BS en 13001-3-6-2018

BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
BSI Standards Publication
Cranes - General design
Part 3-6: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery - Hydraulic cylinders
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 BRITISH STANDARD
National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 13001‑3‑6:2018.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee MHE/3/1, Crane design.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
© The British Standards Institution 2018
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2018
ISBN 978 0 580 89957 7
ICS 23.100.20; 53.020.20
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2018.
Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

Date Text affected
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 13001‑3‑6
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM February 2018
ICS 23.100.20; 53.020.20
English Version
Cranes - General design - Part 3-6: Limit states and proof

of competence of machinery - Hydraulic cylinders
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-6:
- Conception générale - Partie 3-6 : États Grenzzustände und Sicherheitsnachweis von
limites et vérification d'aptitude des éléments Maschinenbauteilen - Hydraulikzylinder
de mécanismes - Vérins hydrauliques
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 November 2017.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving
this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical
references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre
or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13001‑3‑6:2018: E
worldwide for CEN national Members
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN 13001‑3‑6:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 “Cranes
— Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2018, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by August 2018.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of
this document.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
the United Kingdom.
2
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
Introduction
This European Standard has been prepared to be a harmonized standard to provide one means for
the mechanical design and theoretical verification of cranes to conform with the essential health and
safety requirements of the Machinery Directive, as amended. This standard also establishes interfaces
between the user (purchaser) and the designer, as well as between the designer and the component
manufacturer, in order to form a basis for selecting cranes and components.
This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100:2010.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are
covered are indicated in the scope of this standard.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or
B standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the
other standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this
type C standard.
3
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
European foreword............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
3 Terms, definitions and symbols............................................................................................................................................................. 9
3.1 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................................................................ 9
3.2 Symbols an abbreviations.............................................................................................................................................................. 9
3.3 Terminology............................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
4 General.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
4.1 Documentation..................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
4.2 Materials for hydraulic cylinders.......................................................................................................................................... 13
4.2.1 General requirements................................................................................................................................................ 13
4.2.2 Grades and qualities................................................................................................................................................... 14
5 Proof of static strength.................................................................................................................................................................................14
5.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
5.2 Limit design stresses....................................................................................................................................................................... 15
5.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
5.2.2 Limit design stress in structural members............................................................................................. 16
5.2.3 Limit design stresses in welded connections........................................................................................ 17
5.3 Linear stress analysis...................................................................................................................................................................... 17
5.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
5.3.2 Typical load cases and boundary conditions........................................................................................ 17
5.3.3 Cylinder tube..................................................................................................................................................................... 18
5.3.4 Cylinder bottom.............................................................................................................................................................. 20
5.3.5 Piston rod welds............................................................................................................................................................. 21
5.3.6 Cylinder head.................................................................................................................................................................... 21
5.3.7 Cylinder tube and piston rod threads.......................................................................................................... 21
5.3.8 Thread undercuts and locking wire grooves......................................................................................... 22
5.3.9 Oil connector welds..................................................................................................................................................... 23
5.3.10 Connecting interfaces to crane structure................................................................................................. 23
5.4 Nonlinear stress analysis............................................................................................................................................................. 23
5.4.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
5.4.2 Standard cylinder with end moments......................................................................................................... 24
5.4.3 Support leg.......................................................................................................................................................................... 24
5.5 Execution of the proof..................................................................................................................................................................... 25
5.5.1 Proof for load bearing components............................................................................................................... 25
5.5.2 Proof for bolted connections............................................................................................................................... 25
5.5.3 Proof for welded connections............................................................................................................................. 25
6 Proof of fatigue strength.............................................................................................................................................................................25
6.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
6.2 Stress histories...................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
6.4 Limit design stress range............................................................................................................................................................. 27
6.5 Details for consideration.............................................................................................................................................................. 28
6.5.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
6.5.2 Bottom weld....................................................................................................................................................................... 28
6.5.3 Notch stress at oil connectors............................................................................................................................ 30
6.5.4 Cylinder head.................................................................................................................................................................... 31
6.5.5 Piston rod............................................................................................................................................................................. 33
4
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
6.5.6 Cylinder head bolts...................................................................................................................................................... 35

6.5.7 Cylinder head flange weld..................................................................................................................................... 35
6.5.8 Mechanical interfaces................................................................................................................................................ 37
7 Proof of elastic stability..............................................................................................................................................................................37
7.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
7.2 Critical buckling load....................................................................................................................................................................... 38
7.3 Limit compressive design force.............................................................................................................................................. 39
Annex A (informative) Critical buckling load for common buckling cases................................................................41
Annex B (informative) Second order analysis of two important cases...........................................................................45
Annex C (informative) Shell section forces and moments for cylinder bottom.....................................................48
Annex D (informative) Fatigue analysis of bottom weld for more complex cases...............................................51
Annex E (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application................54
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered.............................................................................56
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 57
© ISO ISO pub-date year – All rights reserved 5

BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN 13001‑3‑6:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 “Cranes
— Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2018, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by August 2018.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of
this document.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
the United Kingdom.
6
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
Introduction
This European Standard has been prepared to be a harmonized standard to provide one means for
the mechanical design and theoretical verification of cranes to conform with the essential health and
safety requirements of the Machinery Directive, as amended. This standard also establishes interfaces
between the user (purchaser) and the designer, as well as between the designer and the component
manufacturer, in order to form a basis for selecting cranes and components.
This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100:2010.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are
covered are indicated in the scope of this standard.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or
B standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the
other standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this
type C standard.
7
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard is to be used together with EN 13001‑1, EN 13001‑2 and EN 13001‑3‑1 as
well as pertinent crane type product EN standards, and as such they specify general conditions,
requirements and methods to, by design and theoretical verification, prevent mechanical hazards of
hydraulic cylinders that are part of the load carrying structures of cranes. Hydraulic piping, hoses and
connectors used with the cylinders, as well as cylinders made from other material than carbon steel,
are not within the scope of this standard.
The following are significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to
persons during intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. Clauses 4 to 7 of this standard are
necessary to reduce or eliminate risks associated with the following hazards:
a) exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);
b) elastic instability (column buckling).
NOTE EN 13001‑3‑6 deals only with the limit state method in accordance with EN 13001‑1.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 10083‑2:2006, Steels for quenching and tempering — Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non
alloy steels
EN 10210‑2:2006, Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels — Part 2:
Tolerances, dimensions and sectional properties
EN 10216‑3:2013, Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes — Technical delivery conditions — Part 3:
Alloy fine grain steel tubes
EN 10277‑2:2008, Bright steel products — Technical delivery conditions — Part 2: Steels for general
engineering purposes
EN 10305‑1:2016, Steel tubes for precision applications — Technical delivery conditions — Part 1: Seamless
cold drawn tubes
EN 10305‑2:2016, Steel tubes for precision applications — Technical delivery conditions — Part 2: Welded
cold drawn tubes
EN 13001‑1, Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements
EN 13001‑2, Crane safety — General design — Part 2: Load actions
EN 13001‑3‑1, Cranes — General Design — Part 3-1: Limit States and proof competence of steel structure
EN 13445‑2:2014, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 2: Materials
EN ISO 148‑1:2016, Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1: Test method
(ISO 148-1:2016)
EN ISO 5817:2014, Welding — Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding
excluded) — Quality levels for imperfections (ISO 5817:2014)
EN ISO 8492:2013, Metallic materials — Tube — Flattening test (ISO 8492:2013)
EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk
reduction (ISO 12100:2010)
8
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
ISO 724:1993, ISO general-purpose metric screw threads — Basic dimensions
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100:2010 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.2 Symbols an abbreviations

