Rome

Rome (Italian and Latin: Roma, Italian: [ˈroːma] ⓘ ) is the capital city
of Italy. It is also the capital of the Lazio region, the centre of the Rome
Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, and a special comune (municipality) Roma (Italian)
named Comune di Roma Capitale. With 2,860,009 residents in
Capital city and comune
1,285 km2 (496.1 sq mi),[2] Rome is the country's most populated
comune and the third most populous city in the European Union by Roma Capitale
population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome, with a
population of 4,355,725 residents, is the most populous metropolitan city
in Italy.[3] Its metropolitan area is the third-most populous within Italy.[5]
Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula,
within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of the Tiber. Vatican City (the
Rome skyline from Castel Sant'Angelo
smallest country in the world)[6] is an independent country inside the city
boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a
city. Rome is often referred to as the City of Seven Hills due to its
geographic location, and also as the "Eternal City". Rome is generally
considered to be the cradle of Western civilization and Western Christian
culture, and the centre of the Catholic Church.[7][8][9] Fontana di Trevi Colosseum

Rome's history spans 28 centuries. While Roman mythology dates the

founding of Rome at around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for
much longer, making it a major human settlement for almost three
millennia and one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Barcaccia, Saint Peter's Castel
Europe.[10] The city's early population originated from a mix of Latins, Spanish Steps Basilica Sant'Angelo
and Trinità dei
Etruscans, and Sabines. Eventually, the city successively became the Monti
capital of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman
Empire, and is regarded by many as the first-ever Imperial city and
metropolis.[11] It was first called The Eternal City (Latin: Urbs Aeterna;
Italian: La Città Eterna) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century
BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and
Pantheon and Victor Emmanuel II
Livy.[12][13] Rome is also called "Caput Mundi" (Capital of the World).
Piazza della Monument
Rotonda
After the fall of the Empire in the west, which marked the beginning of
the Middle Ages, Rome slowly fell under the political control of the
Papacy, and in the 8th century, it became the capital of the Papal States,
which lasted until 1870. Beginning with the Renaissance, almost all
popes since Nicholas V (1447–1455) pursued a coherent architectural
and urban programme over four hundred years, aimed at making the city Flag
the artistic and cultural centre of the world.[14] In this way, Rome first Coat of arms
became one of the major centres of the Renaissance[15] and then became
Etymology: various theories
the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous
Nickname(s): Urbs Aeterna (Latin)
artists, painters, sculptors, and architects made Rome the centre of their
The Eternal City
activity, creating masterpieces throughout the city. In 1871, Rome
Caput Mundi (Latin)
became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, which, in 1946, became the
The Capital of the world
Italian Republic.
Throne of St. Peter
In 2019, Rome was the 14th most visited city in the world, with 8.6
million tourists, the third most visited city in the European Union, and the
most popular tourist destination in Italy.[16] Its historic centre is listed by
UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.[17] The host city for the 1960
Summer Olympics, Rome is also the seat of several specialised agencies
of the United Nations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the International Fund
for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The city also hosts the Secretariat
of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean[18]
(UfM) as well as the headquarters of many multinational companies,
such as Eni, Enel, TIM, Leonardo, and banks such as BNL. Numerous
companies are based within Rome's EUR business district, such as the
luxury fashion house Fendi located in the Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana. The territory of the comune (Roma Capitale,
The presence of renowned international brands in the city has made in red) inside the Metropolitan City of Rome
Rome an important centre of fashion and design, and the Cinecittà (Città Metropolitana di Roma, in yellow). The
white spot in the centre is Vatican City.
Studios have been the set of many Academy Award–winning movies.[19]

Name and symbol

Etymology
According to the Ancient Romans' founding myth,[20] the name Roma
came from the city's founder and first king, Romulus.[1]

However, it is possible that the name Romulus was actually derived from
Rome itself.[21] As early as the 4th century, there have been alternative
theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. Several hypotheses
have been advanced focusing on its linguistic roots which however
remain uncertain:[22]

From Rumon or Rumen, archaic name of the Tiber, which in

turn is supposedly related to the Greek verb ῥέω (rhéō) 'to
Rome
flow, stream' and the Latin verb ruō 'to hurry, rush';[b]
From the Etruscan word 𐌓𐌖𐌌𐌀 (ruma), whose root is *rum-
"teat", with possible reference either to the totem wolf that
adopted and suckled the cognately named twins Romulus
and Remus, or to the shape of the Palatine and Aventine
Hills;
From the Greek word ῥώμη (rhṓmē), which means
strength.[c]

Location within Italy

Other names and symbols
Rome has also been called in ancient times simply "Urbs" (central
city),[23] from urbs roma, or identified with its ancient Roman initialism
of SPQR, the symbol of Rome's constituted republican government.
Furthermore, Rome has been called Urbs Aeterna (The Eternal City),
Caput Mundi (The Capital of the world), Throne of St. Peter and Roma
Capitale.
Rome
History
Location within Europe
Coordinates: 41°53′36″N 12°28′58″E
Earliest history
Country Italy[a]
Historical States Region Lazio
Roman Kingdom 753–509 BC
 Roman Republic 509–27 BC While there have been Metropolitan Rome Capital
discoveries of archaeological city
Roman Empire 27 BC– 395 AD
Western Roman Empire 286– evidence of human Founded 21 April 753 BC
476 occupation of the Rome area Founded by King Romulus
Kingdom of Italy 476–493 from approximately 14,000 (legendary)[1]
Ostrogothic Kingdom 493–536 years ago, the dense layer of Government
Eastern Roman Empire 536– much younger debris • Type Strong Mayor–Council
546 obscures Palaeolithic and • Mayor Roberto Gualtieri (PD)
Ostrogothic Kingdom 546–547 Neolithic sites.[10] Evidence • Legislature Capitoline Assembly
Eastern Roman Empire 547– of stone tools, pottery, and Area
549 stone weapons attest to about • Total 1,285 km2 (496.3 sq mi)
Ostrogothic Kingdom 549–552 10,000 years of human Elevation 21 m (69 ft)
Eastern Roman Empire 552– presence. Several
751 Population (31 December 2019)
excavations support the view
Kingdom of the Lombards 751– • Rank 8th in Europe
that Rome grew from 1st in Italy
756
pastoral settlements on the • Density 2,236/km2 (5,790/sq mi)
Papal States 756–1798
Palatine Hill built above the • Comune 2,860,009[2]
Roman Republic 1798–1799
area of the future Roman • Metropolitan 4,342,212[3]
Papal States 1799–1809 Forum. Between the end of City
First French Empire 1809– the Bronze Age and the
1814 Demonym(s) Italian: romano(i)
beginning of the Iron Age, (masculine), romana(e)
Papal States 1814–1849 (feminine)
each hill between the sea and
Roman Republic 1849 English: Roman(s)
the Capitoline Hill was
Papal States 1849–1870 GDP[4]
topped by a village (on the
Kingdom of Italy 1870–1943 Capitoline, a village is • Metro €153.507 billion (2020)
Italian Social Republic attested since the end of the Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
1943–1944
14th century BC).[24] • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)
Kingdom of Italy 1944–1946
However, none of them yet CAP code(s) 00100; 00118 to 00199
Italian Republic 1946–
present had an urban quality.[24] Area code 06
Nowadays, there is a wide
Website comune.roma.it (https://
consensus that the city www.comune.roma.it)
developed gradually through
the aggregation ("synoecism") of several villages around the largest one, UNESCO World Heritage Site
placed above the Palatine.[24] This aggregation was facilitated by the Official name Historic Centre of
increase of agricultural productivity above the subsistence level, which Rome, the Properties of
also allowed the establishment of secondary and tertiary activities. These, the Holy See in that City
Enjoying Extraterritorial
in turn, boosted the development of trade with the Greek colonies of
Rights and San Paolo
southern Italy (mainly Ischia and Cumae).[24] These developments, Fuori le Mura
which according to archaeological evidence took place during the mid- Reference 91 (https://whc.unesco.
eighth century BC, can be considered as the "birth" of the city.[24] org/en/list/91)
Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome was Inscription 1980 (4th Session)
founded deliberately in the middle of the eighth century BC, as the Area 1,431 ha (3,540 acres)
legend of Romulus suggests, remains a fringe hypothesis.[25]

Legend of the founding of Rome

Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of
legend and myth. The most familiar of these myths, and perhaps the most famous of all Roman myths, is the story of
Romulus and Remus, the twins who were suckled by a she-wolf.[20] They decided to build a city, but after an argument,
Romulus killed his brother and the city took his name. According to the Roman annalists, this happened on 21 April 753
BC.[26] This legend had to be reconciled with a dual tradition, set earlier in time, that had the Trojan refugee Aeneas escape
to Italy and found the line of Romans through his son Iulus, the namesake of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.[27] This was
accomplished by the Roman poet Virgil in the first century BC. In addition, Strabo
mentions an older story, that the city was an Arcadian colony founded by Evander.
Strabo also writes that Lucius Coelius Antipater believed that Rome was founded
by Greeks.[28][29]

Monarchy and republic

After the foundation by Romulus according to a legend,[26] Rome was ruled for a
Model of archaic Rome. The image
period of 244 years by a monarchical system, initially with sovereigns of Latin and
faces northeast, with the Capitoline
Sabine origin, later by Etruscan kings. The tradition handed down seven kings: hill on left and the Palatine on right.
Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, The city would not have looked like
Servius Tullius and Lucius Tarquinius Superbus.[26] this prior to the seventh century BC.

