General Physics Equation Summary Sheet

SI UNITS KINEMATICS MECHANICS

Length m Δx Displacement Newton’s Laws of Motion
Mass kg ∆x Velocity 1st Law If F = 0, then v = constant
v=
Time s ∆t 2nd Law F = ma
∆v Acceleration
Electric current A a= 3rd Law F1→2 = -F2→1
Temperature K ∆t
Luminous intensity Cd No Uniform m1 m2
Fg = G Gravity
Acceleration Acceleration
DERIVED UNITS r2
Δx = vt Δx = vavgt
Volume m3
Δx = vit + ½at2 N ∙ m2 Gravitational Constant
Force N G = 6.67 × 10−11
vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔx kg 2
Energy/Work J
vf = vi + at W = mg Weight
Power W
Pressure Pa Ffmax = μs FN Static Friction
Charge C Ff = μk FN Kinetic Friction
Resistance 
Capacitance F
WORK AND ENERGY
METRIC PREFIXES W = (Fcosθ)d Work
Terra 1012
E = KE + U Mechanical Energy
Giga 109
KEi + Ui = KEf + Uf Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Mega 106
KE = ½mv2 Kinetic Energy (Translational)
kilo 103
centi 10-2 Ugravitational = mgy Gravitational Potential Energy
milli 10-3 Uelastic = ½kx2 Elastic Potential Energy
icro 10-6 WNC = ΔE Work of Nonconservative Forces
nano 10-9 Wnet = ΔKE Work-Energy Theorem
pico 10-12 F = -kx Hooke’s Law (Spring Force)
femto 10-15 W Power
P= = Fv
atto 10-18 ∆t

MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS UNIFORM CIRCULAR ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS

p = mv momentum MOTION  = F⊥ r Torque
FΔt = Δp Impulse-Momentum Theorem v2 Centripetal  = (Fsinθ) r
Elastic Collisions Perfectly Inelastic Collisions ac =
r Acceleration I = ∑mr2 Moment of
pi = p f pi = p f mv 2 Centripetal Inertia
KEi = KEf KEi > KEf F = ma c = Force
r ∑ mi xi Center of
xCG =
∑ mi Gravity
ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS
Linear Angular Relation ∑F = 0 Conditions for
∑τ = 0 Equilibrium
Displacement Δx Δθ Δx = r Δθ
∆x ∆θ v = rω
Angular Linear
Velocity v= ω= Δθ d
∆t ∆t
Acceleration ∆v ∆ω a = r ω v
a= α=
∆t ∆t α a
No Acceleration Uniform Acceleration I m
linear angular linear angular τ F
Δx = vt Δθ = ωt Δx = vavgt Δθ = ωavgt τ = I α F = ma
Δx = vit + ½at2 Δθ = ωit + ½t2 KErot = ½I2 KE = ½mv2
vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔx ωf2 = ωi2 + 2Δθ W = τ(Δθ) W = Fd
vf = vi + at ωf = ωi + t L = I p = mv

ÿÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÿ 1
 ELASTICITY OF SOLIDS FLUIDS
F ∆L Stretching/Compression m Density
=Y ρ=
A L0 V
ρ Specific Gravity
F ∆x Shear Deformation S. G. =
=S ρ𝐻2𝑂
A h
∆V Volume Deformation P = fluid g h Hydrostatic Pressure
∆P = −B (Gauge Pressure)
V
P = P0 + fluid g h Absolute Pressure
FB = Wfluid displaced Buoyancy Force
GASES
FB=(fluid)(Vsubmerged)(g)
F Pressure ρobject
P=
A % submerged = × 100
ρfluid
p1V1 = p2V2 Boyle’s Law
F1 F2 Pascal’s Principle
V1 V2 Charles’ Law =
= A1 A 2 (Hydraulic Jack)
T1 T2
A1d1 = A2d2 Hydraulic Jack
V1 V2 Avogadro’s Principle
= F = Av Flow Rate
n1 n2
p1 V1 p2 V2 A1v1 = A2v2 Continuity Equation
Combined Gas Law
= P1 + ½v12 + gy1 = P2 + ½v22 + gy2 Bernoulli’s Equation
T1 T2
pV = nRT Perfect Gas Law
ptotal = pA + pB + pC + … Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures THERMODYNAMICS
q Heat Capacity
pA = χA ptotal C=
∆T
C Specific Heat Capacity
Cs =
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION m
x = Acos(ωt) Displacement C Molar Heat Capacity
Cm =
n
v = -Aωsin(ωt) Velocity δU ∆U Constant Volume Heat Capacity
vmax = Aω CV = ( ) =
δT V ∆T
a = -Aω2cos(ωt) Acceleration δH ∆H Constant Pressure Heat Capacity
amax = Aω2 CP = ( ) =
δT P ∆T
1 Frequency / Period
f= U = q + w Change in Internal Energy
T
2π Frequency Factor
ω = 2πf = q = ∫ CV dT
Constant V
w = ∫ −pext dV
Universal
T
Frequency Factor Constant P w = −p∆V Constant pext
k q = ∫ CP dT
ω=√ for Springs
𝑚
q = −w Constant T Vf Reversible,
g Frequency Factor w = −nRTln
ω=√ Vi Isothermal
L for Pendulums
x = Acos(ωt + ϕ) ϕ = phase shift H = U + pV Enthalpy
H = qp Enthalpy Change at Constant p
y(x,t) = Acos(ωt ± kx) ω = 2f CP – CV = nR For a Perfect Gas
2π Laws of Thermodynamics
k=
 1st Law Energy can’t be created or destroyed.
Standing Waves nd
2 Law For a spontaneous process, ΔSuniverse > 0.
f = v Wave Speed rd
3 Law A perfectly ordered crystal at 0K has zero entropy.
2L String fixed at both ends
n = n = 1,2,3. .. qrev Entropy Change
n Pipe open at both ends ∆S =
4L T
String fixed at one end
n = n = 1,3,5. .. Vf pi Entropy Change during
n Pipe open at one end ∆S = nRln = nRln
Wave Velocity on a String Vi pf Expansion/Compression
T
v=√ Tf Entropy Change during heating
μ ∆S = nC ln
Ti

ÿÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÿ 2
 SOUND DC CIRCUITS
v = f Speed of Sound q Capacitance
C=
Speed of Sound in a Metal Rod ∆v
Y Capacitor Charging
v=√
ρ
t
P Speed of Sound in a Gas Q(t) = Q max (1 − e−τ )
v=√
ρ
Temperature Dependence on
T t
v = 331m/s√
273K
the Speed of Sound V(t) = ε (1 − e−τ )
P P Intensity of Sound
I= =
A 4πr 2
ε −t
I Intensity Level I(t) = e τ
β = 10log 𝑅
𝐼0

W
Capacitor Discharging
𝐼0 = 10−12
𝑚2
t
v ± 𝑣0 Doppler Effect Q(t) = Q max e−τ
𝑓0 = 𝑓𝑠
v ∓ 𝑣𝑠

t
ELECTRIC FIELDS AND FORCES V(t) = ε e−τ
e = 1.602×10-19C Fundamental charge
𝑞1 𝑞2 Coulomb’s Law
F = |𝑘 2 |
𝑟 ε −t
F = qE Force due to an Electric Field I(t) = e τ
𝑅
𝑞 Electric Field due to a Point
E = |𝑘 2 | A
𝑟 Charge Parallel Plate Capacitor
C = ε0
Q Gauss’s Law d
𝐸 = EAcosθ = A
ϵo (Electric Flux) C =  (ε0 )
q d
V=k Potential due to a Point Charge 1 1 Potential Energy Stored by a
r Ustored = C∆V 2 = Q∆V
U = qV Potential Energy of a Point 2 2 Capacitor
1 1 1 Capacitors in Series
Charge = + +. ..
ΔV = -Ed Relationship between ΔV and E Ceq C1 C2
Ceq = C1 + C2 +. .. Capacitors in Parallel
W = qΔV Work done against an electric ∆q Current
field I=
∆t
W = -qΔV Work done by an electric field
ΔV = IR Ohm’s Law
L Resistance of a Wire
R=ρ
A
 = 0(1 + ΔT) Temperature Dependence of the
R = R0(1 + ΔT) Resistivity and Resistance
∆V 2 Power Dissipated by a Resistor
P = ∆VI = I 2 R =
R
R eq = R + R 2 +. .. Resistors in Series
1 1 1 Resistors in Parallel
= + +. ..
R eq R R 2
Current entering a junction = Kirchoff’s Junction Rule
Current exiting a junction
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ Tÿÿ h
ÿ e potential difference around Kirchoff’s Loop Rule
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ anÿ ÿ ÿ y closed loop sums to zero.

ÿÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÿ 3
 MAGNETIC FIELDS AND FORCES INDUCED VOLTAGES AND INDUCTANCE
F = qvBsinθ Magnetic Force on a B = B⊥A = BAcosθ Magnetic Flux
Charged Particle in ∆B Faraday’s Law
Motion ε = −N
∆t (Induce Emf)
ΔV = B  v⊥ Motional Emf
ε = NBAω sinωt Generator Emf
∆B21 ∆I Mutual Inductance
Magnetic Force on a ε1 = −N1 = −M
F = BI  sinθ ∆t ∆t
Current-carrying Wire
∆B12 ∆I
ε2 = −N2 = −M
∆t ∆t
∆B ∆I Self-Inductance
ε = −N = −L
∆t ∆t
τ = BIANsinθ Torque on a Current- ∆B ∆B
Carrying Loop L=N =N
∆I I
μ0 I Magnetic Field Due to
B= ΔV1I1 = ΔV2I2 Transformers
2πr a Current Carrying ∆𝑉1 𝑁1 𝐼2
Wire = =
∆𝑉2 𝑁2 𝐼1
∆I Emf in an RL Circuit
ε = −L
∆t
ε t L Current in an RL
μ0 I Magnetic Field at the I(t) = (1 − e−τ ) τ=
B=N R R Circuit
2R Center of a Circular
PEL = ½ LI2 Potential Energy
Current-Carrying Loop
Stored in an Inductor