The essential symbols and abbreviations are given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations

Symbols Description
A% Percentage elongation at fracture
a Weld throat thickness
Ai , B i , C i , D i Constants
As Stress area
D Piston diameter
d Rod diameter
D a,i Diameter of axles
Dp Pressure affected diameter
Dw Weld diameter
E Modulus of elasticity
F Compressive force
FA Compressive force
FE Finite Elements
f Rd Limit design stress
f Rdσ Limit design stress, normal
f Rdτ Limit design stress, shear
FS Lateral force
F Sd External design force
fu Ultimate strength
f w,Rd Limit design weld stress
fy Yield strength
h thickness of the cylinder bottom
I Moment of inertia, generic
I1 Moment of inertia of the tube
I2 Moment of inertia of the rod
L Overall length of the cylinder
L1 Length of the cylinder tube
L2 Length of the cylinder rod
m Slope of the log Δσ – log N curve
9
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
M0 Shell section bending moment, acting at the intersection between tube and bottom
MB Bending moment
N Compressive force
Nk Critical buckling load
N Rd Limit compressive design force
N Sd Compressive design force
p i1 Maximum pressure in piston side chamber
p i2 Maximum pressure in rod side chamber
po Outer pressure
p Sd Design pressure
R Middle radius of the tube (R = Ri + t/2)
ri Inner radius of the tube
Ri Inner radius of the tube
ro Outer radius of the tube
rr Outer radius of the piston rod
s3 Stress history parameter (see EN 13001‑3‑1)
t Wall thickness of the tube
T0 Shell section transverse force, acting at the intersection between tube and bottom
x, y Longitudinal and lateral coordinates
α Angular misalignment, radians
γm General resistance factor (γm = 1,1, see EN 13001‑2)
γ mf Fatigue strength specific resistance factor (see EN 13001‑3‑1)
γR Total resistance factor (γR = γm · γs)
γs Specific resistance factor
Δσ Stress range
Δσb Bending stress range in the tube
Δσc Characteristic fatigue strength
Δσm Membrane stress range in the tube (axial)
ΔσRd Limit design stress range
ΔσSd Design stress range
ΔpSd Design pressure range on piston side
δ max Maximum displacement
κ Reduction factor for buckling
λ Slenderness
λi Friction parameters
μi Friction factors
ν Poisson’s ratio (ν = 0,3 for steel)
σa Axial stress in the tube
σb Lower extreme value of a stress range
σr Radial stress in the tube
σ Sd Design stress, normal
σt Tangential stress in the tube (hoop stress)
σu Upper extreme value of a stress range
σ w,Sd Weld design stress, normal
τ Sd Design stress, shear
τ w,Sd Weld design stress, shear
10
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
3.3 Terminology
Terms which are used in this European Standard for the main parts of hydraulic cylinder are indicated
in Figure 1 to Figure 3.
Key
1 bushing
2 rod head
3 cylinder head
4 oil connector
5 piston rod
6 cylinder tube
7 spacer
8 piston
9 nut
10 cylinder bottom
11 grease nipple
12 piston side chamber
13 rod side chamber
Figure 1 — Complete cylinder
11
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
Key
1 wiper
2 O-ring
3 secondary seal
4 guide ring (2 × )
5 primary seal
6 backup ring
7 O-ring
Figure 2 — Cylinder head
Key
1 seal
2 pressure element
3 guide ring (2 × )
Figure 3 — Piston
The figures above show some specific design features in order to exemplify the terminology. Other
designs may be used.
4 General
4.1 Documentation
The documentation of the proof of competence shall include:
— design assumptions including calculation models;
— applicable loads and load combinations;
— material grades and qualities;
— weld quality levels, in accordance with EN ISO 5817:2014 and EN 13001‑3‑1;
12
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
— relevant limit states;

— results of the proof of competence calculation, and tests when applicable.
4.2 Materials for hydraulic cylinders
4.2.1 General requirements
The materials for tubes and rods that are subjected to internal pressure shall fulfil the following
requirements:
— The impact toughness in the transversal direction shall be tested in accordance with EN ISO 148‑1
and shall meet the requirements stated in EN 13001‑3‑1. Samples shall be cut out in the transversal
direction and prepared such that the axis of the notch is perpendicular to the surface of the tube.
Key
1 sample cut out in longitudinal direction
2 sample cut out in transversal direction
Figure 4 — Sample for impact toughness testing
— If the material thickness or tube dimensions do not allow samples to be cut out, the tube material
shall pass a flattening test in accordance with EN ISO 8492. For welded tubes two test are required,
one with the weld aligned with the press direction and one where the weld is placed 90 degrees
from the press direction. The tube section shall be flattened down to a height H given by:
where
Do is the outer diameter of the tube;
t is the wall thickness of the tube.
Material used in other parts shall meet the requirements stated in EN 13001‑3‑1.
13
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
4.2.2 Grades and qualities
European Standards specify materials and specific values. This standard gives a preferred selection.
Steels in accordance with the following European Standards shall be used as tube material:
— EN 10083‑2;
— EN 10210‑2;
— EN 10216‑3;
— EN 10277‑2;
— EN 10305‑1;
— EN 10305‑2;
— EN 13445‑2.
Alternatively, other steel grades and qualities than those listed in this clause may be used as tube
material provided that they comply with the following requirements:
— the design value of fy is limited to fu/1,1 for materials with fu/fy < 1,1;
— the percentage elongation at fracture A % ≥ 14 % on a gauge length (where S0 is the