In 509 BC, the Romans expelled the last king from their city and established an
oligarchic republic. Rome then began a period characterised by internal struggles
between patricians (aristocrats) and plebeians (small landowners), and by constant
warfare against the populations of central Italy: Etruscans, Latins, Volsci, Aequi,
and Marsi.[32] After becoming master of Latium, Rome led several wars (against
the Gauls, Osci-Samnites and the Greek colony of Taranto, allied with Pyrrhus,
king of Epirus) whose result was the conquest of the Italian peninsula, from the
central area up to Magna Graecia.[33]
Capitoline Wolf, a sculpture of the
The third and second century BC saw the establishment of Roman hegemony over mythical she-wolf suckling the infant
the Mediterranean and the Balkans, through the three Punic Wars (264–146 BC) twins Romulus and Remus
fought against the city of Carthage and the three Macedonian Wars (212–168 BC)
against Macedonia.[34] The first Roman provinces were established at this time:
Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, Hispania, Macedonia, Achaea and Africa.[35]

From the beginning of the 2nd century BC, power was contested between two
groups of aristocrats: the optimates, representing the conservative part of the
Senate, and the populares, which relied on the help of the plebs (urban lower class)
to gain power. In the same period, the bankruptcy of the small farmers and the
establishment of large slave estates caused large-scale migration to the city. The
continuous warfare led to the establishment of a professional army, which turned The Temple of Portunus, god of grain
out to be more loyal to its generals than to the republic. Because of this, in the storage, keys, livestock and
second half of the second century and during the first century BC there were ports,[30] built between 120 and 80
conflicts both abroad and internally: after the failed attempt of social reform of the BC
populares Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus,[36] and the war against Jugurtha,[36] there
was a civil war from which the general Sulla emerged victorious.[36] A major slave
revolt under Spartacus followed,[37] and then the establishment of the first
Triumvirate with Caesar, Pompey and Crassus.[37]

The conquest of Gaul made Caesar immensely powerful and popular, which led to
a second civil war against the Senate and Pompey. After his victory, Caesar
established himself as dictator for life.[37] His assassination led to a second The Roman Forum contains the ruins
Triumvirate among Octavian (Caesar's grandnephew and heir), Mark Antony and of the buildings that represented the
Lepidus, and to another civil war between Octavian and Antony.[38] political, legal, religious and
economic centre of ancient Rome,
constituting the "nerve centre" of all
Empire Roman civilisation.[31]
In 27 BC, Octavian became princeps civitatis and took the title of Augustus,
founding the principate, a diarchy between the princeps and the senate.[38] During
the reign of Nero, two thirds of the city was ruined after the Great Fire of Rome, and the persecution of Christians
commenced.[39][40][41] Rome was established as a de facto empire, which reached its greatest expansion in the second
century under the Emperor Trajan. Rome was confirmed as caput Mundi, i.e. the
capital of the known world, an expression which had already been used in the
Republican period. During its first two centuries, the empire was ruled by emperors
of the Julio-Claudian,[42] Flavian (who also built an eponymous amphitheatre,
known as the Colosseum),[42] and Antonine dynasties.[43] This time was also
characterised by the spread of the Christian religion, preached by Jesus Christ in
Judea in the first half of the first century (under Tiberius) and popularised by his
apostles through the empire and beyond.[44] The Antonine age is considered the
The Ancient-Imperial-Roman palaces
zenith of the Empire, whose territory ranged from the Atlantic Ocean to the of the Palatine, a series of palaces
Euphrates and from Britain to Egypt.[43] located in the Palatine Hill, express
power and wealth of emperors from
After the end of the Severan Dynasty in 235, the Empire entered into a 50-year Augustus until the 4th century.
period known as the Crisis of the Third Century during which there were
numerous putsches by generals, who sought to secure the region of the empire they
were entrusted with due to the weakness of central authority in Rome. There was
the so-called Gallic Empire from 260 to 274 and the revolts of Zenobia and her
father from the mid-260s which sought to fend off Persian incursions. Some
regions – Britain, Spain, and North Africa – were hardly affected. Instability
caused economic deterioration, and there was a rapid rise in inflation as the
government debased the currency in order to meet expenses. The Germanic tribes
along the Rhine and north of the Balkans made serious, uncoordinated incursions
from the 250s–280s that were more like giant raiding parties rather than attempts to The Imperial fora belong to a series
settle. The Persian Empire invaded from the east several times during the 230s to of monumental fora (public squares)
constructed in Rome by the
260s but were eventually defeated.[45] Emperor Diocletian (284) undertook the
emperors. Also seen in the image is
restoration of the State. He ended the Principate and introduced the Tetrarchy
Trajan's Market.
which sought to increase state power. The most marked feature was the
unprecedented intervention of the State down to the city level: whereas the State
had submitted a tax demand to a city and allowed it to allocate the charges, from
his reign the State did this down to the village level. In a vain attempt to control
inflation, he imposed price controls which did not last. He or Constantine
regionalised the administration of the empire which fundamentally changed the
way it was governed by creating regional dioceses (the consensus seems to have
shifted from 297 to 313/14 as the date of creation due to the argument of
Constantin Zuckerman in 2002 "Sur la liste de Vérone et la province de Grande-
Arménie, Mélanges Gilber Dagron). The existence of regional fiscal units from 286
served as the model for this unprecedented innovation. The emperor quickened the Model of Imperial Rome at the
process of removing military command from governors. Henceforth, civilian Museo della civiltà romana in Rome.
administration and military command would be separate. He gave governors more The Temple of Claudius is situated to
the south (left) of the Colosseum.
fiscal duties and placed them in charge of the army logistical support system as an
attempt to control it by removing the support system from its control. Diocletian
ruled the eastern half, residing in Nicomedia. In 296, he elevated Maximian to
Augustus of the western half, where he ruled mostly from Mediolanum when not
on the move.[45] In 292, he created two 'junior' emperors, the Caesars, one for each
Augustus, Constantius for Britain, Gaul, and Spain whose seat of power was in
Trier and Galerius in Sirmium in the Balkans. The appointment of a Caesar was not
unknown: Diocletian tried to turn into a system of non-dynastic succession. Upon
abdication in 305, the Caesars succeeded and they, in turn, appointed two
colleagues for themselves.[45]
Colosseum at night
After the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian in 305 and a series of civil wars
between rival claimants to imperial power, during the years 306–313, the Tetrarchy
was abandoned. Constantine the Great undertook a major reform of the bureaucracy, not by changing the structure but by
rationalising the competencies of the several ministries during the years 325–330, after he defeated Licinius, emperor in the
East, at the end of 324. The so-called Edict of Milan of 313, actually a fragment of a letter from Licinius to the governors
of the eastern provinces, granted freedom of worship to everyone, including Christians, and ordered the restoration of
confiscated church properties upon petition to the newly created vicars of dioceses. He funded the building of several
churches and allowed clergy to act as arbitrators in civil suits (a measure that did not outlast him but which was restored in
part much later). He transformed the town of Byzantium into his new residence, which, however, was not officially
anything more than an imperial residence like Milan or Trier or Nicomedia until given a city prefect in May 359 by
Constantius II; Constantinople.[46]

Christianity in the form of the Nicene Creed became the official religion of the empire in 380, via the Edict of Thessalonica
issued in the name of three emperors – Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosius I – with Theodosius clearly the driving
force behind it. He was the last emperor of a unified empire: after his death in 395, his sons, Arcadius and Honorius
divided the empire into a western and an eastern part. The seat of government in the Western Roman Empire was
transferred to Ravenna in 408, but from 450 the emperors mostly resided in the capital city, Rome.[47]

Rome, which had lost its central role in the administration of the empire, was sacked in 410
by the Visigoths led by Alaric I,[48] but very little physical damage was done, most of
which was repaired. What could not be so easily replaced were portable items such as
artwork in precious metals and items for domestic use (loot). The popes embellished the
city with large basilicas, such as Santa Maria Maggiore (with the collaboration of the
emperors). The population of the city had fallen from 800,000 to 450–500,000 by the time
the city was sacked in 455 by Genseric, king of the Vandals.[49] The weak emperors of the
fifth century could not stop the decay, leading to the deposition of Romulus Augustus on
22 August 476, which marked the end of the Western Roman Empire and, for many
historians, the beginning of the Middle Ages.[46]

The decline of the city's population was caused by the loss of grain shipments from North
Africa, from 440 onward, and the unwillingness of the senatorial class to maintain
donations to support a population that was too large for the resources available. Even so,
strenuous efforts were made to maintain the monumental centre, the palatine, and the
The Visigoths sacking largest baths, which continued to function until the Gothic siege of 537. The large baths of
Rome in 410, by Joseph- Constantine on the Quirinale were even repaired in 443, and the extent of the damage
Noël Sylvestre (1890), the exaggerated and dramatised.[50]
first time in c. 800 years
that Rome had fallen to a However, the city gave an appearance overall of shabbiness and decay because of the large
foreign enemy
abandoned areas due to population decline. The population declined to 500,000 by 452
and 100,000 by 500 AD (perhaps larger, though no certain figure can be known). After the
Gothic siege of 537, the population dropped to 30,000 but had risen to 90,000 by the papacy of Gregory the Great.[51] The
population decline coincided with the general collapse of urban life in the West in the fifth and sixth centuries, with few
exceptions. Subsidized state grain distributions to the poorer members of society continued right through the sixth century
and probably prevented the population from falling further.[52] The figure of 450,000–500,000 is based on the amount of
pork, 3,629,000 lbs. distributed to poorer Romans during five winter months at the rate of five Roman lbs per person per
month, enough for 145,000 persons or 1/4 or 1/3 of the total population.[53] Grain distribution to 80,000 ticket holders at
the same time suggests 400,000 (Augustus set the number at 200,000 or one-fifth of the population).

Middle Ages
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, Rome was first under the control of Odoacer and then became part
of the Ostrogothic Kingdom before returning to East Roman control after the Gothic War, which devastated the city in 546
and 550. Its population declined from more than a million in 210 AD to 500,000 in 273[54] to 35,000 after the Gothic War
(535–554),[55] reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins,
vegetation, vineyards and market gardens.[56] It is generally thought the population of the city until 300 AD was 1 million
(estimates range from 2 million to 750,000) declining to 750–800,000 in 400 AD, 450–500,000 in 450 AD and down to
80–100,000 in 500 AD (though it may have been twice this).[57]
The Bishop of Rome, called the Pope, was important since the early days of
Christianity because of the martyrdom of both the apostles Peter and Paul there.
The Bishops of Rome were also seen (and still are seen by Catholics) as the
successors of Peter, who is considered the first Bishop of Rome. The city thus
became of increasing importance as the centre of the Catholic Church.

