EXPERIMENT NO.

INTRODUCTION AND GUIDANCE TO FITTING SHOP TOOLS AND

THEIR USES IN WORKSHOP.

Theory:

Fitting:

Fitting is the process of assembling various parts manufactured in the machine shop. Machine
tools are capable of producing work at a faster rate but there are occasions when components are
processed at the bench. Sometimes, it becomes necessary to replace or repair component which
must be fit accurately with another component on reassembly. This involves a certain amount of
hand fitting. The assembly of machine tools involves certain amount of bench work. The
accuracy of work done depends upon the experience and skill of the fitter. The term ‘bench
work’ refers to the production of components by hand on the bench whereas fitting deals which
the assembly of mating parts, through removal of metal, to obtain the required fit. Both the bench
work and fitting require the use of number of simple hand tools and considerable manual efforts.

Tools used in Fitting Workshop:

The tools used in the Fitting workshop are as follows:

1. Holding Tools
2. Marking Tools
3. Measuring Tools
4. Cutting Tools
5. Finishing Tools
6. Striking Tools

Holding Tools:

Holding tools are also known as Work Holding devices in the Fitting workshop. They are used to
hold all types of components between jaws (Fixed Jaw and Movable Jaw). The Various Work
holding devices are:

 Workbench
 Bench Vice
 Pipe Vice
  Hand Vice
 Toolmakers Vice

Work Bench:

 It is used to hold various components on its surface.

 It also gives support to a human while performing various operations.

Bench Vice:

 Bench Vice is a holding tool that is used to hold the specimen or the workpiece between
the two jaws.

The Parts of Bench Vice are:

1. Jaws - The Jaws are used to hold the workpiece by rotating the handle. In that, one jaw is
fixed and the other is movable.
o Fixed Jaw
o Movable Jaw
2. Body - All the parts like a handle, jaws, etc. are connected to the body of a bench vice.
3. Handle - If the handle is rotated in the CW direction, then the workpiece is fixed between two
jaws. If the handle is rotated in the CCW direction, then the workpiece is loosened from the jaws.

Pipe Vice:

 It is similar to Bench Vice but here the Circular/Cylindrical components are to be placed
in between the upper and lower jaws due to the curvature of existing jaws.
 The Parts of the pipe vice is handle, screw spindle, movable and fixed jaws, etc.
Hand Vice:

 A hand vice is a tool that is designed to hold the workpieces in between the jaws.
 The wingnut is tightened in the CW direction to hold the w/p and loosened in the CCW
direction.

Tool Maker Vice:

 The screw-driven movable jaw for applying clamping force.

 Made from hardened alloy steel.
 Single piece construction with V-grooved Jaws.
 All surfaces including Jaws and Base are precision ground squares and
 parallel.
Marking Tools:

Marking Tools are used to mark any dimensions on the surface of a workpiece. Marking Tools
can vary with respect to the specimens used in the workshop. They are 3 types of Marking tools
used in the fitting workshop:

 Scriber
 Dot Punch
 Centre Punch

Scriber:

 A scriber is a steel tool, used to scribe or mark lines on metal workpieces.

 It can be used in conjunction with a try square.

Dot Punch:

 It is used to specify the path of cutting.

 Firstly, the path is to be marked with a scriber, and then with the help of dot punch, the
path is hit by a hammer.
 For this purpose, the punch is ground to a conical point having 60 degrees included angle.
Centre Punch:

 This is similar to the dot punch, except that it is ground to a conical point having 118
degrees included angle.
 It is used to mark the location of the holes to be drilled.

Measuring Tools:

Measuring Tools are used to measure any component with respect to the dimensions. Without
these tools, it is not easy to measure the accurate values of the given components. Some of the
Measuring Tools used in the Fitting Workshop are as follows:

 Steel rule & Measuring Tape

 Surface Plate
 Divider
 Try Square
 Inside Calliper
 Odd leg calliper
 Outside Calliper
 Vernier Height Gauge
 Micrometre
 Vernier Calliper

Steel Rule:

It is an instrument in geometry which is used to measure the length, breadth, and height of the
given specimen.
Measuring Tape:

 It is a flexible form of a ruler.

 It is calibrated in terms of mm, cm and inches.

Surface Plate:

The Surface plate is used for testing the flatness of a workpiece. It is also used for Precision
inspection, marking out layout and tooling setup. The surface plate is a common tool used in
industry and is often permanently attached to robotic-type inspection devices such as
a coordinate measuring machine.

Divider:

Divider is used for marking circles, arcs, laying out perpendicular lines, bisecting lines, etc.
Divider Calipers are used in the process of marking out suitable workpieces.
Explanation of Divider:

 The Points are sharpened so that they act as a scribe.

 One leg can then be placed in the dimple or hole created by a center punch and the other
leg is pivoted so that it scribes a line on the workpiece surface, thus forming an arc or
circle.

Try Square:

 It is used for marking and checking the right angles (Flatness & Squareness) of the given
workpiece.
 These Try squares come in various sizes from 75mm-300mm.