original cross-sectional area);
Grades and qualities of materials used in other parts of cylinders or mounting interfaces of cylinders
shall be selected in accordance with EN 13001‑3‑1.
5 Proof of static strength
5.1 General
A proof of static strength by calculation is intended to prevent excessive deformations due to yielding
of the material, elastic instability and fracture of structural members or connections. Dynamic
factors given in EN 13001‑2 or relevant product standards are used to produce equivalent static loads
to simulate dynamic effects. Also, load increasing effects due to deformation shall be considered.
The use of the theory of plasticity for calculation of ultimate load bearing capacity is not considered
acceptable within the terms of this standard. The proof shall be carried out for structural members and
connections while taking into account the most unfavourable load effects from the load combinations
A, B or C in accordance with EN 13001‑2 or relevant product standards.
The cylinders are either active or passive. Active cylinders are moving and thereby increasing the
potential energy of the crane. Passive cylinders are either not moving or moving thereby decreasing the
potential energy of the crane. As the forces applied to the cylinder by the crane structure are computed
in accordance with EN 13001‑2, they are already increased by the partial safety factors γp and relevant
dynamic factors. Formulae (1) and (2) give design pressures pSd caused by forces acting on the cylinder
from the crane structure. In addition, additional pressures pSde caused by internal phenomena in the
hydraulic circuit shall be considered and added to the design pressures pSd. Such internally generated
pressures can be caused e.g. by regenerative connections, pressure drop in return lines or cushioning.
In case a cylinder is intended to be tested as a component at higher pressure than the design pressure
pSd, this load case shall also be taken into account in the proof of static strength, and in which case the
test pressure shall be multiplied by a partial safety factor γ p equal to 1,05.
The design pressure pSd in the piston side chamber or in the rod side chamber shall be computed from
the design force FSd taking into account the force direction and the cylinder efficiency η due to friction.
An efficiency factor Ψ is used to handle the effect of cylinder friction. For active cylinders Ψ has the
value of 1/η and for passive cylinders Ψ has the value of η.
14
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
For the piston side chamber, the design pressure is given by:
(1)
where
FSd is the external design force;
D is the piston diameter.
Ψ is set to η for passive cylinders and to 1/η for active cylinders.
For the rod side chamber the design pressure is given by:
(2)
where
FSd is the external design force;
D is the piston diameter;
d is the rod diameter;
Ψ is set to η for passive cylinders and to 1/η for active cylinders;
pSde is additional pressure caused by internal phenomena.
Unless justified information for the value of η is used, the value 1,1 shall be assigned to Ψ.
This standard is based on nominal stresses, i.e. stresses calculated using traditional elastic strength
of materials theory which in general neglect localized stress non-uniformities. When more accurate
alternative methods of stress calculation are used, such as finite element analysis, using those stresses
for the proof given in this standard may yield inordinately conservative results.
5.2 Limit design stresses
5.2.1 General
The limit design stresses shall be calculated from:
(3)
where
f k is the characteristic values (or nominal value);
γR is the total resistance factor ;
γm is the general resistance factor (see EN 13001‑2);
γs is the specific resistance factor applicable to specific structural components as given in the
clauses below.
NOTE is equivalent to in EN 13001‑1.
15
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
5.2.2 Limit design stress in structural members
The limit design stress fRd, used for the design of structural members, shall be calculated from:
(4)
(5)
with
where
fy is the minimum value of the yield stress of the material;
γsm is the specific resistance factor for material.
for steels according to standards listed in 4.2.2;
for other steels.
For tensile stresses perpendicular to the plane of rolling (see Figure 5), the material shall be suitable for
carrying perpendicular loads and be free of lamellar defects. EN 13001‑3‑1 specifies the values of γsm
for material loaded perpendicular to the rolling plane.
Example from cylinder tube bottom, where plate steel is used (eye is welded). The figure shows a tensile
load perpendicular to plane of rolling where:
Key
1 is the plane of rolling
2 is the direction of stress/load
Figure 5 — Tensile load perpendicular to plane of rolling
16
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
5.2.3 Limit design stresses in welded connections
The limit design weld stress fw,Rd used for the design of a welded connection shall be in accordance
with EN 13001‑3‑1.
5.3 Linear stress analysis
5.3.1 General
5.3 comprises typical details for consideration that are relevant for the proof of static strength. Details
that are only relevant for fatigue analysis (e.g. shell bending of tube) are not dealt with in 5.3. In cases
or conditions not covered here, other recognized sources or static pressure/force testing shall be used.
5.3.2 Typical load cases and boundary conditions
Before executing calculations, boundary conditions and loading shall be investigated. Typical conditions
to be determined are:
— external forces and directions;
— type of cylinder;
— cylinder tube and rod mounting to the machine;
— forces/stresses due to thread pre-tightening;
— direction of gravity.
Different load cases shall be considered when calculating static strength for cylinders.
Typical load cases are shown in Figure 6 to Figure 10 here below.
Figure 6 — Pushing cylinder with supported bottom
Figure 7 — Pushing cylinder, flange mounted with unsupported bottom
17
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
Figure 8 — Pulling cylinder or pushing cylinder with pressurized rod chamber
Figure 9 — Pushing cylinder at end of stroke
Figure 10 — Pulling cylinder at end of stroke
The worst load condition or combination shall be used when calculating stresses σSd or σw,Sd
for a feature.
5.3.3 Cylinder tube
Cylinder tube stresses shall be computed from three components. For calculation of each component,
forces and pressures shall be determined in accordance with 5.3.2.
Figure 11 — Stresses in cylinder tube
18
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
The tangential stress (hoop stress) is given by:
(6)
For cylindrical shells such as tubes or hollow rods that are also loaded by an outer pressure, the
combination of inner and outer pressure that gives the largest absolute value of the tangential (hoop)
stress shall be used.
Maximum radial stress magnitude in the tube occurs at the inner radius r i or the at the outer radius ro
and is given by:
or (7)
For the cylinder arrangement shown in Figure 6, maximum axial stress in the tube is given by:
(8)
For the cylinder arrangements shown in Figure 8 and Figure 10, maximum axial stress in the tube
is given by:
(9)
For the cylinder arrangement shown in Figure 7 and Figure 9, maximum axial stress in the tube
is given by:
(10)
where
r is an arbitrary radius of the tube;
r i is the inner radius of the tube;
ro is the outer radius of the tube;
r r is the outer radius of the piston rod;
pi is the inner pressure;
pi1 is the inner maximum pressure in piston side chamber;
pi2 is the inner maximum pressure in rod side chamber;
po is the outer pressure;
Mb is any bending moment acting on the cylinder tube (e.g. dead weight).
19
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
The von Mises equivalent stress shall be computed for the location having the most severe stress as:
(11)
5.3.4 Cylinder bottom
5.3.4.1 Bottom plate
The stress in an unsupported bottom plate, in a cylinder with the ratio outer diameter to inner diameter
in the range 1,07 to 1,24, shall be calculated as:
(12)
where
pi is the inner pressure;
D is the inner diameter;
t is the tube thickness;
h is the bottom thickness.
Figure 12 — Stresses in unsupported cylinder bottom
5.3.4.2 Bottom weld
Bottom welds shall be calculated for different load cases in accordance with 5.3.2.
Figure 13 — Bottom weld
20
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
The bottom weld is loaded by the axial force in the tube, caused by internal pressure (Figure 7 and
Figure 8) or by pushing cylinder coming to end of stroke (Figure 9).
(13)
where
FSdt is the design axial force acting in the tube;
a is the effective thickness of the weld;
R is the middle radius of the weld.
5.3.5 Piston rod welds
Piston rod welds shall be calculated for different load cases according to 5.3.2, in the same way as the
calculation of bottom welds.
(14)
where
FSdw is the maximum design force acting in the rod;
R is the middle radius of the weld.
5.3.6 Cylinder head
Depending on the design, the cylinder head has a governing stress area Ac, which is the smallest area that
carries the axial load. Axial force can be caused by internal pressure, external force or pre-tightening.
The stresses in the cylinder head shall be calculated for the different load cases in accordance with
5.3.2. The design stress shall be computed as:
(15)
where
FSdh is the maximum axial design force acting on the head;
Ac is the critical stress area for the axial force holding the cylinder head.
5.3.7 Cylinder tube and piston rod threads
Stresses in cylinder tube threads and piston rod threads shall be calculated for the different load cases
in accordance with 5.3.2. The design stress shall be computed as:
(16)
21
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
(17)
where
FSdr is the maximum design force acting on the cylinder head or the piston rod head;
As is the stress area of the threaded cylinder tube or piston rod (equivalent to stress area of bolt or nut);
L is the effective thread length, maximum 0,9 · d2;
d2 is the pitch diameter of the thread in accordance to ISO 724.
It should be considered that the tube diameter can increase due to the internal pressure and thus
decrease the shear area in Formula (17).
5.3.8 Thread undercuts and locking wire grooves
Stresses in thread undercuts or locking wire grooves shall be calculated for the different load cases in
accordance with 5.3.2.
The design stress shall be computed as:
(18)
where
FSdu is the maximum design force acting at the undercut;
Ac is the critical stress area at the undercut or locking wire groove.
Figure 14 — Undercuts at thread run out
22
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
5.3.9 Oil connector welds
This clause considers oil connectors welded to the tube. The design stress σw,Sd shall be computed as:
(19)
with
(20)
and
(21)
where
pSd is the design pressure for chamber side;
Dp is the pressure affected diameter;
Dw is the effective weld diameter.
Figure 15 — Welded oil connector
5.3.10 Connecting interfaces to crane structure
The design stresses in parts connecting the cylinder to the crane structure shall be calculated in
accordance with EN 13001‑3‑1.
5.4 Nonlinear stress analysis
5.4.1 General
Nonlinear stress analysis takes into account the force balance in the deformed shape of the cylinder
and can be governing when the compressive force acts together with bending moment or lateral force,
or due to the angular misalignment α between rod and tube caused by the play at the guide rings.
Nonlinear stress analysis may be omitted if lateral forces and bending moments are negligible, and if
the maximum displacement δmax due to the angular misalignment α is smaller than L/600, where L
is the overall length of the cylinder. If the misalignment is unknown, δmax shall be set to L/300. The
omission of a second order analysis shall be justified.
In particular the cases described in 5.4.2 and 5.4.3 might require nonlinear stress analysis. The nonlinear
stress analyses may either be made with FE-analysis or by the analytical equations given in Annex B.
23
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
5.4.2 Standard cylinder with end moments
Standard cylinder with the same configuration as in buckling case D (see 7.2), loaded by a compressive
force F and by moments M1 and M2 caused by axle frictions acting at the bushings at the cylinder’s ends,
and with an angular misalignment α between the cylinder tube and the piston rod caused by play at
guide rings, see Figure 16.
Figure 16 — Cylinder with end moments from axle frictions and angular misalignment
5.4.3 Support leg
Support leg cylinder loaded by a compressive force FA and by a lateral force FS, and with an angular
misalignment α between the cylinder tube and the piston rod caused by play at guide rings, see Figure 17.
Figure 17 — Support leg cylinder with lateral force and angular misalignment
24
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
5.5 Execution of the proof
5.5.1 Proof for load bearing components
For the load bearing components (e.g. tube, rod, lugs) it shall be proven that:
and (22)
where
σSd is the design normal stress or the von Mises equivalent stress;
τSd is the design shear stress;
fRdσ, fRdτ are the corresponding limit design stresses in accordance with 5.2.2.
5.5.2 Proof for bolted connections
Bolted connections shall be proofed in accordance with EN 13001‑3‑1.
5.5.3 Proof for welded connections
For the weld it shall be proven that:
(23)
where
σw,Sd is the design weld stress;
fw,Rd is the limit design weld stress in accordance with EN 13001‑3‑1.
6 Proof of fatigue strength
6.1 General
The proof of fatigue strength is intended to prevent risk of failure due to formation and propagation of
critical cracks in load carrying part of a hydraulic cylinder under cyclic loading.
For the execution of the proof of fatigue strength, the cumulative damages caused by variable stress
cycles shall be calculated. In this European Standard, Palmgren-Miner’s rule of cumulative damage is
reflected by use of the stress history parameters (see EN 13001‑3‑1).
The fatigue strength specific resistance factor γmf is as defined in EN 13001‑3‑1.
The limit design stress of a constructional detail is characterized by the value of the characteristic
fatigue strength , which represents the fatigue strength at 2·106 cycles under constant stress range
loading and with a probability of survival equal to PS 97,7 % (see EN 13001‑3‑1).
-values depend on the quality level of the weld. Quality levels shall be in accordance with
EN ISO 5817:2014, Annex C.
Fatigue testing may be used to establish -values for details deviating from those given here below,
or to prove higher -values than those given here. Such fatigue testing shall be done in accordance
with EN 13001‑3‑1.
25
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
6.2 Stress histories