After the Lombard invasion of Italy (569–572), the city remained nominally
Byzantine, but in reality, the popes pursued a policy of equilibrium between the
Byzantines, the Franks, and the Lombards.[58] In 729, the Lombard king Liutprand
The Vandals sacking Rome in 455,
donated the north Latium town of Sutri to the Church, starting its temporal
by Karl Briullov (1830s)
power.[58] In 756, Pepin the Short, after having defeated the Lombards, gave the
Pope temporal jurisdiction over the Roman Duchy and the Exarchate of Ravenna,
thus creating the Papal States.[58] Since this period, three powers tried to rule the city: the pope, the nobility (together with
the chiefs of militias, the judges, the Senate and the populace), and the Frankish king, as king of the Lombards, patricius,
and Emperor.[58] These three parties (theocratic, republican, and imperial) were a characteristic of Roman life during the
entire Middle Ages.[58] On Christmas night of 800, Charlemagne was crowned in Rome as emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire by Pope Leo III: on that occasion, the city hosted for the first time the two powers whose struggle for control was
to be a constant of the Middle Ages.[58]

In 846, Muslim Arabs unsuccessfully stormed the city's walls, but managed to loot
St. Peter's and St. Paul's basilica, both outside the city wall.[59] After the decay of
Carolingian power, Rome fell prey to feudal chaos: several noble families fought
against the pope, the emperor, and each other. These were the times of Theodora
and her daughter Marozia, concubines and mothers of several popes, and of
Crescentius, a powerful feudal lord, who fought against the Emperors Otto II and
Otto III.[60] The scandals of this period forced the papacy to reform itself: the
election of the pope was reserved to the cardinals, and reform of the clergy was
attempted. The driving force behind this renewal was the monk Ildebrando da
Soana, who once elected pope under the name of Gregory VII became involved
Detail from an illustration by into the Investiture Controversy against Emperor Henry IV.[60] Subsequently,
Raphael, portraying the crowning of
Rome was sacked and burned by the Normans under Robert Guiscard who had
Charlemagne in Old Saint Peter's
entered the city in support of the Pope, then besieged in Castel Sant'Angelo.[60]
Basilica, on 25 December 800

During this period, the city was autonomously ruled by a senatore or patrizio. In
the 12th century, this administration, like other European cities, evolved into the commune, a new form of social
organisation controlled by the new wealthy classes.[60] Pope Lucius II fought against the Roman commune, and the
struggle was continued by his successor Pope Eugenius III: by this stage, the commune, allied with the aristocracy, was
supported by Arnaldo da Brescia, a monk who was a religious and social reformer.[61] After the pope's death, Arnaldo was
taken prisoner by Adrianus IV, which marked the end of the commune's autonomy.[61] Under Pope Innocent III, whose
reign marked the apogee of the papacy, the commune liquidated the senate, and replaced it with a Senatore, who was
subject to the pope.[61]

In this period, the papacy played a role of secular importance in Western Europe, often acting as arbitrators between
Christian monarchs and exercising additional political powers.[62][63][64]

In 1266, Charles of Anjou, who was heading south to fight the Hohenstaufen on behalf of the pope, was appointed
Senator. Charles founded the Sapienza, the university of Rome.[61] In that period the pope died, and the cardinals,
summoned in Viterbo, could not agree on his successor. This angered the people of the city, who then unroofed the
building where they met and imprisoned them until they had nominated the new pope; this marked the birth of the
conclave.[61] In this period the city was also shattered by continuous fights between the aristocratic families: Annibaldi,
Caetani, Colonna, Orsini, Conti, nested in their fortresses built above ancient Roman edifices, fought each other to control
the papacy.[61]
Pope Boniface VIII, born Caetani, was the last pope to fight for the church's
universal domain; he proclaimed a crusade against the Colonna family and, in
1300, called for the first Jubilee of Christianity, which brought millions of pilgrims
to Rome.[61] However, his hopes were crushed by the French king Philip the Fair,
who took him prisoner and held him hostage for three days at Anagni.[61] The
Pope was able to return to Rome, but died a month later, it was said of shock and
grief. Afterwards, a new pope faithful to the French was elected, and the papacy
was briefly relocated to Avignon (1309–1377).[65] During this period Rome was
neglected, until a plebeian man, Cola di Rienzo, came to power.[65] An idealist and Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome in
a lover of ancient Rome, Cola dreamed about a rebirth of the Roman Empire: after 1376 and ended the Avignon Papacy.
assuming power with the title of Tribuno, his reforms were rejected by the
populace.[65] Forced to flee, Cola returned as part of the entourage of Cardinal
Albornoz, who was charged with restoring the Church's power in Italy.[65] Back in power for a short time, Cola was soon
lynched by the populace, and Albornoz took possession of the city. In 1377, Rome became the seat of the papacy again
under Gregory XI.[65] The return of the pope to Rome in that year unleashed the Western Schism (1377–1418), and for the
next forty years, the city was affected by the divisions which rocked the Church.[65]

Early modern history

In 1418, the Council of Constance settled the Western Schism, and a Roman pope,
Martin V, was elected.[65] This brought to Rome a century of internal peace, which
marked the beginning of the Renaissance.[65] The ruling popes until the first half of
the 16th century, from Nicholas V, founder of the Vatican Library, to Pius II,
humanist and literate, from Sixtus IV, a warrior pope, to Alexander VI, immoral
and nepotist, from Julius II, soldier and patron, to Leo X, who gave his name to
this period ("the century of Leo X"), all devoted their energy to the greatness and
the beauty of the Eternal City and to the patronage of the arts.[65]
Almost 500 years old, this map of
During those years, the centre of the Italian Renaissance moved to Rome from Rome by Mario Cartaro (from 1575)
Florence. Majestic works, as the new Saint Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel and shows the city's primary monuments.
Ponte Sisto (the first bridge to be built across the Tiber since antiquity, although on
Roman foundations) were created. To accomplish that, the Popes engaged the best
artists of the time, including Michelangelo, Perugino, Raphael, Ghirlandaio, Luca
Signorelli, Botticelli, and Cosimo Rosselli.

The period was also infamous for papal corruption, with many Popes fathering
children, and engaging in nepotism and simony. The corruption of the Popes and
the huge expenses for their building projects led, in part, to the Reformation and, in
turn, the Counter-Reformation. Under extravagant and rich popes, Rome was
transformed into a centre of art, poetry, music, literature, education and culture. Castel Sant'Angelo, or Hadrian's
Rome became able to compete with other major European cities of the time in Mausoleum, is a Roman monument
terms of wealth, grandeur, the arts, learning and architecture. built in 134 AD, radically altered in
the Middle Ages and the
The Renaissance period changed the face of Rome dramatically, with works like Renaissance, and crowned with 16th
the Pietà by Michelangelo and the frescoes of the Borgia Apartments. Rome and 17th-century statues.

reached the highest point of splendour under Pope Julius II (1503–1513) and his
successors Leo X and Clement VII, both members of the Medici family.

In this twenty-year period, Rome became one of the greatest centres of art in the world. The old St. Peter's Basilica built by
Emperor Constantine the Great[66] (which by then was in a dilapidated state) was demolished and a new one begun. The
city hosted artists like Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli and Bramante, who built the temple of San Pietro in Montorio and
planned a great project to renovate the Vatican. Raphael, who in Rome became one of the most famous painters of Italy,
created frescoes in the Villa Farnesina, the Raphael's Rooms, plus many other famous paintings. Michelangelo started the
decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and executed the famous statue of the Moses for the tomb of Julius II.
Its economy was rich, with the presence of several Tuscan bankers, including
Agostino Chigi, who was a friend of Raphael and a patron of arts. Before his early
death, Raphael also promoted for the first time the preservation of the ancient ruins.
The War of the League of Cognac caused the first plunder of the city in more than
five hundred years since the previous sack; in 1527, the Landsknechts of Emperor
Charles V sacked the city, bringing an abrupt end to the golden age of the
Renaissance in Rome.[65]

Beginning with the Council of Trent in 1545, the Church began the Counter-
Fontana della Barcaccia, created by
Reformation in response to the Reformation, a large-scale questioning of the
Gian Lorenzo Bernini in 1629
Church's authority on spiritual matters and governmental affairs. This loss of
confidence led to major shifts of power away from the Church.[65] Under the
popes from Pius IV to Sixtus V, Rome became the centre of a reformed
Catholicism and saw the building of new monuments which celebrated the
papacy.[67] The popes and cardinals of the 17th and early 18th centuries continued
the movement by having the city's landscape enriched with baroque buildings.[67]

This was another nepotistic age; the new aristocratic families (Barberini, Pamphili,
Chigi, Rospigliosi, Altieri, Odescalchi) were protected by their respective popes,
who built huge baroque buildings for their relatives.[67] During the Age of
Enlightenment, new ideas reached the Eternal City, where the papacy supported
archaeological studies and improved the people's welfare.[65] But not everything Carnival in Rome, c. 1650, by
went well for the Church during the Counter-Reformation. There were setbacks in Johannes Lingelbach
the attempts to assert the Church's power, a notable example being in 1773 when
Pope Clement XIV was forced by secular powers to have the Jesuit order
suppressed.[65]

Late modern and contemporary

The rule of the Popes was interrupted by the short-lived Roman Republic (1798– A View of the Piazza Navona, Rome,
1800), which was established under the influence of the French Revolution. The by Hendrik Frans van Lint, c. 1730
Papal States were restored in June 1800, but during Napoleon's reign Rome was
annexed as a Département of the French Empire: first as Département du Tibre
(1808–1810) and then as Département Rome (1810–1814). After the fall of
Napoleon, the Papal States were reconstituted by a decision of the Congress of
Vienna of 1814.