Inside Caliper:

The inside caliper is used to measure the internal size of an object. It consists of two legs which
are not inverted to each other and are connected by means of a screw and nut mechanism.
Uses of Inside Calipers:

 The two legs of the Inside Calipers are adjusted on to the workpiece in such a way that
the legs can touch the surface until they will almost pass over the object.
 The Inside Calipers has an adjusting screw that permits it to be carefully adjusted without
removal of the tool from the workpiece.

Outside Calipers:

The Outside calipers is used to measure the external size or Outer size of an object. It consists of
two legs which are inverted to each other and are connected by means of a screw and nut
mechanism.

Uses of Outside Calipers:

 The same observations and techniques are applied to the outside calipers compared
with inside calipers.
 With some understanding of their limitations and usage, these instruments can provide a
high degree of accuracy and repeatability.
 They are especially useful when measuring over very large distances i.e., for example to
measure a large diameter pipe.
 A vernier calipers does not have the depth capacity to straddle this large diameter while
at the same time reach the outermost points of the pipe's diameter.
 They are made from high carbon steel.

Odd-Leg Calipers:

 This is also called “Jenny Calipers”.

 This is used for marking parallel lines from a finished edge and also for locating the
center.
Vernier Calipers:

 Vernier Calipers is used to measure the dimensions of the given specimen like diameter
(Outer dia and Inner dia), length and depth etc. For detailed information, click on the
below link.
 Least Count of Vernier Calipers is 0.02 mm.

Micrometer Screw Gauge:

A micrometer is used to measure the diameter of the given specimen only. It is not used to
measure the depth of an object which can be done by measuring the depth probe of Vernier
calipers.

 Least Count of Micrometer is 0.01 mm.

Vernier Height Gauge:

 A height gauge is a measuring device used either for determining the vertical distances or
for the repetitious marking of items to be worked on.
 The capacity of the height gauge is specified by the maximum height it can measure.
 It varies from 150 mm to 1000 mm.

Cutting Tools:

Cutting Tools are used to cut the given specimen (plate) with respect to the given dimensions.
The material of the given specimen in the Fitting workshop is Mild Steel. The Cutting Tools
used in Engineering Workshop are:

 Hacksaw (Cutting Tool)

 Files (Finishing Tool): Though it is a finishing tool, it comes under, cutting tools only.
Hacksaw:

Hacksaw is used for cutting rods, bars, pipes, etc. It consists of a frame, which is made of mild
steel. Depending upon the pitch of the teeth (Distance between the two consecutive teeth), blades
are classified as:

 Coarse (8-14 teeth per Inch)

 Medium (16-20 teeth per inch)
 Fine (24-32 teeth per inch)

Finishing Tools:

They are used to remove the material from the surface of the workpiece in order to get a high
surface finish. The Finishing tools are also called Files.

Files:

Files are multi-point cutting tools. They are used to remove the material by rubbing on the
metals(workpieces) to get a good surface finish. Files are available in a number of sizes, shapes,
and degrees of coarseness. The various types of Files are as follows.

 Flat file
 Square file
 Triangular file
 Round file
 Half-round file
 Swiss or Needle file
Flat File - This file is used to remove the material from the rectangular cross-sections.
Square File - This file is especially used to remove the material from the inside corners which are
at right angles. As a flat-file cannot able to work at those corners, thereby square file is used.
Triangular File - This file can be used at inclined positions to make them linear.
Round File - It is in the form of a circular cross-section which is used to remove the material
from the circular components to get a good surface finish.
Half-Round File - It is in the form of a semi-circle that is used to remove the material from the
semi-circular cross-section components.
Swiss or Needle File - It is in the form of a Needle which is used to remove the material from the
Keyhole cross-section components.

Methods of Filing:

There are two methods of filing.

 Cross Filing - Filing in a direction perpendicular to the axis of a component is called

Cross Filing. This filing method is used mostly in the Fitting Workshop.
 Draw Filing - Filing in a direction parallel to the axis of a component is called Draw
Filing.
Striking Tools:

These tools are used to strike or hit the workpiece by the application of external force. The Three
Types of striking tools used in carpentry workshops are as follows.

1. Cross-peen hammer
2. Claw hammer
3. Mallet

Cross-Peen Hammer:

 It has a cast Steel body and a wooden handle.

 The body has two parts. They are face and Peen.
 In a cross-peen hammer, the peen is in the form of a narrow round edge used to remove
the unwanted material from the workpiece.

Claw Hammer:

 It is used for striking as well as for pulling the nails from the wood.
 The claw face is used for pulling out the nails and the head face is used to drive the nails.
 It is made up of cast Steel.

Mallet:

 It is used to strike the chisel on a wooden component.

 It is made up of hardwood and is round or rectangular.
Safe Work Practices in Fitting Workshop:

 Wear leather shoes and not sandals.

 Do not touch any electrical appliances.
 Don’t wear loose clothes in the workshop.
 Clean the unwanted material from the workbench before starting the operation.

ACTIVITY:

Physically observe all the tools of workshop and learn about their uses.

EXERCISE:

Differentiate different tools by observing.

Comments:

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Lab Instructor Signature: ______________________