ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB

LESSON 10
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
↳ metabolism - anabolism-build up of nutrients
catabolism breakdown
of nutrients
- =

Prepared by:
Misaki S. Mukaijo, RN
A. ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system consists of the digestive tract and accessory organs.
Digestive Tract / Alimentary
-

1. Oral cavity tract

2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus

↳
4. Stomach
5. Small intestine
6. Large intestine
7. Rectum
>
L

Spanwas
d S-
8. Anus

①
Accessory Organs
-

1. Salivary glands
2. Liver
3. Gallbladder
-nus 4. Pancreas
B. FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Bolus-chewed food cabs ·

polysaccharides >
-
disaccharides
-
>
-
monosaccharides
-
-
-
acide
amino
Proteins :

food
glycerol1. Ingestion intake of
-

e
Lipidi mastication
:

↑ intake
of
fatty
avids -

-
chewing
mechanical digestion
2. Propulsion 1 Pelistasis
movement of food through
Chyme- food
-

t
enzymes C
digestive monomers
basis
nits the esophagus >
- stomach
3. Mechanical Digestion

E I 4.
-breakdown
small pieces
action
Chemical Digestion
- breakdown of food into
of food into
by physical

small pieces through

enrymes
,
digesfire mices
5. Absorption
↳ digested food is used as

energy
> elimination of 6. Defecation -elimination of
feus -

undigested food and wastes

↳ feces =
stool
C. FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS
ORGAN MAJOR FUNCTIONS OTHER FUNCTIONS
Mouth - • Ingestion of food •- Moistens and dissolves
• Chewing and mixing of food, allowing you to taste
food bols
: it
salivary E
• Begins chemical - • Cleans and lubricates the
anylast breakdown of teeth and oral cavity
Isalivary carbohydrates tongue •- Has some antimicrobial
grand( ↑ > lipids
-

• Begins breakdown of activity

lipids via I7 -
-
-
lingual lipase breakdown
--
salivary-killsCateria
• Moves food into the
pharynx
Pharynx - • Propels food from the • - Lubricates food and
(throat) oral cavity to the passageways
esophagus
-
Esophagus • Propels food to the • Lubricates food and
stomach passageways
C. FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS
ORGAN MAJOR FUNCTIONS OTHER FUNCTIONS
Stomach •
- Mixes and churns food • Stimulates protein-
with M gastric juices to
-
digesting enzymes
form chyme • Secretes intrinsic factor
• Begins chemical required for vitamin
- -

breakdown of proteins B12 absorption in small

• Releases food into the intestine ↳ production RBCs
duodenum as chyme
smaintestine
• Absorbs some fat-soluble ↓ Vit B1 > pernicions
-

Anemia
substances (e.g. alcohol,
aspirin) Vit B12 > I o IM injecting
-

• Possesses antimicrobial
functions ↳ acidit in nature > kills microorganisms
-
C. FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS
ORGAN MAJOR FUNCTIONS OTHER FUNCTIONS
Small •
- Mixes chyme with • Provides optimal
intestine digestive juices medium for enzymatic
• Propels food at a rate activity
slow enough for digestion
-
>
-
too fast-diawhen
and absorption
too slow-constipation
• Absorbs breakdown
products of
carbohydrates, proteins, > main organ for
-
-

lipids, and nucleic acids,

-

digestion
along with vitamins,
minerals, and water
• Performs -
physical
digestion
-
via
segmentation
=
C. FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS
lipid breakdown
ORGAN MAJOR FUNCTIONS
↑ OTHER FUNCTIONS
Accessory • Liver:
-
produces bile • Bicarbonate-rich
Organs salts, which emulsify pancreatic juices help
lipids, aiding their neutralize acidic chyme
digestion and absorption and provide optimal
environment for
• Gallbladder: stores,
=
enzymatic activity
-

concentrates, and
-
releases bile
reaction
catalysts of
to handest
• Pancreas: ↑produces
Easiest digestive enzymes and
- -

to disket bicarbonate
• Amylase breakdown of carbohydrates
>
-

1) Combilydrates • Protease breakdown of proteins

>
-

↑2)
Proteins • Lipase > breakdown of fats
-
-

- 3) Fat
C. FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS
ORGAN MAJOR FUNCTIONS OTHER FUNCTIONS
Large •
- Further breaks down • Food residue is
intestine food residues concentrated and
• Absorbs most residual temporarily stored
water, electrolytes, and prior to defecation
vitamins produced by • C Mucus eases passage of
enteric bacteria normal flora feces through colon
=

•
-
Propels feces toward ↳ E cali .

rectum
•
< Eliminates feces
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT
ORAL CAVITY
• -Mouth- where ingestion occurs (mastication (

• Teeth- important in mastication and assist in speech

• 32 permanent teeth 6- 7 y O
= . .

