Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 4
There are 23 chromosomes are in
CELL DIVISION: Meiosis human gametes
Meiosis: What is the point?
-Cell division that produces a sperm
cell or an egg cell (Gametes) -Starts with one cell that contains two copies of each chromosome (Diploid).
One chromosome from female parent
and one from male parent WHAT HAPPENS DURING MEIOSIS? -End with 4 Haploid (only one set of There are 2 stages during Meiosis: chromosomes) daughter cells. 4 cells Meiosis I & Meiosis II all genetically different.
WHAT HAPPENS DURING MEIOSIS?
Meiosis I is exactly like mitosis MEIOSIS EXCEPT that -Crossing-over occurs during Creates SPERM inside the testes of prophase I males Prophase I Creates EGGS inside the ovaries of -Synapsis:Pairing of homologous female chromosomes. -Crossing-over:Exchange of portiion VOCANULARY between homologous chromosomes -Meiosis-process where the -Importance of crossing over-creates chromosome number reduced by half. genetic diversity, each sperm and egg -Homologous chromosomes- cell are genetically unique chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosomes from the opposite-sex parent -Tetrad-Structure containing 4 chromatids that form during meiosis -Synapsis-pairing of homologous chromosomes -Crossing over-homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis Chiasmata=linkage of two homologous chromosomes WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GAMETES&BODY CELLS? Metaphase I Gametes-A haploid sex cell, formed -Homologous chromosomes line up on during meiosis, that can combine with equator another haploid sex cell and produce a -Spindle fibers attach to centromeres diploid fertilized egg. Anaphase I Sperm&Egg are gametes! -tetrads separated -homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends,
Telophase I &Cytokinesis -Nuclear membrane reforms -Cell separates into 2 cells by cytokinesis -chromosomes still full and intact -End of meiosis I Prophase II MEDELIAN GENETICS -nucleus dissolve GENETICS -spindle fiber forms 1. Gregor Mendel-Father of Genetics -No chromosome replication 2. Genetics-The scientific study of heredity Metaphase II 3. Heredity-passing of traits from -Chromosomes line up on equator parents to offspring -Spindle fibers attach at the 4. Traits-physical or behavioral centromere characteristics studied in genetics. Anaphase II Ex. Eye color, hair color, short, tall, etc. -Sister chromatids separate -Chromatids pulled to opposite poles Gregor Mendel -Austrian Monk, born in what is now Telophase II &Cytokinesis Czech Republic in 1822 -New nuclear membrane reform -Son of peasant farmer, studied -4 daughter cells Theology and was ordained priest in -All are haploid, 1N(one set of the chromosomes ) Order St. Augustine -Non-identical -Went to the university of Vienna, -cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm where he studied botany and learned -chromatids uncoil into chromatin the scientific Method.
-Worked with pure lines of peas for
eight years -In 1866 he published Experiments in Plant Hybridization. -Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden -He established his three Principles of Inheritance. Gamete formation In males, meiosis produces 4 sperm Work was largely ignored for 34 years, In females, meiosis produces 1 egg until 1900, when 3 independent and 3 polar bodies botanists rediscovered Mendel’s work.
Genetic Disorder -Down’s Syndrome-is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21 -is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosomes 21 -named after Dr. Langdon Down -Dominant: trait that dominates and expressed whenever present. Represented by uppercase letter -Recessive: prevented or hidden trait. Represented by lowercase letter -Principles of dominance-the presence of a dominant allele will always mask the presence of a recessive allele.
PRINCIPLE OF SEGREGATION -The pure-breeding parent plants had two identical genes for a trait: Chromosome a threadlike structure of TT- tall plant nucleic acids that carries genetic tt- short plant information -Mendel hypothesized that: “The pair of genes segregate or Gene a unit of heredity that is separate from each other during transferred from parent to offspring gamete formation”
DNA is packed into thread-like
structures Called Chromosomes where genes are located -HOMOZYGOUS- having identical MEDELIAN INHERITANCE -Mendelian inheritance refers to certain patterns of genes (one from each parent) for a how traits are passed from parents to offspring. particular characteristic These general patterns were established by the -HETEROZYGOUS- having two Austrian monk Gregor Mendel, who performed thousands of experiments with pea plants In the 19th different genes for a particular century characteristic T= represents genes for height
GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE
-Genotype: Genetic makeup of an individual. It is determined by the alleles present for each trait -Phenotype: Physical appearance of a trait. It is the expression of the genotype
EX. Mendel’s Interpretations -Modified to incorporate today’s vocabulary -Genes:the hereditary information that determines a single trait -Alleles:alternate forms of a gene/ pair of genes
Mendel’s principles of inheritance
-Principle of Dominance -Principle of Segregation -Principle of independent assortment
WHY WERE ALL THE SEEDS IN THE F,
GENERATION ROUND? -Dominant vs. Recessive trait -MONOHYBRID- A genetic cross involving a single pair of genes (one trait); parents differ by a single trait.