The stress history is a numerical presentation of all stress variations that are significant for fatigue.
Stress histories shall be determined either through stress calculations or measurements, in both cases
simulating the loading imposed on the cylinder.
For the proof of fatigue strength, stress histories are expressed as single-parameter representations of
frequencies of occurrence of stress ranges by using methods such as the hysteresis counting method
(Rain flow or Reservoir method) with the influence of mean stress neglected.
Each of the stress ranges is sufficiently described by its upper and lower extreme value.
(24)
where
is the upper extreme value of a stress range;
is the lower extreme value of a stress range;
is the stress range.
Stress history parameter s3 is calculated as follows, based on a one-parameter presentation of stress
histories during the design life of the cylinder:
(25)
where
(26)
(27)
where
ν is the relative total number of occurrences of stress ranges;
k3 is the stress spectrum factor dependant on m;
is the stress range i;
is the design stress range;
ni is the number of occurrences of stress range i;
is the total number of occurrences of stress ranges during the design life of the cylinder;
is the reference number of cycles.

Depending on which part of a cylinder that is considered, the stress range is proportional to either
the external force range or the pressure range in either chamber. Therefore, the stress ranges in
Formula (26) can be substituted with the corresponding force ranges ΔF or pressure ranges Δp.
26
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
In general, the stress history parameter s3 has different values for different parts of a cylinder. These
values are related to the duty and decisively depend on one of:
— number of working cycles and external force spectrum;
— number of pressure cycles and related pressure spectrum in piston side chamber;
— number of pressure cycles and related pressure spectrum in rod side chamber;
For thermally stress relieved or non-welded components, the compressive portion of the stress range
may be reduced to 60 %.
Different parts of cylinders may be arranged into classes S of the stress history parameter sm. The
classification is based upon m = 3 and is specified in Table 2. When a class S is referred to in the proof
of fatigue strength for a cylinder part, the value of the stress history parameter s3 shall be taken in
accordance with the Table 2. Proof of competence for fatigue may be omitted when the value of the
stress history parameter s3 is lower than 0,001.
Table 2 — Classes S of stress history parameter s3

Class S02 S01 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
s3 0,002 0,004 0,008 0,016 0,032 0,063 0,125 0,25 0,5 1,0 2,0 4,0
When a single stress history class S is used to characterize a cylinder, the most severe class occurring
within the cylinder shall be used.