• 20 deciduous teeth baby teeth

>
-

↳ first tooth emption lowes incisons (2)

= at 6 mos
>
-

• Tongue- manipulates food for chewing and

-

swallowing > lingual lipase

-
starts the breakdown
:
of apids

• Salivary glands- produces saliva accessory organ

-
>
-

• Helps keep the oral cavity Smoist

-

• Prevents bacterial infection

• Begins the process of digestion > salivary
a
-

↳
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT
Osteorized feeding :

blended
a

PHARYNX ( throat) NGT Chasogasticobe)

• Involved in both digestion
-

and respiration
-

#
• Consists of three parts:
oropharynx, nasopharynx,
-
-

laryngopharynx
-

• Only oropharynx and

laryngopharynx normally
used for digestion

• Passageway of the food

from the mouth to the
esophagus
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT
ESOPHAGUS
• Extends between
pharynx and the stomach
the
Pharenyespace
>
• 25 cm long and lies in the
mediastinum, anterior to
the vertebrae and posterior
to the trachea
• Upper esophageal
sphincter (UES)- opening of
the esophagus from the
pharynx t

• Lower Esophageal
sphincter (LES)- opening of
Esopharnice
the
stomach
esophagus to the -s
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT
ESOPHAGUS
Digestive Function of the Esophagus
ACTION OUTCOME

Upper esophageal Allows the bolus to move from the

sphincter relaxation laryngopharynx to the esophagus

Peristalsis Propels the bolus through the esophagus

Allows the bolus to move from the

Lower esophageal
esophagus into the stomach and prevents
sphincter relaxation
chyme from entering the esophagus

Lubricates the esophagus, allowing easy

Mucus secretion
passage of the bolus
 sphincter
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT esophageal
esophagus
I
↳

STOMACH IJ
Gt
-
Loren
cardiac
opening

↳ top part

intestine
small
 slowes
Left side lying= greates anvature-food stays longer -

digestion
:

side lying lesses curvature food shorte faster digestion

Right strys
: :
=

M
E-

-
gastrectory
diarrhea

mst :

GERD-Gastroesophageal

>
-
eating

heart burn
-
/

on

① side

Reflux Disease
=

>
-
bed

sit/stand
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT
STOMACH
• Gastroesophageal opening (cardiac opening)-
opening from the esophagus into the stomach
• Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)-
surrounds the cardiac opening
• Fundus- on the left part of the stomach; superior
to the cardiac opening
• Body- largest part of the stomach, which turns to
the right, creating a greater curvature and lesser
curvature
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT
STOMACH
• Pylorus- funnel-shaped part of the stomach
• Pyloric antrum- wider part toward the body of
the stomach
• Pyloric canal- narrow part of the funnel
• Pyloric orifice- opening of the pyloric canal to the
small intestine
• Pyloric sphincter- surrounds the pyloric orifice
and helps regulate the movement of gastric
contents into the small intestine
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT
STOMACH
• Main function: to store and mix the chyme
• Some digestion and absorption occurs in the
stomach

Stomach secretions:
• Mucus- alkaline secretions that lubricates and
protects the stomach wall
• Intrinsic factor- secreted by the parietal cells; a
glycoprotein that binds with vitamin B12, making the
vitamin more readily absorbed in the ileum.
- -

↳ :
pernicious anemic
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT
STOMACH
Stomach secretions: acidic
>
-
(HCI) ↑
• Hydrochloric acid- produces the low pH of the
-

stomach’s contents; its main functions is to kill

ingested bacteria
• Gastrin- hormone that sends signal to stimulate the

[
•
release of gastric acid, which aids in the digestion of
food
Histamine- a chemical that sends message to the
brain to release stomach acid for digestion
> inactivated
-
• Pepsinogen- when activated, it becomes D pepsin, a
chemical that helps break down T proteins during
digestion
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT
STOMACH

Alpha
opening
LFrs cardiac
netadelta
F -
8
She see
O ⑳
paras
ver
>
-

fo
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT
SMALL INTESTINE
• After released from the stomach, chyme goes here
• The primary digestive organ (90% of digestion)
• Longest part of the alimentary canal

Divided into 3 regions (DJ 1)

