properties of
JU
Triangle
BY

Criteria for
Congruence

AAS SAS
SSS RHS

ASA

59
Chapter Notes

Quadrilaterals
'S
JU
Grade 09
BY

60
 Topics to be Covered

1. Properties of
Parallelogram

2. Mid-point Theorem
'S
JU
• 4.1 Mid-point Theorem
• 4.2 Converse of Mid-
BY

point Theorem

61
 1. Properties of Parallelogram

D C
1. A diagonal of a parallelogram
divides it into two congruent
triangles.
∴ ΔABC ≅ ΔADC

A B

2. In a parallelogram, the opposite sides are equal.

∴ AB = DC and AD = BC
D C

'S
JU
A B
Conversely, if each pair of opposite sides of a
quadrilateral are equal, then it is a parallelogram.
BY

∴ If AB = DC and AD = BC, then ABCD is a

parallelogram.
3. In a parallelogram, the opposite angles are equal.
∴ ∠ABC = ∠ADC and ∠BAD = ∠BCD
D C

A B
Conversely, in a quadrilateral, if each pair of opposite
angles are equal, then it is a parallelogram.
∴ If ∠ABC = ∠ADC and ∠BAD = ∠BCD then ABCD is a
parallelogram.

62
 1. Properties of Parallelogram

4. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

D C

A B

Conversely, if the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect

each other, then it is a parallelogram.

'S
5. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if a pair of opposite
JU
sides is equal and parallel.

D C
BY

A B

63
 2. Mid-point Theorem

2.1 Mid-point
Theorem

The line segment joining the mid-points of any two

sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is half
of it.
A

D E

B
'S C
JU
2.2 Converse of Mid-point
Theorem
BY

A line passing through the mid-point of a side of a

triangle that is parallel to another side, bisects the third
side.​
A

D E

B C

64
 Mind Map

Properties of
Parallelogram

'S
Quadrilaterals
JU
BY

Mid-Point Theorem

65
CHAPTER NOTES

Circles
'S
JU
Grade 09
BY

66
 Topics to be Covered

1. Introduction to
Circles
• 1.1 Definition.
• 1.2 Parts of a circle.
• 1.3 Three points that
describe a circle.
2. Chords and their
properties
• 2.1 Angle subtended by
•
•
a chord at the
centre.
• 2.2 Perpendicular
'S
JU
bisector of a chord. 3. Angle subtended
• 2.3 Chords and their by an arc.
distances.
BY

• 3.1 Angle subtended by

an arc of a circle.
• 3.2 Angle subtended in
the same segment
• 3.3 Concyclic Points.

4 .Cyclic
Quadrilateral
• 4.1 Cyclic Quadrilateral

67
 1. Introduction to Circles

1.1 Definition

A circle is a collection of all points in a plane which are at a

constant distance (radius) from a fixed point (centre).

𝐁
r
𝐀
r
r 'S r
JU
𝐂
BY

1.2 Parts of a Circle

O
O O

68
 1. Introduction to Circles

1.3 Three points that describe a circle

There is one and only one circle that passes through

three non-collinear points.

A
C

O O1 O2 O3 O4
A

B B
'S
JU
2. Chords and their properties
BY

2.1 Angle subtended by a chord at the centre.

PQ = RS ⇔ ∠POQ = ∠ROS

69
 2. Chords and their properties

2.2 Perpendicular Bisector of a Chord.

OC ⊥ AB ⇔ 'S
AC = BC
JU
BY

2.3 Chords and their distances

OP = OQ ⇔ AB = CD

70
 3. Angle Subtended by an Arc

3.1 Angle Subtended by an Arc of a Circle.

∠BOC = 2 × ∠BAC

3.2 Angle Subtended in the Same

'S
Segment of a Circle
JU
BY

∠BAC
= ∠BDC

3.3 Concyclic Points.

71
 4. Cyclic Quadrilateral

Theorem:

A 'S
JU
∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180o
BY

∠BCD + ∠BAD = 180o

72
 Mind Map

Parts of a Three points that

Definition
Circle describe a circle

Angle subtended by
a chord at the Introduction
centre.
'S
JU
Chords and their Cyclic
properties Circles
Quadrilateral
BY

Perpendicular Angle subtended

bisector of a by an arc
chord

Angle subtended by Angle subtended in Concyclic

an arc of a circle. the same segment Points

73
CHAPTER NOTES

Heron’s Formula
'S
JU
Grade 09
BY

74
 Topics to be Covered

1. Basic Formula for Area

of a Triangle

• 1.1 Area of an Equilateral

Triangle
• 1.2 Area of an Isosceles
Triangle

'S• 1.3 Area of Right-angled

Triangle
JU
2. Heron’s Formula for
BY

Area of a Triangle

75
 1. Basic Formula for Area of a Triangle

1
Area of Triangle = × Base × Height
2

1.1 Area of an equilateral triangle

Let Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 be an equilateral A

triangle having side of
length ‘𝑎’. 𝑎 𝑎
Perpendicular AD divides base
𝐵𝐶 into two equal parts.
B C
Now, by Pythagoras theorem
in right triangle 𝐴𝐷𝐶
'S 𝑎
JU
A
AC2 = AD2 + DC2
2 2
a 2
⇒ a = AD + 𝑎
2 𝑎
BY

3a
⇒ AD =
2
B 𝑎 D 𝑎 C
Then area of ΔABC
2 2
1
= × Base × Height
2
1
= × BC × AD
2

1 3𝑎 3 2
= × 𝑎 × = 𝑎
2 2 4

3 2
Area of an equilateral triangle = 𝑎
4

76
 1. Basic Formula for Area of a Triangle

1.2. Area of an isosceles triangle

Let Δ𝐿𝑀𝑁 be an isosceles

triangle with equal sides ‘𝑎’ and L
base ‘𝑏’.
Perpendicular 𝐿𝑃 divides base 𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑁 into two equal parts.