In 1849, a second Roman Republic was proclaimed during a year of revolutions in

1848. Two of the most influential figures of the Italian unification, Giuseppe
Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, fought for the short-lived republic. Bersaglieri troops breaching the
Aurelian Walls at Porta Pia during
Rome then became the focus of hopes of Italian reunification after the rest of Italy the Capture of Rome (1870), the final
was united as the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 with the temporary capital in Florence. event of the Italian unification.
Painting by Carlo Ademollo.
That year Rome was declared the capital of Italy even though it was still under the
Pope's control. During the 1860s, the last vestiges of the Papal States were under
French protection thanks to the foreign policy of Napoleon III. French troops were stationed in the region under Papal
control. In 1870 the French troops were withdrawn due to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. Italian troops were
able to capture Rome entering the city through a breach near Porta Pia. Pope Pius IX declared himself a prisoner in the
Vatican. In 1871 the capital of Italy was moved from Florence to Rome.[68] In 1870 the population of the city was
212,000, all of whom lived with the area circumscribed by the ancient city, and in 1920, the population was 660,000. A
significant portion lived outside the walls in the north and across the Tiber in the Vatican area.
Soon after World War I in late 1922 Rome witnessed the rise of Italian Fascism led
by Benito Mussolini, who led a march on the city. He did away with democracy by
1926, eventually declaring a new Italian Empire and allying Italy with Nazi
Germany in 1938. Mussolini demolished fairly large parts of the city centre in order
to build wide avenues and squares which were supposed to celebrate the fascist
regime and the resurgence and glorification of classical Rome.[69] The interwar
period saw a rapid growth in the city's population which surpassed one million
inhabitants soon after 1930. During World War II, due to the art treasuries and the
presence of the Vatican, Rome largely escaped the tragic destiny of other European Bombardment of Rome by Allied
planes, 1943
cities. However, on 19 July 1943, the San Lorenzo district was subject to Allied
bombing raids, resulting in about 3,000 fatalities and 11,000 injuries, of whom
another 1,500 died.[70] Mussolini was arrested on 25 July 1943. On the date of the Italian Armistice 8 September 1943 the
city was occupied by the Germans. Allied bombing raids continued throughout 1943 and extended into 1944. Rome was
liberated on 4 June 1944.

Rome developed greatly after the war as part of the "Italian economic miracle" of post-war reconstruction and
modernisation in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this period, the years of la dolce vita ("the sweet life"), Rome became
a fashionable city, with popular classic films such as Ben Hur, Quo Vadis, Roman Holiday and La Dolce Vita filmed in the
city's iconic Cinecittà Studios. The rising trend in population growth continued until the mid-1980s when the comune had
more than 2.8 million residents. After this, the population declined slowly as people began to move to nearby suburbs.

Geography

Location
Rome is in the Lazio region of central Italy on the Tiber (Italian: Tevere) river. The
original settlement developed on hills that faced onto a ford beside the Tiber Island,
the only natural ford of the river in this area. The Rome of the Kings was built on
seven hills: the Aventine Hill, the Caelian Hill, the Capitoline Hill, the Esquiline
Hill, the Palatine Hill, the Quirinal Hill, and the Viminal Hill. Modern Rome is also
crossed by another river, the Aniene, which flows into the Tiber north of the
historic centre.
Satellite image of Rome
Although the city centre is about 24 km (15 mi) inland from the Tyrrhenian Sea,
the city territory extends to the shore, where the south-western district of Ostia is
located. The altitude of the central part of Rome ranges from 13 m (43 ft) above sea level (at the base of the Pantheon) to
139 m (456 ft) above sea level (the peak of Monte Mario).[71] The Comune of Rome covers an overall area of about
1,285 km2 (496 sq mi), including many green areas.

Parks and gardens

Public parks and nature reserves cover a large area in Rome, and the city has one
of the largest areas of green space among European capitals.[72] The most notable
part of this green space is represented by the large number of villas and landscaped
gardens created by the Italian aristocracy. While most of the parks surrounding the
villas were destroyed during the building boom of the late 19th century, some of
them remain. The most notable of these are the Villa Borghese, Villa Ada, and Villa
Doria Pamphili. Villa Doria Pamphili is west of the Gianicolo hill, comprising
some 1.8 km2 (0.7 sq mi). The Villa Sciarra is on the hill, with playgrounds for
children and shaded walking areas. In the nearby area of Trastevere, the Orto The Temple of Aesculapius, in the
Botanico (Botanical Garden) is a cool and shady green space. The old Roman Villa Borghese gardens
hippodrome (Circus Maximus) is another large green space: it has few trees but is
overlooked by the Palatine and the Rose Garden ('roseto comunale'). Nearby is the
lush Villa Celimontana, close to the gardens surrounding the Baths of Caracalla. The Villa Borghese garden is the best
known large green space in Rome, with famous art galleries among its shaded walks. Overlooking Piazza del Popolo and
the Spanish Steps are the gardens of Pincio and Villa Medici. There is also a notable pine wood at Castelfusano, near Ostia.
Rome also has a number of regional parks of much more recent origin, including the Pineto Regional Park and the Appian
Way Regional Park. There are also nature reserves at Marcigliana and at Tenuta di Castelporziano.

Climate
Rome has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa),[73] with
hot, dry summers and mild, humid winters.

Its average annual temperature is above 21 °C (70 °F) during the day and 9 °C
(48 °F) at night. In the coldest month, January, the average temperature is 12.6 °C
(54.7 °F) during the day and 2.1 °C (35.8 °F) at night. In the warmest month,
August, the average temperature is 31.7 °C (89.1 °F) during the day and 17.3 °C
(63.1 °F) at night.
Stone pines in the Villa Doria
Pamphili
December, January and February are the coldest months, with a daily mean
temperature of approximately 8 °C (46 °F). Temperatures during these months
generally vary between 10 and 15 °C (50 and 59 °F) during the day and between 3 and 5 °C (37 and 41 °F) at night, with
colder or warmer spells occurring frequently. Snowfall is rare but not unheard of, with light snow or flurries occurring on
some winters, generally without accumulation, and major snowfalls on a very rare occurrence (the most recent ones were in
2018, 2012 and 1986).[74][75][76]

The average relative humidity is 75%, varying from 72% in July to 77% in November. Sea temperatures vary from a low of
13.9 °C (57.0 °F) in February to a high of 25.0 °C (77.0 °F) in August.[77]

The highest temperature ever recorded in Rome was 42.9 °C (109.2 °F) on 18 July 2023.[78]
 Climate data for Rome Ciampino Airport, elevation: 129 m or 423 ft, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1944–present

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 20.8 23.0 26.6 30.0 34.2 39.3 39.7 40.6 40.0 32.0 26.1 21.2 40.6
°C (°F) (69.4) (73.4) (79.9) (86.0) (93.6) (102.7) (103.5) (105.1) (104.0) (89.6) (79.0) (70.2) (105.1)

Mean daily
12.0 13.0 15.8 18.8 22.3 28.1 31.0 31.6 26.7 22.2 16.9 12.7 21.0
maximum
(53.6) (55.4) (60.4) (65.8) (72.1) (82.6) (87.8) (88.9) (80.1) (72.0) (62.4) (54.9) (69.8)
°C (°F)

Daily mean 7.5 8.0 10.7 13.6 18.0 22.5 25.1 25.4 21.0 17.0 12.4 8.5 15.8
°C (°F) (45.5) (46.4) (51.3) (56.5) (64.4) (72.5) (77.2) (77.7) (69.8) (62.6) (54.3) (47.3) (60.4)

Mean daily
3.4 3.4 5.9 8.6 12.6 16.7 19.3 19.8 16.0 12.4 8.5 4.7 10.9
minimum °C
(38.1) (38.1) (42.6) (47.5) (54.7) (62.1) (66.7) (67.6) (60.8) (54.3) (47.3) (40.5) (51.6)
(°F)

Record low −11.0 −6.9 −6.5 −2.4 1.8 5.6 9.1 9.3 4.3 0.8 −5.2 −6.6 −11.0
°C (°F) (12.2) (19.6) (20.3) (27.7) (35.2) (42.1) (48.4) (48.7) (39.7) (33.4) (22.6) (20.1) (12.2)

Average
65.6 62.8 58.6 68.6 56.9 30.1 19.8 30.2 64.9 88.1 108.2 98.3 752.0
precipitation
(2.58) (2.47) (2.31) (2.70) (2.24) (1.19) (0.78) (1.19) (2.56) (3.47) (4.26) (3.87) (29.61)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation
7.40 7.48 6.85 7.42 5.54 3.38 2.16 2.20 6.00 7.32 8.84 9.44 74.03
days
(≥ 1.0 mm)

Average
relative
75.8 71.5 70.6 70.4 69.0 65.4 63.3 64.1 69.1 74.0 77.9 77.2 70.7
humidity
(%)

Average
3.9 3.5 5.8 8.5 12.1 15.1 16.9 17.7 15.5 12.9 9.3 5.2 10.5
dew point
(39.0) (38.3) (42.4) (47.3) (53.8) (59.2) (62.4) (63.9) (59.9) (55.2) (48.7) (41.4) (50.9)
°C (°F)

Mean
monthly
155.9 171.9 203.1 221.1 276.5 298.8 337.6 320.2 237.9 200.6 153.3 146.9 2,723.9
sunshine
hours

Source 1: NOAA [79]

Source 2: Temperature extreme in Toscana[80]

Demographics
By 550 BC, Rome was the second largest city in Italy after only Taras (modern
Taranto) on the Salento Peninsula. It had an area of about 285 ha (700 acres) and
an estimated population of 35,000. Other sources suggest the population was just
under 100,000 from 600 to 500 BC.[81][82] When the Republic was founded in
509 BC the census recorded a population of 130,000.[83] The republic included the
city itself and the immediate surroundings. Other sources suggest a population of
150,000 in 500 BC. It surpassed 300,000 by 150 BC.[84][85][86][87][88]