1. Duodenum
C
&
=

2. Jejunum
=

3. Ileum (longest)
-

S
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT
SMALL INTESTINE
• Where digestion of proteins and carbohydrates is
completed with the aid of intestinal and
pancreatic juices
• Lipids arrive in the small intestine undigested
• Lipids are digested with the aid of lipase, a
pancreatic enzyme
1 Pannatic amylas coubs (CHO) :

.
2 Pancratic hipare :
lipids (CHONP)
3 . Pancratic proteas :
proteins (CHOW)
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT
LARGE INTESTINE last part
>
-
• The terminal part of the alimentary canal
> monomels
-

• Primary function: finish absorption of nutrients,

-

water, synthesize certain vitamins, form Ifeces,

-

and eliminate feces from the body

-

-
L

-
⑫ ②
• Four main regions:
o Cecum
o Colon
o Rectum Q ↓

o Anus Brestigial I

G
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT
LARGE INTESTINE
Four main regions:
1. Cecum- receives the contents of the ileum; continues the
absorption of water and salts
• Appendix- is a winding tube that attaches to the
cecum; generally considered as vestigial
2. Colon
o Ascending colon
o Right colic (hepatic)
flexure
o Transverse colon
o Left colic (splenic)
flexure
o Descending colon
o Sigmoid colon
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT
LARGE INTESTINE
Four main regions:
3. Rectum- where food residue leaving the sigmoid colon
enters
4. Anal canal- the last part of the large intestine
• Includes two sphincters:
1. Internal anal sphincter- made of smooth muscle,
and its contractions are involuntary.
2. External anal sphincter-
made of skeletal
muscle, which is under
voluntary control.
• Except when defecating,
both usually remain closed.
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT
LARGE INTESTINE
• The residue of chyme that enters the large
intestine contains few nutrients except water
• The large intestine absorbs most of the remaining
water, a process that converts the liquid chyme
residue into semisolid feces
• Feces is composed of undigested food residues,
unabsorbed digested substances, millions of
bacteria, old epithelial cells from the GI mucosa,
inorganic salts, and enough water to let it pass
smoothly out of the body.
D. DIGESTIVE TRACT
LARGE INTESTINE
• Feces are eliminated through contractions of the
rectal muscles. Aided by the process of Valsalva’s
maneuver
> pushline
-
• Valsalva maneuver- the increase of intra-
abdominal pressure by contracting the diaphragm
and abdominal wall muscles, and closing your
glottis. sensation felt /use to defecate
>
-
• Defecation reflex- contracts the sigmoid colon
and rectum, relaxes the internal anal sphincter,
and initially contracts the external anal sphincter.
 skin- largest organ
E. ACCESSORY ORGANS
LIVER largest internal organ
>
-
• largest gland in the body, weighing about three
pounds in an adult
- -

-
• Two lobes: right (larger) and left lobes I lobes =

• ↑
-

Hepatic artery delivers oxygenated blood from

the heart to the liver.
• OBile is a mixture secreted by the liver to
-

accomplish the emulsification of lipids in the

small intestine. ↳ for fat/lipid dijection
• Bilirubin, the main bile pigment, is a waste
-

product produced when the spleen removes old or

↳
-

damaged red blood cells from the circulation.

-
-

Jaundice :
A bilirubin in the blood
yellow pigment
E. ACCESSORY ORGANS
GALLBLADDER
• Located right behind
the
-
lobe of the liver
and it is attached to

Er
one
the liver via the cystic
-
duct
-

• Stores, concentrates,
J
-

and, when stimulated,

·
-

propels the bile into

the duodenum via the
common bile duct.
E. ACCESSORY ORGANS

PANCREAS
• Located behind the
stomach bloodstream I
↑
• Has both endocrine and
Beta cells Alpa cells cell
Delta
exocrine glands
↑ ↑
• Endocrine glands (internal secretion)- ↑
hormones i.e. insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
↓
Hi
blood sug
sugal
Good masance
• Exocrine glands (external secretion) -
> duck

• Amylase CHO
=

• Lipase =CHONP
• Protease CHON
E. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
REFERENCE
Betts, J.G., Young, K.A., Wise, J.A., Johnson, E., Poe, B.
Kruse, D.H. Korol, O., Johnson, J.E., Womble, & M.
DeSaix, P. (2013). Anatomy and Physiology.
OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-
physiology/pages/1-introduction
VanPutte, C., Regan, J., Russo, A., Seeley, R., & Stephens,
T. (2017). Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology. 11th
Edition. McGrawHill Education.