Now, by Pythagoras theorem M N

𝑏
in right triangle LPN

LN 2 = LP 2 + PN 2

⇒ 𝑎2 = 𝐿𝑃2 +
𝑏
2
2
'S 𝑎
L
JU
1 𝑎
⇒ 𝐿𝑃 = 4𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
2 90∘
Then area of ΔLMN M 𝑏 P N
𝑏
BY

1 2 2
= × Base × Height
2
1
= × MN × LP
2
1 1
= × 𝑏 × 4𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
2 2
𝑏
= 4𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
4

𝑏
Area of an isosceles triangle = 4𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
4

77
 1. Basic Formula for Area of a Triangle

1.3 Area of right-angled triangle

𝑐
𝑎
90∘

Q 𝑏 R

'S
Let ΔPQR be a right-angled triangle with sides 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐.

Area of ΔPQR
JU
1
= × Base × Height
2
BY

1
= × QR × PQ
2
1
= × 𝑏 × 𝑎
2

Area of a right−angled triangle

1
= × product of its perpendicular sides
2

78
 2. Heron’s Formula for Area of Triangle

𝑎 𝑐

Area of triangle =
'S
𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)
JU
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
𝒔=
𝟐
BY

where,
𝑠 is semi-perimeter
𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 are sides of triangle.

Heron’s formula is useful for all triangles or mostly

when length of all sides of a triangle are given but
height is not given or is difficult to calculate.

79
 Mind Map

Area of an Area of scalene

equilateral triangle triangle

Area of an Area of right-

isosceles triangle angled triangle

'S
Basic Formula for
JU
Area of a Triangle
BY

Heron’s Formula

Heron’s Formula for

Area of Triangle

80
 CHAPTER NOTES

'S
Surface Areas and Volumes
JU
BY

81
 Topics

1. Surface Areas and Volume of Cone

'S
2. Surface Area and Volume of
Sphere
JU
BY

3. Surface Areas and Volume of

Hemisphere

82
 Surface Areas and
Volumes
Cone
𝝅rl Curved surface area
h
𝝅rl + 𝝅r2 Total surface area
r
1
𝝅r2h Volume
3
'S
JU
Sphere
BY

4𝝅r2 Curved surface area

r

4
𝝅r3 Volume
3

Hemisphere
Curved surface area 2𝝅r2

Total surface area 3𝝅r2

r
2
Volume 𝝅r3
3
83
 Sphere
Cone

'S
Surface Areas
JU
and Volumes
BY

Hemisphere

84
CHAPTER NOTES

Statistics
'S
JU
Grade 09
BY

85
 Topics Covered

Bar Graph

'S
JU
Histogram
BY

Frequency Polygon

86
 Graphical Representation of Data

1. Bar Graphs

The pictorial representation of grouped data, in the form of

vertical or horizontal rectangular bars, where the lengths of the
bars are equivalent to the measure of data, are known as bar
graphs.

Example: Monthly expenditure of family is shown using a

bar graph drawn using the following steps.

• First, decide the title of the bar graph.

• Draw the horizontal axis and vertical axis.
•
•
Now, label the horizontal axis and label the vertical axis.
Finalise the scale range for the given data to draw bar graph.'S
JU
7
Expenditur
Expenditure (in thousand rupees)

Heads
e 6
BY

Grocery 4 5

Rent 5 4

Education 5 3

Medicine 2 2

Fuel 2 1

Entertainment 1
0
Rent

Fuel
Medicine

Entertainment
Miscellaneous
Grocery

Education

Miscellaneous 1

Heads

87
 Graphical Representation of Data

2. Histogram

• A histogram is the graphical representation of data where

data is grouped into continuous number ranges and each
range corresponds to a rectangular bar.

• In histogram, the frequency of the data is shown by the area

of the rectangular bars.

Example: The data of height for a class using a histogram

is as shown.

4
Height (cm)
No. of
Students
'S
JU
165 – 170 2 3
170 – 175 2
BY

175 – 180 2
2
No of student

180 – 185 3

185 – 190 2
1
190 – 195 1

195 – 200 2

Total No. of
14 0
185 - 190
165 - 170

175 - 180
170 - 175

180 - 185

190 - 195

195 - 200

Students

Height (cm)

88
 Graphical Representation of Data

3. Frequency Polygon

• Frequency polygon is a line graph of class frequency plotted

against class midpoints.
• It can also be obtained by joining the midpoints of the tops
of the rectangles in histogram.

Upper Limit + Lower limit

Class Mark =
2

Steps to draw a frequency polygon

'S
Step 1: Choose the class interval and mark the values on the
JU
horizontal axes.
Step 2: Mark the mid value of each interval on the horizontal
BY

axes.
Step 3: Mark the frequency of the class on the vertical axes.
Step 4: For each class interval, mark a point at the height in the
middle of the class interval.
Step 5: Connect these points using the line segment.

• For same data, total area of frequency polygon is

equal to the total area of histogram.
• For any data, area under the frequency polygon is
proportional to total frequency of the table.

89
 Graphical Representation of Data

3. Frequency Polygon

Example : The following data of marks of a class using is

shown using a frequency polygon.

Class
Marks Frequency
Marks

0 – 10 2 3
10 – 20 2 9
20 – 30 2 17
30 – 40 'S
3 12
JU
40 – 50 2 9
Y
BY

35
Number of students

30
25
20 (25,17)

15 (35,12)
(15,9)
(45,9)
10
(5,3)
5
X
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Marks

90
 Mind Map

Statistics

Graphical Representation of
Data
'S
JU
BY

Bar graphs Histogram Frequency polygon

91