The size of the city at the time of the Emperor Augustus is a matter of speculation,
with estimates based on grain distribution, grain imports, aqueduct capacity, city Rome (comune) age-sex pyramid in
limits, population density, census reports, and assumptions about the number of 2022
unreported women, children and slaves providing a very wide range. Glenn Storey
estimates 450,000 people, Whitney Oates estimates 1.2 million, Neville Morely
provides a rough estimate of 800,000 and excludes earlier suggestions of 2 Historical population
million. [89][90][91][92] Estimates of the city's population towards and after the end of Year Pop. ±%
the Roman empire also vary. A.H.M. Jones estimated the population at 650,000 in 1861 194,500 —
the mid-fifth century. The damage caused by the sackings may have been 1871 212,432 +9.2%
1881 273,952 +29.0%
overestimated. The population had already started to decline from the late fourth 1901 422,411 +54.2%
century onward, although around the middle of the fifth century it seems that Rome 1911 518,917 +22.8%
continued to be the most populous city of the two parts of the Empire. [93] 1921 660,235 +27.2%
According to Krautheimer it was still close to 800,000 in 400 AD; had declined to 1931 930,926 +41.0%
500,000 by 452, and dwindled to perhaps 100,000 in 500 AD. After the Gothic 1936 1,150,589 +23.6%
Wars, 535–552, the population may have dwindled temporarily to 30,000. During 1951 1,651,754 +43.6%
1961 2,188,160 +32.5%
the pontificate of Pope Gregory I (590–604), it may have reached 90,000,
1971 2,781,993 +27.1%
augmented by refugees.[94] Lancon estimates 500,000 based on the number of
1981 2,840,259 +2.1%
'incisi' enrolled as eligible to receive bread, oil and wine rations; the number fell to
1991 2,775,250 −2.3%
120,000 in the reform of 419.[95] Neil Christie, citing free rations for the poorest, 2001 2,663,182 −4.0%
estimated 500,000 in the mid-fifth century and still a quarter of a million at the end 2011 2,617,175 −1.7%
of the century.[96] Novel 36 of Emperor Valentinian III records 3.629 million 2021 2,770,226 +5.8%
pounds of pork to be distributed to the needy at 5 lbs. per month for the five winter Source: ISTAT, 2022
months, sufficient for 145,000 recipients. This has been used to suggest a
population of just under 500,000. Supplies of grain remained steady until the seizure of the remaining provinces of North
Africa in 439 by the Vandals, and may have continued to some degree afterwards for a while. The city's population
declined to less than 50,000 people in the Early Middle Ages from 700 AD onward. It continued to stagnate or shrink until
the Renaissance.[97]

When the Kingdom of Italy annexed Rome in 1870, the city had a population of about 225,000. Less than half the city
within the walls was built up in 1881 when the population recorded was 275,000. This increased to 600,000 by the eve of
World War I. The Fascist regime of Mussolini tried to block an excessive demographic rise of the city but failed to prevent
it from reaching one million people by the early 1930s. Population growth continued after the Second World War, helped
by a post-war economic boom. A construction boom also created many suburbs during the 1950s and 1960s.

In mid-2010, there were 2,754,440 residents in the city proper, while some 4.2 million people lived in the greater Rome
area (which can be approximately identified with its administrative metropolitan city, with a population density of about
800 inhabitants/km2 stretching over more than 5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi)). Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled
17.00% of the population compared to pensioners who number 20.76%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06%
(minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of a Roman resident is 43 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the
five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Rome grew by 6.54%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56%.[98]
The current birth rate of Rome is 9.10 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.

The urban area of Rome extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 3.9 million.[99] Between
3.2 and 4.2 million people live in the Rome metropolitan area.[100][101][102][103][104]

Origin groups
According to the latest statistics conducted by ISTAT,[105] approximately 9.5% of
the population consists of non-Italians. About half of the immigrant population
consists of those of various other European origins (chiefly Romanian, Polish,
Ukrainian, and Albanian) numbering a combined total of 131,118 or 4.7% of the
population. The remaining 4.8% are those with non-European origins, chiefly
Filipinos (26,933), Bangladeshis (12,154), and Chinese (10,283).

The Esquilino rione, off Termini Railway Station, has evolved into a largely
immigrant neighbourhood. It is perceived as Rome's Chinatown. Immigrants from The Esquilino rione
more than a hundred different countries reside there. A commercial district,
Esquilino contains restaurants featuring many kinds of international cuisine. There
are wholesale clothes shops. Of the 1,300 or so commercial premises operating in the district 800 are Chinese-owned;
around 300 are run by immigrants from other countries around the world; 200 are owned by Italians.[106]

Language
Rome's historic contribution to language in a worldwide sense is extensive.
Through the process of Romanization, the peoples of Italy, Gallia, the Iberian
Peninsula and Dacia developed languages which derive directly from Latin and
were adopted in large areas of the world, all through cultural influence,
colonisation and migration. Moreover, also modern English, because of the
Norman Conquest, borrowed a large percentage of its vocabulary from the Latin
language. The Roman or Latin alphabet is the most widely used writing system in
the world used by the greatest number of languages.[107]
Advertisement in Romanesco dialect
The medieval Roman dialect belonged to the southern family of Italian dialects,
at a subway station in Rome
and was thus much closer to the Neapolitan language than to the
Florentine.[108][109] A typical example of Romanesco of that period is Vita di Cola
di Rienzo ("Life of Cola di Rienzo"), written by an anonymous Roman during the 14th century.[108] Starting with the 16th
century, the Roman dialect underwent a stronger and stronger influence from the Tuscan dialect (from which modern
Italian derives) starting with the reigns of the two Medici popes (Leo X and Clement VII) and with the Sack of Rome in
1527, two events which provoked a large immigration from Tuscany.[110][111] Therefore, current Romanesco has grammar
and roots that are rather different from other dialects in Central Italy.[111]

Religion
Much like the rest of Italy, Rome is predominantly Christian, and the city has been
an important centre of religion and pilgrimage for centuries, the base of the ancient
Roman religion with the pontifex maximus and later the seat of the Vatican and the
pope. Before the arrival of the Christians in Rome, the Religio Romana (literally,
the "Roman Religion") was the major religion of the city in classical antiquity. The
first gods held sacred by the Romans were Jupiter, the Most High, and Mars, the
god of war, and father of Rome's twin founders, Romulus and Remus, according to
tradition. Other deities such as Vesta and Minerva were honoured. Rome was also
the base of several mystery cults, such as Mithraism. Later, after St Peter and St Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran,
Paul were martyred in the city, and the first Christians began to arrive, Rome Rome's Cathedral, built in 324, and
became Christian, and the Old St. Peter's Basilica was constructed in 313 AD. partly rebuilt between 1660 and 1734
Despite some interruptions (such as the Avignon papacy), Rome has for centuries
been the home of the Roman Catholic Church and the Bishop of Rome, otherwise
known as the Pope.

Despite the fact that Rome is home to the Vatican City and St. Peter's Basilica,
Rome's cathedral is the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, in the south-east of the
city centre. There are around 900 churches in Rome in total. Aside from the
cathedral itself, some others of note include the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore,
the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, the Basilica di San Clemente, San
Carlo alle Quattro Fontane and the Church of the Gesù. There are also the ancient
Catacombs of Rome underneath the city. Numerous highly important religious
educational institutions are also in Rome, such as the Pontifical Lateran University, One of the Seven Pilgrim Churches
Pontifical Biblical Institute, Pontifical Gregorian University, and Pontifical Oriental of Rome, Santa Maria Maggiore is
Institute. the city's largest Catholic Marian
church.
Since the end of the Roman Republic, Rome is also the centre of an important
Jewish community,[112] which was once based in Trastevere, and later in the
Roman Ghetto. There lies also the major synagogue in Rome, the Tempio Maggiore.

The territory of Vatican City is part of the Mons Vaticanus (Vatican Hill), and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields, where
St. Peter's Basilica, the Apostolic Palace, the Sistine Chapel, and museums were built, along with various other buildings.
The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929. Being separated from the city on the west bank of the Tiber, the
area was a suburb that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV, later expanded by the current
fortification walls of Paul III, Pius IV, and Urban VIII. When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 that created the Vatican state was
being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by
this loop.

Rome has been a major Christian pilgrimage site since the Middle Ages. People from all over the Christian world visit
Vatican City, within the city of Rome, the seat of the papacy. The city became a major pilgrimage site during the Middle
Ages. Apart from brief periods as an independent city during the Middle Ages, Rome kept its status as Papal capital and
holy city for centuries, even when the Papacy briefly relocated to Avignon (1309–1377). Catholics believe that the Vatican
is the last resting place of St. Peter. Pilgrimages to Rome can involve visits to many sites, both within Vatican City and in
Italian territory. A popular stopping point is the Pilate's stairs: these are, according to the Christian tradition, the steps that
led up to the praetorium of Pontius Pilate in Jerusalem, which Jesus Christ stood on during his Passion on his way to
trial.[113]

St. Peter's Square in Vatican City

Government
Rome constitutes a comune speciale, named "Roma Capitale",[114] and is the
largest both in terms of land area and population among the 8,101 comuni of Italy.
It is governed by a mayor and a city council. The seat of the comune is the Palazzo
Senatorio on the Capitoline Hill, the historic seat of the city government. The local
administration in Rome is commonly referred to as "Campidoglio", the Italian
name of the hill.

Since 1972, the city has been divided into administrative areas, called municipi
(sing. municipio) (until 2001 named circoscrizioni).[115] They were created for Palazzo Senatorio on Capitoline Hill,
current seat of the Mayor of Rome
administrative reasons to increase decentralisation in the city. Each municipio is
governed by a president and a council of twenty-five members who are elected by
its residents every five years. The municipi frequently cross the boundaries of the
traditional, non-administrative divisions of the city. The municipi were originally
20, then 19,[116] and in 2013, their number was reduced to 15.[117]

Rome is also divided into differing types of non-administrative units. The historic
centre is divided into 22 rioni, all of which are located within the Aurelian Walls
except Prati and Borgo. These originate from the 14 regions of Augustan Rome,
which evolved in the Middle Ages into the medieval rioni.[118] In the Renaissance,
under Pope Sixtus V, they again reached fourteen, and their boundaries were Palazzo del Quirinale, current seat of
finally defined under Pope Benedict XIV in 1743. the President of the Italian Republic

Rome is the principal town of the Metropolitan City of Rome, operative since 1
January 2015. The Metropolitan City replaced the old provincia di Roma, which included the city's metropolitan area and
extends further north until Civitavecchia. The Metropolitan City of Rome is the largest by area in Italy. At 5,352 km2
(2,066 sq mi), its dimensions are comparable to the region of Liguria. Moreover, the city is also the capital of the Lazio
region.[119]
Rome is the national capital of Italy and is the seat of the Italian Government. The official residences of the President of the
Italian Republic and the Italian Prime Minister, the seats of both houses of the Italian Parliament and that of the Italian
Constitutional Court are located in the historic centre. The state ministries are spread out around the city; these include the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is located in Palazzo della Farnesina near the Olympic stadium.