For the detail under consideration it shall be proven that:
(28)
(29)
where
is the design stresses range (the same as in 6.2);
max σ, min σ are the extreme values of design stresses (compression stresses with negative sign);
is the limit design stress range.
6.4 Limit design stress range

The limit design stress range is given by:
(30)
where
ΔσRd is the limit design stress range;
Δσc is the characteristic fatigue strength;
γmf is the fatigue strength specific resistance factor (see EN 13001‑3‑1);
27
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
s3 is the stress history parameter;

m is the slope of the log Δσ — log N-curve.
For the case of m > 3, Formula (30) is a conservative simplification. With knowledge of the actual stress
spectrum, a more detailed calculation may be done in accordance with EN 13001‑3‑1.
6.5 Details for consideration
6.5.1 General
This chapter deals with details where fatigue might occur and that can be relevant for the cylinder
under consideration. The characteristic fatigue strengths are given for commonly used designs. For
other details or for deviating conditions, other recognized sources or fatigue testing should be used.
6.5.2 Bottom weld
The cylinder bottom can either be supported or unsupported, see Figure 18. The bottom weld also
transfers the axial load in the unsupported case.
Figure 18 — Cylinder bottom, supported (upper) and unsupported (lower)
For the purpose of stress relieving the bottom weld, there may be a distance x between the cylinder
bottom and the weld, see Figure 19. In the case without stress relieving, the distance x is set to zero.
Figure 19 — Bottom weld
The shell section transverse force T0 and the shell section bending moment M0 act at the intersection
between the cylinder tube and the bottom (see Annex C). For the basic case of a bottom with constant
thickness, there are two sets of equations for T0 and M0 depending on whether the bottom is assumed
to be supported by a constant pressure or unsupported. Formulae (31) and (32) give T0 and M0 for
cylinders with supported bottom, whereas Formulae (35) and (36) give T0 and M0 for cylinders with
unsupported bottom.
28
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
For supported cylinder bottom, the shell section transverse force T0 and the shell section bending
moment M0 are given by:
(31)
(32)
For cylinders where the stiffness of the bottom is much higher than the stiffness of the tube, i.e. h ≫ t,
Formulae (31) and (32) may be well approximated by Formulae (33) and (34). As the approximated
equations yield conservative results at x = 0 when h ≥ t, they may also be used in that case.
(33)
(34)
For unsupported cylinder bottom, the shell section transverse force T0 and the shell section bending
moment M0 are given by:
(35)
(36)
where
Ri is the inner radius of the tube;

R is the middle radius of the tube (i.e. R = Ri + t/2);
t is the wall thickness of the tube;
h is the thickness of the cylinder bottom;
29
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
ν is Poisson’s ratio (ν = 0,3 for steel);

ΔpSd is the design pressure range on piston side.
For some more complex cases, T0 and M0 can be obtained by solving the equation systems
given in Annex D.
The bending stress range Δσb(x) at the distance x from the cylinder bottom is given by:
(37)
where the plus sign denotes the inside of the tube and the minus sign denotes the outside of the tube.
The membrane stress range Δσm depends on the bottom support and is given by:
Supported bottom:
(38)
Unsupported bottom:
The total stress range ΔσSd at the weld location x shall, for the outside of the cylinder tube, be
computed as:
(39)
The total stress range ΔσSd at the weld location x shall, for the inside of the cylinder tube, be computed as:
(40)
The following characteristic fatigue strengths with m = 3 shall be used:

Outside tube, weld toe in quality C: Δσc = 100 MPa;
Outside tube, weld toe in quality B: Δσc = 112 MPa;
Inside tube, weld root: Δσc = 71 MPa.
The design stress range ΔσSd may additionally be computed using a FE-analysis model for increased
accuracy by applying one of the methods described in [1] and [3].
6.5.3 Notch stress at oil connectors
This clause deals with oil connector welded with all around fillet weld in quality C. The design stress
range ΔσSd is based on the pressure range at the oil connector’s cylinder end and shall be computed as:
(41)
where
ΔpSd is the design pressure range for that cylinder end;
30
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)

t is the thickness of the cylinder tube.
Figure 20 — Oil connector on piston side
The characteristic fatigue strength Δσc = 80 MPa with m = 3 shall be used.

The same calculation method shall be used for oil connectors both on piston side and rod side.
6.5.4 Cylinder head
6.5.4.1 General
The design stress range ΔσSd is based on the force range ΔF resulting from the rod side’s pressure
range. The force range ΔF shall be computed as:
(42)
where
ΔpSd is the design pressure range on rod side;
d is the rod diameter.
6.5.4.2 Tube thread
This clause deals with end of cylinder tube with machined threads. The design stress range ΔσSd shall
be computed as:
(43)
where
ΔFSd is the design force range acting on the cylinder head;
As is the stress area of the threaded tube.
Figure 21 — Tube thread
31
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
The characteristic fatigue strength (in MPa) for m = 3 shall be computed as:
(44)
where
ds is the stress diameter for inner thread and inner diameter for outer thread;
Ds is the outer diameter for inner thread and stress diameter for outer thread.
6.5.4.3 Tube thread undercut
This clause deals with half circular undercut at end of cylinder tube threads. The design stress range
ΔσSd shall be computed as:
(45)
where
ΔFSd is the design force range acting on the top nut;
A is the smallest stress area of tube at the undercut.
Figure 22 — Undercut for tube thread
(46)
where
fy is the yield strength in MPa.
Formula (46) requires that the bottom radius of the undercut is at least 35 % of the undercut depth.
6.5.4.4 Locking wire groove
This clause deals with stress concentration at locking wire groove. The design stress range ΔσSd is
based on nominal stress at remaining area, and shall be computed as:
(47)
where
ΔFSd is the design force range acting on the top nut;
A is the smallest stress area of the tube at the groove.
32
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
Figure 23 — Locking wire groove
(48)
where
6.5.5 Piston rod
6.5.5.1 General
The design stress range ΔσSd where the piston rod head and the piston are connected to the piston rod
is based on the force range ΔF acting on the piston rod.
6.5.5.2 Piston rod threads
This clause deals with end of piston rod with machined threads. The design stress ranges ΔσSd at the
threads on the piston rod shall be computed as:
(49)
where
ΔFSd is the design force range acting on the piston rod thread;
As is the stress area of the threaded piston rod.
Figure 24 — Threads on piston rod
33
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
(50)
where
ds is the stress diameter for inner thread and inner diameter for outer thread;
Ds is the outer diameter for inner thread and stress diameter for outer thread.
6.5.5.3 Piston rod thread undercuts
This clause deals with undercut at end of piston rod threads. The design stress range ΔσSd shall be
computed as:
(51)
where
ΔFSd is the design force range acting on the piston rod;
A is the smallest stress area of the piston rod at the undercut.
The characteristic fatigue strength for m = 5 shall be computed as (in MPa):
(52)
where
6.5.5.4 Piston rod welds
This clause deals with piston welded to rod with fillet weld, groove weld or friction weld.
Figure 25 — Piston rod welds, fillet weld (left) and groove weld (right)
34
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
The design stress ranges ΔσSd at the welds on the piston rod shall be computed as:
(53)
where
ΔFSd is the design force range acting on the piston rod;
A is the cross section area of the weld (rod area in case of friction weld).
The following characteristic fatigue strengths Δσc with m = 3 shall be used:
— Fillet weld in quality C Δσc = 45 MPa;
— Fillet weld in quality B Δσc = 50 MPa;
— Groove weld in quality C Δσc = 63 MPa;
— Groove weld in quality B Δσc = 71 MPa;
— Friction weld in quality C Δσc = 80 MPa;
— Friction weld in quality B Δσc = 90 MPa.
6.5.6 Cylinder head bolts
The fatigue strength of the cylinder head bolts shall be assessed in accordance with EN 13001‑3‑1.
6.5.7 Cylinder head flange weld
6.5.7.1 General
This clause deals with flange at end of cylinder tube welded to tube with groove or fillet weld.
Figure 26 — Cylinder head flange welds, fillet weld (left) and groove weld (right)
A flange weld of a pulling cylinder is subjected to axial shell bending stress from the internal pressure,
whereas the flange weld of a pushing cylinder is subjected to axial membrane stress from the axial load
at end of stroke. The flange weld of a pulling cylinder shall in addition to axial stress also be assessed
for tangential (hoop) stress. At least quality C shall be used for the flange weld.
35
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
6.5.7.2 Pulling cylinder, axial stress
With the conservative assumption that the flange is rigid, the shell section transverse force T0 and the
shell section bending moment M0 acting at the end of the tube are given by:
(54)
(55)
where

