Outline Writing - Group 14

Outline writing : group 14
Should Vaccine programs be required.?

I. Introduction: Brief overview of what vaccinations are and their purpose.
Background information
- Definition of vaccine: A vaccine is defined as a suspension of
weakened, killed, or fragmented microorganisms or toxins or other
biological preparation, such as those consisting of antibodies,
lymphocytes, or messenger RNA (mRNA), that is administered primarily
to prevent disease1
- Vaccination can be ineffective in disease prevention and raise safety
concern
- Thesis statement: Vaccination programs should not be required.
II. Body
Argument 1: Vaccine safety concern

● Mistakes in vaccination can lead to the mortality:
+ The European Medicines Agency (EMA) reported that 11
448 people have died in the EU following COVID-19
vaccines[1],
+ As of 10 April 2023, a total of 50 648 deaths caused by
‘COVID vaccines’ had been reported in EudraVigilance –
broken down by disease (heart conditions, central nervous
system disorders, etc.).
Argument 2: The ineffectiveness of vaccine
● Vaccination may not completely prevent diseases.
+ According to the Lancet, there were 3106 people out of
103622( approximately 3%) who were vaccinated
controlled tested positive for SARS-CoV 2 infection.
Source: Cristina Menni- PhD ,Vaccine side-effects and SARS-CoV-2
infection after vaccination in users of the COVID Symptom Study app in
the UK: a prospective observational study, April, 27, 2021
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-
3099(21)00224-3/fulltext?origin=app#%20
1. CDC Report: According to a report by the CDC, anaphylaxis after COVID-19 vaccination is
rare, occurring at a rate of approximately 5 cases per one million vaccine doses
administered1. Many people have reported side effects such as headache, fatigue, and
soreness at the injection site that are generally mild to moderate and go away within a
few days1.
2. International Study: An international study of around 99 million people confirmed known
serious side effects of COVID-19 vaccination. It also identified a possible relationship
between the first dose of the Moderna vaccine and a small risk of a neurological
condition2.
3. National Geographic Survey: Out of about 3.6 million vaccinated people who participated
in a survey in February, approximately 70% reported pain at the injection site, 33% felt
fatigued, 29% suffered a headache, 22% had muscle pain, and 11% experienced chills and
fever after their first shot of a COVID-19 vaccine3.
4. Canadian Health Report: In Canada, out of all doses administered, 0.045% of individuals
reported non-serious adverse events and 0.011% reported serious adverse events4.
5. Australian Government Report: In Australia, over half the participants reported no side
effects (around 55%), just under half reported any side effect (around 44%), and less than
1% reported visiting a doctor or emergency department after vaccination
III. Counterargument and Rebuttal

● Counterargument: Vaccines have successfully controlled many
pandemics throughout history.
- To date, Pfizer/BioNTech has announced efficacy of 95%5; Gamaleya has
announced efficacy of 92%; Moderna has announced efficacy of 94.5%;
and AstraZeneca has announced efficacy of 70%5,6. Sinopharm has now
announced efficacy of 79%, and several countries participating in the
Sinovac (another Chinese company) efficacy trials have announced
efficacies (for the same product) of 50%, 65%, 78% and 91%7,8 (Nature
Medicine - Looking beyond Covid 19 vaccine phase 3 trials)
- Vaccination was associated with an overall 55.0% (95% confidence
interval [CI], 45.8–62.7) risk reduction of laboratory-confirmed influenza
infections in people with asthma over 6 seasons. There were substantial
variations in VE between seasons, influenza strains, and age groups. The
highest VE (76.1%; 95% CI, 55.6–87.1) was found in the 2010/2011
season, when the A(H1N1) strain dominated and there was a good
antigenic vaccine match. High protection was observed against the
A(H1N1) (eg, 2010/2011; 70.7%; 95% CI, 32.5–87.3) and B strains (eg,
2010/2011; 83.2%; 95% CI, 44.3–94.9) (Oxford Academic - Seasonal
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in People With Asthma: A National
Test-Negative Design Case-Control Study )
● Rebuttal: Without vaccination, the immune system also produces
antibodies to protect the body.
- Definition of immune system: A complex network of cells, tissues,
organs, and the substances they make that helps the body fight infections
and other diseases.
+ What is antibody? : a blood protein produced in response to and
counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with
substances which the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses,
and foreign substances in the blood.
+ Each antibody can bind to only one specific antigen. The purpose of this
binding is to help destroy the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens
directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen.
Source: National Cancer Institute - An official website of the United States
government
https://drive.google.com/file/d/100kGDfXFu4HNNFs-XcEFHy5dIP9zBVZE/
view?pli=1
- How the Immune System Works: Antibodies play a crucial role during a
viral attack. Viruses enter cells by binding to specific receptor molecules
on the cell's surface, using them to replicate. However, antibodies can
prevent this process by binding to the virus outside of the cell, stopping it
from entering or reproducing. Antibodies with this ability are known as
neutralizing antibodies. They can prevent viruses from docking onto cell
surfaces by binding to the virus's receptor-binding site. This leaves the
virus vulnerable to being destroyed by phagocytes.
- Situations: Eventually, immunologists determined that immunity to
smallpox was conferred by special proteins that circu- lated in the blood
of immunized individuals. These proteins were named antibodies, and
the agent that caused the antibodies to be made was called an antigen – in
this case, the cowpox virus.
Book: How the Immune System Works - Lauren M. Sompayrac, published
2022 Lecture 1, page 4 and 7.
IV. Conclusion
● Restatement of thesis.
● Summary of main arguments.

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Outline writing : group 14

Should Vaccine programs be required.?

Argument 1: Vaccine safety concern

III. Counterargument and Rebuttal

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