International relations
Among the global cities, Rome is unique in having two sovereign entities located
entirely within its city limits, the Holy See, represented by the Vatican City State,
and the territorially smaller Sovereign Military Order of Malta. The Vatican is an
enclave of the Italian capital city and a sovereign possession of the Holy See,
which is the Diocese of Rome and the supreme government of the Roman Catholic
Church. For this reason, Rome has sometimes been described as the capital of two
states.[120][121] Rome is the seat of the so-called "Polo Romano" made up by three
FAO headquarters in Rome, Circo
main international agencies of the United Nations: the Food and Agriculture
Massimo
Organization (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the International
Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).[122]

Rome has traditionally been involved in the process of European political integration. The Treaties of the EU are located in
Palazzo della Farnesina. In 1957 the city hosted the signing of the Treaty of Rome, which established the European
Economic Community (predecessor to the European Union), and also played host to the official signing of the proposed
European Constitution in July 2004. Rome is the seat of the European Olympic Committee and of the NATO Defense
College. The city is the place where the Statute of the International Criminal Court and the European Convention on
Human Rights were formulated. The city hosts also other important international entities such as the IDLO (International
Development Law Organisation), the ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of
Cultural Property) and the UNIDROIT (International Institute for the Unification of Private Law).

Twin towns and sister cities

Since 9 April 1956, Rome is exclusively and reciprocally twinned only with:

Paris, France, 1956

Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi. (in Italian)
Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris. (in French)
"Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."[123][124][125][126][127]

Rome's other partner cities are:[128]

Achacachi, Bolivia[128] Multan, Pakistan[134]

Algiers, Algeria[128] New Delhi, India[128]
Beijing, China[129][130] New York City, United States[135]
Belgrade, Serbia[128] Plovdiv, Bulgaria[128]
Brasília, Brazil[128] Seoul, South Korea[136][137]
Buenos Aires, Argentina[128] Sydney, Australia[128]
Cairo, Egypt[128] Tirana, Albania[138][139]
Cincinnati, United States[128] Tehran, Iran[128]
Kyiv, Ukraine[128] Tokyo, Japan[140]
Kobanî, Syria[131] Tongeren, Belgium[128]
Kraków, Poland[132] Tunis, Tunisia[141]
Madrid, Spain[133] Washington, D.C., United States[142]

Economy
As the capital of Italy, Rome hosts all the principal institutions of the nation,
including the Presidency of the Republic, the government (and its single Ministeri),
the Parliament, the main judicial Courts, and the diplomatic representatives of all
the countries for the states of Italy and Vatican City. Many international institutions
are located in Rome, notably cultural and scientific ones, such as the American
Institute, the British School, the French Academy, the Scandinavian Institutes, and
the German Archaeological Institute. There are also specialised agencies of the
United Nations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Rome also
hosts major international and worldwide political and cultural organisations, such Palazzo Eni, in the EUR business
as the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), World Food district, is the headquarters of Eni,
Programme (WFP), the NATO Defence College, and the International Centre for considered one of the world's oil and
the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM). gas "supermajors".[143]

According to the GaWC study of world cities, Rome is a "Beta +" city.[145] The
city was ranked in 2014 as 32nd in the Global Cities Index, the highest in
Italy.[146] With a 2005 GDP of €94.376 billion (US$121.5 billion),[147] the city
produces 6.7% of the national GDP (more than any other single city in Italy), and
its unemployment rate, lowered from 11.1% to 6.5% between 2001 and 2005, is
now one of the lowest rates of all the European Union capital cities.[147] Rome's
economy grows at around 4.4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate in
comparison to any other city in the rest of the country.[147] This means that were
Rome a country, it would be the world's 52nd richest country by GDP, near to the Enel's headquarters in Rome, the
size to that of Egypt. Rome also had a 2003 GDP per capita of €29,153 second largest power company in the
(US$37,412), which was second in Italy (after Milan), and is more than 134.1% of world by revenue after the State Grid
Corporation of China.[144]
the EU average GDP per capita.[148] Rome, on the whole, has the highest total
earnings in Italy, reaching €47,076,890,463 in 2008,[149] yet, in terms of average
workers' incomes, the city places itself 9th in Italy, with €24,509.[149] On a global
level, Rome's workers receive the 30th highest wages in 2009, coming three places
higher than in 2008, in which the city ranked 33rd.[150] The Rome area had a GDP
amounting to $167.8 billion, and $38,765 per capita.[151]

Although the economy of Rome is characterised by the absence of heavy industry,

and it is largely dominated by services, high-technology companies (IT, aerospace,
Orizzonte Europa, BNL headquarters
defence, telecommunications), research, construction and commercial activities
in Rome
(especially banking), and the huge development of tourism are very dynamic and
extremely important to its economy. Rome's international airport, Fiumicino, is the
largest in Italy, and the city hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Italian companies, as well as the
headquarters of three of the world's 100 largest companies: Enel, Eni, and Telecom Italia.[152]

Universities, national radio and television and the movie industry in Rome are also important parts of the economy: Rome
is also the hub of the Italian film industry, thanks to the Cinecittà studios, working since the 1930s. The city is also a centre
for banking and insurance as well as electronics, energy, transport, and aerospace industries. Numerous international
companies and agencies headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues, and museums are located
in Rome's principal business districts: the Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR); the Torrino (further south from the EUR);
the Magliana; the Parco de' Medici-Laurentina and the so-called Tiburtina-valley along the ancient Via Tiburtina.

Tourism
Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world, due to the incalculable immensity of its
archaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for the charm of its unique traditions, the beauty of its panoramic views, and
the majesty of its magnificent "villas" (parks). Among the most significant resources are the many museums – Capitoline
Museums, the Vatican Museums and the Galleria Borghese and others dedicated to modern and contemporary art –
aqueducts, fountains, churches, palaces, historical buildings, the monuments and ruins of the Roman Forum, and the
Catacombs. Rome is the third most visited city in the EU, after London and Paris,
and receives an average of 7–10 million tourists a year, which sometimes doubles
on holy years. The Colosseum (4 million tourists) and the Vatican Museums
(4.2 million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in the
world, according to a recent study.[154]

Rome is a major archaeological hub, and one of the world's main centres of
archaeological research. There are numerous cultural and research institutes located
Fontana della Barcaccia in Piazza di
in the city, such as the American Academy in Rome,[155] and The Swedish
Spagna, the Spanish Steps and
Institute at Rome.[156] Rome contains numerous ancient sites, including the Forum Trinità dei Monti
Romanum, Trajan's Market, Trajan's Forum,[157] the Colosseum, and the
Pantheon, to name but a few. The Colosseum, arguably one of Rome's most iconic
archaeological sites, is regarded as a wonder of the world.[158][159]

Rome contains a vast collection of art, sculpture, fountains, mosaics, frescos, and
paintings, from all different periods. Rome first became a major artistic centre
during ancient Rome, with forms of important Roman art such as architecture,
painting, sculpture and mosaic work. Metal-work, coin die and gem engraving,
ivory carvings, figurine glass, pottery, and book illustrations are considered to be
'minor' forms of Roman artwork.[160] Rome later became a major centre of Piazza Navona
Renaissance art, since the popes spent vast sums of money for the constructions of
grandiose basilicas, palaces, piazzas and public buildings in general. Rome became
one of Europe's major centres of Renaissance artwork, second only to Florence,
and able to compare to other major cities and cultural centres, such as Paris and
Venice. The city was affected greatly by the baroque, and Rome became the home
of numerous artists and architects, such as Bernini, Caravaggio, Carracci,
Borromini and Cortona.[161] In the late 18th century and early 19th century, the
city was one of the centres of the Grand Tour,[162] when wealthy, young English
and other European aristocrats visited the city to learn about ancient Roman
culture, art, philosophy, and architecture. Rome hosted a great number of As of 2022, the Vatican Museums
are the second most visited art
neoclassical and rococo artists, such as Pannini and Bernardo Bellotto. Today, the
museum in the world.[153]
city is a major artistic centre, with numerous art institutes[163] and museums.

Rome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture. The
National Gallery of Modern Art has works by Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana,
Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky, and Cézanne on permanent exhibition. 2010 saw the opening of Rome's newest arts
foundation, a contemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. Known as
MAXXI – National Museum of the 21st Century Arts it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern architecture.
Maxxi[164] features a campus dedicated to culture, experimental research laboratories, international exchange and study
and research. It is one of Rome's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside Renzo Piano's Auditorium Parco
della Musica[165] and Massimiliano Fuksas' Rome Convention Center, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, in the EUR district,
due to open in 2016.[166] The convention centre features a huge translucent container inside which is suspended a steel and
teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains meeting rooms and an auditorium with two piazzas open to the
neighbourhood on either side.

Education
Rome is a nationwide and major international centre for higher education, containing numerous academies, colleges and
universities. It boasts a large variety of academies and colleges, and has always been a major worldwide intellectual and
educational centre, especially during Ancient Rome and the Renaissance, along with Florence.[167] According to the City
Brands Index, Rome is considered the world's second most historically, educationally and culturally interesting and
beautiful city.[168]
Rome has many universities and colleges. Its first university, La Sapienza (founded
in 1303), is one of the largest in the world, with more than 140,000 students
attending; in 2005 it ranked as Europe's 33rd best university[169] and in 2013 the
Sapienza University of Rome ranked as the 62nd in the world and the top in Italy
in its World University Rankings.[170] and has been ranked among Europe's 50 and
the world's 150 best colleges.[171] In order to decrease the overcrowding of La
Sapienza, two new public universities were founded during the last decades: Tor
Vergata in 1982, and Roma Tre in 1992. Rome hosts also the LUISS School of
The Sapienza University of Rome,
Government,[172] Italy's most important graduate university in the areas of founded in 1303
international affairs and European studies as well as LUISS Business School,
Italy's most important business school. Rome ISIA was founded in 1973 by Giulio
Carlo Argan and is Italy's oldest institution in the field of industrial design.