ΔpSd is the design pressure range on rod side.
The bending stress range Δσb(x) at the distance x into the cylindrical part is given by:
(56)
The membrane stress range Δσm is given by:
(57)
where
ro is the outer radius of the rod;
The total design stress range ΔσSd(x) at the weld location x shall be computed as:
(58)
36
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
The design stress range ΔσSd may additionally be computed using a FEM model for increased accuracy
by applying one of the methods described in [1] and [3].
6.5.7.3 Pushing cylinder, axial stress at end of stroke
The axial design stress range ΔσSd at the flange weld shall be calculated as:
(59)
where
6.5.7.4 Pushing and pulling cylinder, axial stress
For cylinders that are both pulling and pushing, and when both modes require to be considered in the
fatigue assessment, the axial stress ranges ΔσSd from Formulae (58) and (59) may, as a conservative
assumption, be added and the sum be taken as an effective design stress range ΔσSd. A more precise
analysis requires knowledge of the actual stress range spectrum at the weld.
6.5.7.5 Pulling cylinder, tangential stress
The tangential design stress range ΔσSd at the flange weld shall be calculated as:
(60)
where
R is the middle radius of the tube;
ΔpSd is the design pressure range on rod side.
The characteristic fatigue strength Δσc = 180 MPa for weld quality B and Δσc = 140 MPa for weld
quality C and with m = 3 shall be used.
6.5.8 Mechanical interfaces
The fatigue strength of the mechanical interfaces between the hydraulic cylinder and the rest of the
crane structure shall be assessed in accordance with EN 13001‑3‑1.
7 Proof of elastic stability
7.1 General
The proof of elastic stability is made to prove that ideally straight cylinders will not lose their stability
due to lateral deformation caused solely by compressive forces or compressive stresses. Deformations
37
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
due to compressive forces or compressive stresses in combination with bending moments caused by
external forces or by initial geometric imperfections shall be assessed by the theory of second order
(5.4 Nonlinear stress analysis) as part of proof of static strength. This chapter covers buckling of
complete cylinders and internal buckling of piston rods.
7.2 Critical buckling load

The critical buckling load Nk is the smallest bifurcation load according to elastic theory. For cylinders
having only one part loaded in compression and with constant cross section, Nk is given in Table 3 for a
selection of boundary conditions, also known as Euler’s buckling cases.
Table 3 — Critical buckling load Nk for Euler’s buckling cases

Euler case no 1 2 3 4 5
Boundary condi-
tions
Nk
E is the modulus of elasticity

I is the moment of inertia of the member in the plane of the figures
L is the length of the member
For other boundary conditions or for cylinders consisting of several parts i that are loaded in
compression and with different cross sections, Nk may be computed from the differential equation, or
system of differential equations, of the elastic deflection curve in its deformed state, which has the
general solution:
(61)
where
x is the longitudinal coordinate;
y is the lateral coordinate in the weakest direction of the member;
E is the modulus of elasticity;
i is an index running over the number of cylinder parts that are loaded in compression (i ≥ 1);
38
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
Ii is the moment of inertia of part i in the weakest direction of the member;

N is the compressive force;
Ai, Bi, Ci, Di are constants to be found by applying appropriate boundary conditions.
The critical buckling load Nk is found as the smallest positive value N that satisfies Formula (61), or
system of Formulae (61), when solved with the appropriate boundary conditions applied. Equations for
the most common cylinder buckling cases A to G shown in Table 4 are given in Annex A. Alternatively,
the critical buckling load Nk may be calculated using FE buckling analysis [2].
Table 4 — Common buckling cases for hydraulic cylinders
A B C D E F G
Regular As Euler 1 Regular As Euler 2 Two coupled An Euler 2 Regular Euler 3
Euler 1 case case, but with Euler 2 case case, but with Euler 2 cases case that is case
two different two different coupled with
cross-sections cross-sections a rotational
spring
For the case when the rod buckles internally inside the cylinder tube, the critical buckling load Nk shall
be calculated by using the appropriate Euler case from Table 3. However, a critical buckling load Nk
resulting in a design compressive force NSd that exceeds the limit design compressive force NRd may be
acceptable if a second order calculation in accordance with 5.4 shows that the design stress does not
exceed the limit design stress.
7.3 Limit compressive design force

The limit compressing design force NRd,i for a cylinder part i is computed from the critical
buckling load by:
(62)
where
39
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
κi is a reduction factor for the evaluated cylinder part i;

fyk,i is characteristic yield stress of the evaluated cylinder part i;
Ai is the cross section area of the evaluated cylinder part i;
γm is the general resistance factor, γm = 1,1 (see EN 13001‑2).
The reduction factor κi is computed from the slenderness λi, which is given by:
(63)
where
Nk is the critical buckling load in accordance with 7.2.
Depending on the value of λi, the reduction factor κi is given by:
(64)
The overall limit compressing design force NRd is taken as the minimum value NRd,i of all parts i:
(65)
If there is more than one cylinder part loaded in compression, additionally the following condition shall
apply to each cylinder part i:
(66)