μ0 NI Magnetic Field Inside

B= = μ0 nI
L an Ideal Solenoid

AC (ALTERNATING CURRENT) CIRCUITS ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

ΔV = ΔVmax sinωt AC Potential 1 Speed of Light in a Vacuum
c= = 3.0 × 108 m
∆Vmax Rms Potential √ε0 μ0
∆Vrms =
√2 /s
∆𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 Rms Current c Index of Refraction
∆I𝑟𝑚𝑠 = n=
v
√2
P = Irms2 R Power Dissipated in a Resistor λf = v Wavelength/Frequency of
Light
ΔVmax = Imax R Ohm’s Law
Ephoton = hf Energy of a Photon
ΔVrms = Irms R
1 1 Capacitive Reactance 1 Energy density of the
XC = = uE = ε0 E 2
2πfC ωC 2 Electric Field
1 2 Energy density of the
uB = B
ΔVC,rms = Irms XC 2μ0 Magnetic Field
XC = 2πfL Inductive Reactance P Intensity of Light
I=
A
ΔVL,rms = Irms XL u Doppler Effect
fO = fS (1 ± )
Z= √R2 + (XL − XC )2 Impedance of RLC Circuits c
1 Unpolarized light
ΔVmax = Imax Z I = I0
2 transmitted through a
ΔVrms = Irms Z polarizing filter
1 Resonance Frequency in LC Circuits I = I0 cos 2 θ Polarized light transmitted
f0 =
2π√LC through a polarizing filter

ÿÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÿ 4
 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION WAVE OPTICS
θincidence = θreflection Law of Reflection d sinθbright = m Bright Fringes (Double Slit Interference)
n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2 Snell’s Law of Refraction L
c ybright = m
n= Index of Refraction d
v d sinθdark = (m + ½) Dark Fringes (Double Slit Interference)
𝑛2 Critical Angle for Total Internal L 1
sinθ𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = ybright = (m + )
𝑛1 Reflection d 2
𝑛2 Apparent depth 1
d′ = 𝑑 Thin Film Interference
𝑛1 2t = (m + ) film
2 Destructive Interference (No Phase Shift)
2t = mfilm Thin Film Interference
MIRRORS AND LENSES Destructive Interference (Phase Shift)
f=½R Focal Length Bright Fringes (Diffreaction Grating)
d sinθbright = m
1 1 1 Thin Mirror and
+ = a sinθdark = m Dark Fringes (Single Slit Interference)
𝑝 𝑞 𝑓 Lens Equation
ℎ𝑖 𝑞 Magnification
m= =− CONSTANTS
ℎ𝑜 𝑝
2
1 Lens Power g 9.80 m/s Gravitational acceleration near the
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = surface of the Earth
𝑓𝑚
𝑓 F number G 6.67×10-11 N∙m2/kg2 Gravitational constant
f number =
𝐷 ME 5.98×1024 kg Mass of the Earth
Diverging Mirror/Lens RE 6.38×106 m Radius of the Earth
p q f R 8.314 J/mol∙K Universal gas constant
Always virtual ke 8.99×109 N∙m2/C2 Coulomb constant
Converging Mirror/Lens 0 8.85×10-11 C2/N∙m2 Permitivity of Free Space
p>f e 1.62×10-31 C Fundamental charge
real
p<f me 9.11×10-31 kg Mass of an electron
virtual
mp 1.67×10-27 kg Mass of a proton
real, inverted image
q 0 4×10-7 T∙m/A Permeability of Free Space
virtual, upright image c 3.00×108 m/s Speed of Light (vacuum)
q
upright
m
inverted
m
|𝑚| < 1 reduced image
|𝑚| > 1 enlarged image
Combinations of Lenses
m = (m1)(m2) magnification
1 1 1 Two lenses in direct
= +
𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓1 𝑓2 contact
1 1 1 𝑑 Two lenses not in direct
= + +
𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓1 𝑓2 contact
Optical Instruments
𝑞1 𝐿 Lateral magnification of
M1 = − ≈
𝑝1 𝑓𝑜 objective
25𝑐𝑚 Angular magnification of
𝑚𝑒 = eyepiece
𝑓𝑒
θ 𝑓𝑜 Angular magnification of
m= =
θo 𝑓𝑒 a telescope
 Telescope Resolution
θ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≈
𝑎 (Single Slit)
1.22 Telescope Resolution
θ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≈
𝐷 (circular aperture )

ÿÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÿ 5