Rome contains many pontifical universities and other institutes, including the
British School at Rome, the French School in Rome, the Pontifical Gregorian
University (the oldest Jesuit university in the world, founded in 1551), Istituto
Europeo di Design, the Scuola Lorenzo de' Medici, the Link Campus of Malta, and
the Università Campus Bio-Medico. Rome is also the location of two American
Universities; The American University of Rome[173] and John Cabot University as
well as St. John's University branch campus, John Felice Rome Center, a campus
of Loyola University Chicago and Temple University Rome, a campus of Temple Biblioteca Casanatense
University.[174] The Roman Colleges are several seminaries for students from
foreign countries studying for the priesthood at the Pontifical Universities.[175]
Examples include the Venerable English College, the Pontifical North American College, the Scots College, and the
Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome. Rome's major libraries include: the Biblioteca Angelica, opened in 1604, making
it Italy's first public library; the Biblioteca Vallicelliana, established in 1565; the Biblioteca Casanatense, opened in 1701;
the National Central Library, one of the two national libraries in Italy, which contains 4,126,002 volumes; The Biblioteca
del Ministero degli Affari Esteri, specialised in diplomacy, foreign affairs and modern history; the Biblioteca dell'Istituto
dell'Enciclopedia Italiana; the Biblioteca Don Bosco, one of the largest and most modern of all Salesian libraries; the
Biblioteca e Museo teatrale del Burcardo, a museum-library specialised in history of drama and theatre; the Biblioteca della
Società Geografica Italiana, which is based in the Villa Celimontana and is the most important geographical library in Italy,
and one of Europe's most important;[176] and the Vatican Library, one of the oldest and most important libraries in the
world, which was formally established in 1475, though in fact much older and has 75,000 codices, as well as 1.1 million
printed books, which include some 8,500 incunabula. There are also many specialist libraries attached to various foreign
cultural institutes in Rome, among them that of the American Academy in Rome, the French Academy in Rome and the
Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute of Art History, a German library, often noted for excellence in the arts and
sciences.[177]

Culture

Architecture
The architecture of Rome over the centuries has greatly developed from Ancient Roman architecture to Italian modern and
contemporary architecture. Rome was once the world's main epicentres of Classical architecture, developing new forms
such as the arch, the dome and the vault. The Romanesque style in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries was also widely used
in Roman architecture, and later the city became one of the main centres of Renaissance and Baroque architecture.[178]
Rome's cityscape is also widely Neoclassical and Fascist in style.

Fountains and aqueducts

Rome is a city known for its numerous fountains, built-in all different styles, from Classical and Medieval, to Baroque and
Neoclassical. The city has had fountains for more than two thousand years, and they have provided drinking water and
decorated the piazzas of Rome. During the Roman Empire, in 98 AD, according to Sextus Julius Frontinus, the Roman
consul who was named curator aquarum or guardian of the water of the city, Rome had nine aqueducts which fed 39
monumental fountains and 591 public basins, not counting the water supplied to
the Imperial household, baths, and owners of private villas. Each of the major
fountains was connected to two different aqueducts, in case one was shut down for
service.[179]

During the 17th and 18th century, the Roman popes reconstructed other degraded
Roman aqueducts and built new display fountains to mark their termini, launching
the golden age of the Roman fountain. The fountains of Rome, like the paintings of
Rubens, were expressions of the new style of Baroque art. In these fountains, The Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana in
EUR district
sculpture became the principal element, and the water was used simply to animate
and decorate the sculptures. They, like baroque gardens, were "a visual
representation of confidence and power".[180]

Statues
Rome is well known for its statues but, in particular, the talking statues of Rome.
These are usually ancient statues which have become popular soapboxes for
political and social discussion, and places for people to (often satirically) voice their
opinions. There are two main talking statues: the Pasquino and the Marforio, yet
Construction of the Trevi Fountain
there are four other noted ones: il Babuino, Madama Lucrezia, il Facchino and
began during the time of Ancient
Abbot Luigi. Most of these statues are ancient Roman or classical, and most of
Rome and was completed in 1762 by
them also depict mythical gods, ancient people or legendary figures; il Pasquino a design of Nicola Salvi.
represents Menelaus, Abbot Luigi is an unknown Roman magistrate, il Babuino is
supposed to be Silenus, Marforio represents Oceanus, Madama Lucrezia is a bust
of Isis, and il Facchino is the only non-Roman statue, created in 1580, and not
representing anyone in particular. They are often, due to their status, covered with
placards or graffiti expressing political ideas and points of view. Other statues in the
city, which are not related to the talking statues, include those of the Ponte
Sant'Angelo, or several monuments scattered across the city, such as that to
Giordano Bruno in the Campo de'Fiori.

Fontana dei Fiumi by Gian Lorenzo

Obelisks and columns
Bernini, 1648
The city hosts eight ancient Egyptian and five ancient Roman obelisks, together
with a number of more modern obelisks; there was also formerly (until 2005) an
ancient Ethiopian obelisk in Rome.[181] The city contains some of obelisks in
piazzas, such as in Piazza Navona, St Peter's Square, Piazza Montecitorio, and
Piazza del Popolo, and others in villas, thermae parks and gardens, such as in Villa
Celimontana, the Baths of Diocletian, and the Pincian Hill. Moreover, the centre of
Rome hosts also Trajan's and Antonine Column, two ancient Roman columns with
spiral relief. The Column of Marcus Aurelius is located in Piazza Colonna and it
was built around 180 AD by Commodus in memory of his parents. The Column of
Marcus Aurelius was inspired by Trajan's Column at Trajan's Forum, which is part Flaminio Obelisk, Piazza del Popolo
of the Imperial Fora.[182]

Bridges
The city of Rome contains numerous famous bridges which cross the Tiber. The only bridge to remain unaltered until today
from the classical age is Ponte dei Quattro Capi, which connects the Isola Tiberina with the left bank. The other surviving –
albeit modified – ancient Roman bridges crossing the Tiber are Ponte Cestio, Ponte Sant'Angelo and Ponte Milvio.
Considering Ponte Nomentano, also built during ancient Rome, which crosses the Aniene, currently there are five ancient
Roman bridges still remaining in the city.[183] Other noteworthy bridges are Ponte Sisto, the first bridge built in the
Renaissance above Roman foundations; Ponte Rotto, actually the only remaining arch of the ancient Pons Aemilius,
collapsed during the flood of 1598 and demolished at the end of the 19th century; and Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II, a
modern bridge connecting Corso Vittorio Emanuele and Borgo. Most of the city's
public bridges were built in Classical or Renaissance style, but also in Baroque,
Neoclassical and Modern styles. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the
finest ancient bridge remaining in Rome is the Ponte Sant'Angelo, which was
completed in 135 AD, and was decorated with ten statues of the angels, designed
by Bernini in 1688.[184]

Catacombs Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II at sunset

Rome has an extensive amount of ancient catacombs, or underground burial places
under or near the city, of which there are at least forty, some discovered only in
recent decades. Though most famous for Christian burials, they include pagan and
Jewish burials, either in separate catacombs or mixed together. The first large-scale
catacombs were excavated from the 2nd century onwards. Originally they were
carved through tuff, a soft volcanic rock, outside the boundaries of the city, because
Roman law forbade burial places within city limits. Currently, maintenance of the
catacombs is in the hands of the Papacy which has invested in the Salesians of Don
Bosco the supervision of the Catacombs of St. Callixtus on the outskirts of Rome.
The Vatican Caves are the location
of many papal burials.
Entertainment and performing arts
Rome is an important centre for music, and it has an intense musical scene,
including several prestigious music conservatories and theatres. It hosts the
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (founded in 1585), for which new concert
halls have been built in the new Parco della Musica, one of the largest musical
venues in the world. Rome also has an opera house, the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma,
as well as several minor musical institutions. The city also played host to the
Eurovision Song Contest in 1991 and the MTV Europe Music Awards in 2004.

Rome has also had a major impact on music history. The Roman School was a
The Teatro dell'Opera di Roma at the
group of composers of predominantly church music, which were active in the city
Piazza Beniamino Gigli
during the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore spanning the late Renaissance and
early Baroque eras. The term also refers to the music they produced. Many of the
composers had a direct connection to the Vatican and the papal chapel, though they worked at several churches; stylistically
they are often contrasted with the Venetian School of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more
progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, whose name has
been associated for four hundred years with smooth, clear, polyphonic perfection. However, there were other composers
working in Rome, and in a variety of styles and forms.

Between 1960 and 1970 Rome was considered to be as a "new Hollywood" because of the many actors and directors who
worked there; Via Vittorio Veneto had transformed into a glamour place where you could meet famous people.[185]

Fashion
Rome is also widely recognised as a world fashion capital. Although not as important as Milan, Rome is the fourth most
important centre for fashion in the world, according to the 2009 Global Language Monitor after Milan, New York, and
Paris, and beating London.[186]

Major luxury fashion houses and jewellery chains, such as Valentino, Bulgari, Fendi,[187] Laura Biagiotti, Brioni, and
Renato Balestra, are headquartered or were founded in the city. Also, other major labels, such as Gucci, Chanel, Prada,
Dolce & Gabbana, Armani, and Versace have luxury boutiques in Rome, primarily along its prestigious and upscale Via
dei Condotti.