For the member under consideration, it shall be proven that:
(67)
where
NSd is the design value of the compressive force;
NRd is the limit design compressive force according to 7.3.
40
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
Annex A
(informative)
Critical buckling load for common buckling cases
A.1 General
Depending on different mounting conditions, the common buckling cases shown in Figure A.1
can be found.
A. Regular Euler 1 case (see 7.2, Table 2).
B. As Euler 1 case, but with two different cross-sections.
C. Regular Euler 2 case (see 7.2, Table 2).
D. As Euler 2 case, but with two different cross-sections.
E. Two coupled Euler 2 cases.
F. An Euler 2 case that is coupled with a rotational spring.
G. Regular Euler 3 case (see 7.2, Table 2).
A B C D E F G
Figure A.1 — Common buckling cases for hydraulic cylinders
The critical buckling loads Nk for buckling cases A to G are obtained by applying appropriate boundary
conditions to the differential equation or a system of differential equations given in 7.2. The following
part of this annex provides the relevant equations that yield the critical buckling loads Nk for buckling
cases A to G (Figures A.2 to A.8), where:
41
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
N is the compressive force;

L1 is the effective buckling length of the cylinder tube;
L2 is the effective buckling length of the piston rod;
I1 is the moment of inertia of the cylinder tube;
I2 is the moment of inertia of the piston rod;
E is the elastic modulus of steel;
and where:
A.2 Buckling case A
Figure A.2 — Buckling case A (regular Euler 1 case)
Regular Euler 1 case:
(A.1)
A.3 Buckling case B
Figure A.3 — Buckling case B (as Euler 1 case, but with two different cross-sections)
Nk is given by the smallest positive root N of:
(A.2)
42
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
A.4 Buckling case C
Figure A.4 — Buckling case C (regular Euler 2 case)
(A.3)
A.5 Buckling case D
Figure A.5 — Buckling case D (as Euler 2 case, but with two different cross-sections)
(A.4)
A.6 Buckling case E
Figure A.6 — Buckling case E (two coupled Euler 2 cases)
(A.5)
43
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
A.7 Buckling case F
Figure A.7 — Buckling case F (Euler 2 case coupled with a rotational spring)
(A.6)
where the end support stiffness kr of the rod provided by the cylinder tube is given by:
A.8 Buckling case G
Figure A.8 — Buckling case G (regular Euler 3 case)
(A.7)
44
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
Annex B
(informative)
Second order analysis of two important cases
B.1 Compressed cylinder with end moments and angular misalignment

This clause deals with the case described in 5.4.2 and shown in Figure 16.
Figure B.1 — Compressed cylinder with end moments and angular misalignment
are bending moments from axles, where λi depend on axle diameters Da,i and frictions μi as:
(B.1)
with i = 1 for the tube and i = 2 for the rod.

A negative value of λi is used for an axle that is rotating in the favourable direction.
There can also be an angular misalignment α between the cylinder tube and the piston rod.
The two constants A and B are found by solving the equation system formed by (B.2) and (B.3):
(B.2)
(B.3)
where

Once the constants A and B are known, the bending moments MBi and lateral displacements yi are given
by these pairs of equations:
(B.4)
(B.5)
45
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
(B.6)
(B.7)
where
B.2 Compressed cylinder with lateral end force and angular misalignment
This clause deals with the case described in 5.4.3 and shown in Figure 17.
Figure B.2 — Compressed cylinder with lateral end force and angular misalignment
There can also be an angular misalignment α between the cylinder tube and the piston rod.
The two constants A and B are found by solving the equation system formed by Formulae (B.8) and (B.9):
(B.8)
(B.9)
where

Once the constants A and B are known, the bending moments MBi and lateral displacements yi are given
by these pairs of equations:
(B.10)
(B.11)
46
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
(B.12)
(B.13)
where
B.3 Axial stresses for cases in B.1 and B.2

Once the bending moments in the tube MB1(x) and in the rod MB2(x) have been computed in accordance
with B.1 or B.2, the corresponding values for the axial stresses σa(x) are given by the following equations:
For the tube:
(B.14)
where
R1 is the outer radius of the tube;
I1 is the moment of inertia of the tube.
For the rod:
(B.15)
where
R2 is the outer radius of the rod;
I2 is the moment of inertia of the rod;
FA is the compressive axial force;
A2 is the cross section area of the rod.
Having found the extreme values of σa, the effective stresses are given by Formula (11).
47
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
Annex C
(informative)
Shell section forces and moments for cylinder bottom
The shell section internal transverse force T0 and the internal shell section bending moment M0
described in 6.5.2 act at the intersection between the cylinder tube and the bottom. By combining
equations for displacement due to internal pressure and due to internal forces at the intersection
between bottom and tube, and by setting those displacements equal at the intersection, two equation
systems for T0 and M0 are derived, depending on whether the bottom is assumed to be supported by a
constant pressure or unsupported.
Key
upper part: displacements due to internal pressure
lower part: displacements due to internal forces at the intersection
Figure C.1 — Deformations of tube and bottom due to pressure and internal forces
Compatibility at the intersection between bottom and tube gives these two equations:
(C.1)
48
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
(C.2)
For bottom supported by constant pressure, additionally αp = 0 applies.

The deformations in Formulae (C.1) and (C.2) can be replaced by these quantifying expressions:
(supported bottom) (C.3)
(unsupported bottom) (C.4)
(C.5)
(C.6)
(C.7)
(C.8)
(C.9)
where

ν is Poisson's ratio (ν = 0,3 for steel);
49
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
E is the elastic modulus;

Formulae (C.3) to (C.9) inserted into Formulae (C.1) and (C.2) gives the following equation systems.
For supported bottom:
(C.10)
Simplifying the equation system (C.10), it becomes:
(C.11)
where
Solving (C.11) for T0 and M0 and simplifying yields Formulae (31) and (32) for cylinders with
supported bottom.
For unsupported bottom:
(C.12)
Simplifying the equation system (C.12), it becomes:
(C.13)
where
Solving (C.13) for T0 and M0 and simplifying yields Formulae (35) and (36) for cylinders with
unsupported bottom.
50
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
Annex D
(informative)
Fatigue analysis of bottom weld for more complex cases
This annex deals with cases that are more complex than the basic cases described in 6.5.2. More
generally the compatibility equations for the junction point (J) between bottom and tube can be written
in the form:
(D.1)
(D.2)
where
is the radial displacement of the tube due to the internal pressure p;

is the radial displacement of the tube due to internal forces;
is the radial displacement of the bottom’s outer rim;
is the distance between the bottom’s neutral axis and the junction point; (J);
is the slope of the tube due to internal forces;
is the bottom’s slope due to the internal pressure p;
is the bottom’s slope due to the boundary reaction on the bottom;
is the bottom’s slope due to internal forces.
Figure D.1 — Deformations due to internal constraining reactions
Undercut groove at bottom edge

An inner undercut groove between bottom and tube changes the bending moment acting on the bottom,
so that the distance e between J and the bottom neutral axis becomes less than h/2.
51
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
For this case the total moment acting on the bottom, Mb, is given by
(D.3)
Boundary forces on supported bottom other than constant pressure:

In 6.5.2 the supported cylinder bottom it is assumed that a constant pressure q equal to the internal
pressure p acts on the outside wall of the bottom, which gives .
Other boundary conditions are possible, e.g. bottom supported by one or more welded lugs. These cases
can be approximated by one of the following boundary conditions:
1) Force Q concentrated at the centre of the bottom (Figure D.2, left);
2) Force Q applied along an annular line with radius b (Figure D.2, right);
where
Figure D.2 — Boundary forces on supported bottom other than constant pressure
Equation systems to solve for T 0 and M 0