Cuisine
Rome's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social, cultural, and
political changes. Rome became a major gastronomical centre during the ancient
age. Ancient Roman cuisine was highly influenced by Ancient Greek culture, and
after, the empire's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many new, provincial
culinary habits and cooking techniques.[188]

Later, during the Renaissance, Rome became well known as a centre of high-
cuisine, since some of the best chefs of the time worked for the popes. An example
of this was Bartolomeo Scappi, who was a chef working for Pius IV; he acquired
fame in 1570 when his cookbook Opera dell'arte del cucinare was published. In Via Condotti
the book he lists approximately 1,000 recipes of the Renaissance cuisine and
describes cooking techniques and tools, giving the first known picture of a
fork.[189]

The Testaccio, Rome's trade and slaughterhouse area, was often known as the
"belly" or "slaughterhouse" of Rome, and was inhabited by butchers, or
vaccinari.[190] The most common or ancient Roman cuisine included the "fifth
quarter".[190] The old-fashioned coda alla vaccinara (oxtail cooked in the way of
butchers)[190] is still one of the city's most popular meals and is part of most of Spaghetti alla carbonara, a typical
Rome's restaurants' menus. Lamb is also a very popular part of Roman cuisine, and Roman dish

is often roasted with spices and herbs.[190]

In the modern age, the city developed its own peculiar cuisine, based on products
of the nearby Campagna, as lamb and vegetables (globe artichokes are
common).[191] In parallel, Roman Jews – present in the city since the 1st century
BC – developed their own cuisine, the cucina giudaico-romanesca.

Examples of Roman dishes include saltimbocca alla romana – a veal cutlet,

Roman-style, topped with raw ham and sage and simmered with white wine and Concia di zucchine, an example of
butter; carciofi alla romana – artichokes Roman-style, outer leaves removed, Roman-Jewish cuisine
stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; carciofi alla giudia – artichokes
fried in olive oil, typical of Roman Jewish cooking, outer leaves removed, stuffed
with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; spaghetti alla carbonara – spaghetti with bacon, eggs and pecorino; and
gnocchi di semolino alla romana – semolina dumpling, Roman-style.[192]

Cinema
Rome hosts the Cinecittà Studios,[194] the largest film and television production
facility in continental Europe and the centre of the Italian cinema, where many of
today's biggest box office hits are filmed. The 99-acre (40 ha) studio complex is
9.0 km (5.6 mi) from the centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest
production communities in the world, second only to Hollywood, with well over
5,000 professionals – from period costume makers to visual effects specialists.
More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot.
Entrance to the Cinecittà studios, the
Founded in 1937 by Benito Mussolini, the studios were bombed by the Western
largest film studio in Europe[193]
Allies during the Second World War. In the 1950s, Cinecittà was the filming
location for several large American film productions, and subsequently became the
studio most closely associated with Federico Fellini. Today, Cinecittà is the only studio in the world with pre-production,
production, and full post-production facilities on one lot, allowing directors and producers to walk in with their script and
"walkout" with a completed film.

Sports
Association football is the most popular sport in Rome, as in the rest of the country.
The city hosted the final games of the 1934 and 1990 FIFA World Cup. The latter
took place in the Stadio Olimpico, which is also the shared home stadium for local
Serie A clubs SS Lazio, founded in 1900, and AS Roma, founded in 1927, whose
rivalry in the Derby della Capitale has become a staple of Roman sports
culture.[196] Footballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend
to become especially popular, as has been the case with players such as Francesco
Totti and Daniele De Rossi (both for AS Roma), and Alessandro Nesta (for SS
Lazio). Stadio Olimpico, home of AS Roma
and SS Lazio, is one of the largest
Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics, with great success, using many ancient sports stadiums in Europe, with a
sites such as the Villa Borghese and the Thermae of Caracalla as venues. For the capacity of over 70,000.[195]
Olympic Games many new facilities were built, notably the new large Olympic
Stadium (which was then enlarged and renewed to host several matches and the
final of the 1990 FIFA World Cup), the Stadio Flaminio, the Villaggio Olimpico
(Olympic Village, created to host the athletes and redeveloped after the games as a
residential district), ecc. Rome made a bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics but
it was withdrawn.[197][198]

Further, Rome hosted the EuroBasket 1991 and is home to the internationally
recognised basketball team Virtus Roma. Rugby union is gaining wider
acceptance. Until 2011 the Stadio Flaminio was the home stadium for the Italy
national rugby union team, which has been playing in the Six Nations Stadio dei Marmi
Championship since 2000. The team now plays home games at the Stadio
Olimpico because the Stadio Flaminio needs works of renovation in order to
improve both its capacity and safety. Rome is home to local rugby union teams such as Rugby Roma (winner of five Italian
championships), Unione Rugby Capitolina and S.S. Lazio Rugby 1927 (rugby union branch of the multisport club S.S.
Lazio).

Every May, Rome hosts the ATP Masters Series tennis tournament on the clay courts of the Foro Italico. Cycling was
popular in the post-World War II period, although its popularity has faded. Rome has hosted the final portion of the Giro
d'Italia three times, in 1911, 1950, and 2009. Other local sports teams include volleyball (M. Roma Volley), handball or
waterpolo.

Transport
Rome is at the centre of the radial network of roads that roughly follow the lines of
the ancient Roman roads which began at the Capitoline Hill and connected Rome
with its empire. Today Rome is circled, at a distance of about 10 km (6 mi) from
the Capitol, by the ring-road (the Grande Raccordo Anulare or GRA).

Due to its location in the centre of the Italian peninsula, Rome is the principal
railway node for central Italy. Rome's main railway station, Termini, is one of the
largest railway stations in Europe and the most heavily used in Italy, with around
400 thousand travellers passing through every day. The second-largest station in
Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport.
the city, Roma Tiburtina, has been redeveloped as a high-speed rail terminus.[199]
As well as frequent high-speed day trains to all major Italian cities, Rome is linked
nightly by 'boat train' sleeper services to Sicily, and internationally by overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna.

Rome is served by three airports. The intercontinental Leonardo da Vinci International Airport, Italy's chief airport is
located in the nearby Fiumicino, south-west of Rome. The older Rome Ciampino Airport is a joint civilian and military
airport. It is commonly referred to as "Ciampino Airport", as it is located beside Ciampino, south-east of Rome. A third
airport, the Rome Urbe Airport, is a small, low-traffic airport located about 6 km (4 mi) north of the city centre, which
handles most helicopter and private flights. The main airport system of the city (composed of Fiumicino and Ciampino),
with 32.8 million passengers transported in 2022, is the second busiest airport system in Italy.[200]
Although the city has its own quarter on the Mediterranean Sea (Lido di Ostia), this
has only a marina and a small channel-harbour for fishing boats. The main harbour
which serves Rome is Port of Civitavecchia, located about 62 km (39 mi)
northwest of the city.[201]

The city suffers from traffic problems largely due to this radial street pattern,
making it difficult for Romans to move easily from the vicinity of one of the radial
roads to another without going into the historic centre or using the ring-road. These
problems are not helped by the limited size of Rome's metro system when
Port of Civitavecchia
compared to other cities of similar size. Rome has only 21 taxis for every 10,000
inhabitants, far below other major European cities.[202] Chronic congestion caused
by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to restrictions being placed on vehicle access to the inner city-centre during
daylight hours. Areas, where these restrictions apply, are known as Limited Traffic Zones (Zona a Traffico Limitato
(ZTL)). More recently, heavy night-time traffic in Trastevere, Testaccio and San Lorenzo has led to the creation of night-
time ZTLs in those districts.

A three-line metro system called the Metropolitana operates in Rome. Construction

on the first branch started in the 1930s.[203] The line had been planned to quickly
connect the main railway station with the newly planned E42 area in the southern
suburbs, where 1942 the World Fair was supposed to be held. The event never
took place because of war, but the area was later partly redesigned and renamed
Esposizione Universale Roma in the 1950s to serve as a modern business district.
The line was finally opened in 1955, and it is now the south part of the B Line.

The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, later extended in
stages (1999–2000) to Battistini. In the 1990s, an extension of the B line was Roma Metrorail and Underground
opened from Termini to Rebibbia. The A and B lines intersect at Roma Termini map, 2016
station. A new branch of the B line (B1) opened on 13 June 2012 after an estimated
building cost of €500 million. B1 connects to line B at Piazza Bologna and has
four stations over a distance of 3.9 km (2 mi).

A third line, the C line, is under construction with an estimated cost of €3 billion
and will have 30 stations over a distance of 25.5 km (16 mi). It will partly replace
the existing Termini-Pantano rail line. It will feature full automated, driverless
trains.[204] The first section with 15 stations connecting Pantano with the quarter of
Centocelle in the eastern part of the city, opened on 9 November 2014.[205] The
end of the work was scheduled in 2015, but archaeological findings often delay Conca d'Oro metro station
underground construction work.

A fourth line, D line, is also planned. It will have 22 stations over a distance of 20 km (12 mi). The first section was
projected to open in 2015 and the final sections before 2035, but due to the city's financial crisis, the project has been put
on hold.

Above-ground public transport in Rome is made up of a bus, tram and urban train network (FR lines). The bus network
has in excess of 350 bus lines and over eight thousand bus stops, whereas the more-limited tram system has 39 km (24 mi)
of track and 192 stops.[206] There are also trolleybuses.[207]

See also
Italy portal
European Union
portal
Cities portal
 Outline of Rome
SPQR
Tourism in Italy

Notes
a. Also the Vatican City
b. This hypothesis originates from the Roman Grammarian Maurus Servius Honoratus. However, the Greek
verb descends from the Proto-Indo-European root *srew- (compare Ancient Greek ῥεῦμα (rheûma) 'a
stream, flow, current', the Thracian river name Στρυμών (Strumṓn) and Proto-Germanic *strauma- 'stream';
if it was related, however, the Latin river name would be expected to begin with **Frum-, like Latin frīgeō 'to
freeze' from the root *sreyHg-) and the Latin verb from *h₃rew-.
c. This hypothesis originates from Plutarch.

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External links
Comune of Rome (http://www.comune.roma.it/) (in Italian)
APT (official Tourist Office) of the City of Rome (http://www.turismoroma.it/?lang=en) (in English)
 Rome Museums – official site (http://en.museiincomuneroma.it/). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
70601075643/http://en.museiincomuneroma.it/) 1 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in English).
Capitoline Museums (http://en.museicapitolini.org/) (in English)
Geographic data related to Rome (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/41485) at OpenStreetMap
Media related to Roma at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by Landmarks of Rome Succeeded by

— Rome Aurelian Walls

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