T0 and M0 can be found for some important cases with undercut grove by solving these equation
systems here below.
52
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
Unsupported bottom with undercut groove:
(D.3)
Supported bottom with undercut groove:
(D.4)
where
for bottom supported by a constant pressure;
for bottom supported by a concentrated load at the centre;
for bottom supported by an annular line load at radius b;

b is the radius of the annular line where the force acts;
e is the distance between the bottom’s neutral axis and the junction point;
53
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
Annex E
(informative)
Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a

given application
Is there a product standard in the following list that suits the application?
EN 12999 Cranes — Loader cranes
EN 13000 Cranes — Mobile cranes
EN 14439 Cranes — Safety — Tower cranes
EN 14985 Cranes — Slewing jib cranes
EN 15011 Cranes — Bridge and gantry cranes
EN 13852‑1 Cranes — Offshore cranes — Part 1: General purpose offshore cranes
EN 13852‑2 Cranes — Offshore cranes — Part 2: Floating cranes
EN 14492‑1 Cranes — Power driven winches and hoists — Part 1: Power driven winches
EN 14492‑2 Cranes — Power driven winches and hoists — Part 2: Power driven hoists
EN 13157 Cranes — Safety — Hand powered cranes
EN 13155 Cranes — Safety — Non-fixed load lifting attachments
EN 14238 Cranes — Manually controlled load manipulating devices
YES NO
Use it directly, plus the standards
that are referred to
Use the following:

EN 13001‑1 Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements
EN 13001‑2 Cranes — General design — Part 2: Load actions
Cranes — General Design — Part 3–1: Limit States and proof competence of steel
EN 13001‑3‑1
structure
Cranes — General design — Part 3–2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire
EN 13001‑3‑2
ropes in reeving systems
Cranes — General design — Part 3–3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/
EN 13001‑3‑3
rail contacts
Cranes — General design — Part 3–4: Limit states and proof of competence of ma-
EN 13001‑3‑4
chinery — Bearings
Cranes — General design — Part 3–5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged
EN 13001‑3‑5
hooks
Cranes — General design — Part 3–6: Limit states and proof of competence of ma-
EN 13001‑3‑6
chinery — Hydraulic cylinders
EN 13135 Cranes — Safety — Design - Requirements for equipment
EN 13557 Cranes — Controls and control stations
Cranes safety - Requirements for health and safety — Part 2: Limiting and indicating
EN 12077‑2
devices
EN 13586 Cranes — Access
EN 14502‑1 Cranes — Equipment for the lifting of persons — Part 1: Suspended baskets
54
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
EN 14502‑2 Cranes — Equipment for the lifting of persons — Part 2: Elevating control stations
EN 12644‑1 Cranes — Information for use and testing — Part 1: Instructions
EN 12644‑2 Cranes — Information for use and testing — Part 2: Marking
55
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
Annex ZA
(informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the essential

requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered
This European Standard has been prepared under a Commission’s standardization request “M/396”
to provide one voluntary means of conforming to essential requirements of Directive 2006/42/
EC Machinery.
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive 2006/42/
EC, compliance with the normative clauses of this standard given in Table ZA.1 confers, within the
limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the corresponding essential
requirements of that Directive 2006/42/EC, and associated EFTA regulations.
Table ZA.1 — Correspondence between this European Standard and Annex I of

Directive 2006/42/EC
Essential Requirements of Direc- Clause(s)/subclause(s)
Remarks/Notes
tive 2006/42/EC of this EN
Requirements given in Annex I, Claus-
Clauses 4, 5, 6 and 7 all requirements are covered
es 1.3.2 and 4.1.2.3
WARNING 1 Presumption of conformity stays valid only as long as a reference to this European Standard
is maintained in the list published in the Official Journal of the European Union. Users of this standard should
consult frequently the latest list published in the Official Journal of the European Union.
WARNING 2 Other Union legislation may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of
this standard.
56
BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018
EN 13001‑3‑6:2018 (E)
Bibliography
[1] Niemi E., Fricke W., Maddox S. J. Fatigue analysis of welded components; Designer’s guide to
the structural hot-spot stress approach, September 2006
[2] Bathe Klaus-Jürgen Finite Element Procedures, June 1995
[3] Hobbacher A. IIW International Institute of Welding. IIW-1823-07 ex XIII-2151r4-07/XV-
1254r4-07: Recommendations for fatigue design of welded joints and components, December 2008
57
NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
British Standards Institution (BSI)

BSI is the national body responsible for preparing British Standards and other
standards-related publications, information and services.
BSI is incorporated by Royal Charter. British Standards and other standardization
products are published by BSI Standards Limited.
About us Reproducing extracts

We bring together business, industry, government, consumers, innovators For permission to reproduce content from BSI publications contact the BSI
and others to shape their combined experience and expertise into standards Copyright & Licensing team.
-based solutions.
The knowledge embodied in our standards has been carefully assembled in Subscriptions
a dependable format and refined through our open consultation process. Our range of subscription services are designed to make using standards
Organizations of all sizes and across all sectors choose standards to help easier for you. For further information on our subscription products go to
them achieve their goals. bsigroup.com/subscriptions.
With British Standards Online (BSOL) you’ll have instant access to over 55,000
Information on standards British and adopted European and international standards from your desktop.
We can provide you with the knowledge that your organization needs It’s available 24/7 and is refreshed daily so you’ll always be up to date.
to succeed. Find out more about British Standards by visiting our website at You can keep in touch with standards developments and receive substantial
bsigroup.com/standards or contacting our Customer Services team or discounts on the purchase price of standards, both in single copy and subscription
Knowledge Centre. format, by becoming a BSI Subscribing Member.
Buying standards PLUS is an updating service exclusive to BSI Subscribing Members. You will
automatically receive the latest hard copy of your standards when they’re
You can buy and download PDF versions of BSI publications, including British revised or replaced.
and adopted European and international standards, through our website at
bsigroup.com/shop, where hard copies can also be purchased. To find out more about becoming a BSI Subscribing Member and the benefits
of membership, please visit bsigroup.com/shop.
If you need international and foreign standards from other Standards Development
Organizations, hard copies can be ordered from our Customer Services team. With a Multi-User Network Licence (MUNL) you are able to host standards
publications on your intranet. Licences can cover as few or as many users as you
Copyright in BSI publications wish. With updates supplied as soon as they’re available, you can be sure your
documentation is current. For further information, email [email protected].
All the content in BSI publications, including British Standards, is the property
of and copyrighted by BSI or some person or entity that owns copyright in the Revisions
information used (such as the international standardization bodies) and has
formally licensed such information to BSI for commercial publication and use. Our British Standards and other publications are updated by amendment or revision.
Save for the provisions below, you may not transfer, share or disseminate any We continually improve the quality of our products and services to benefit your
portion of the standard to any other person. You may not adapt, distribute, business. If you find an inaccuracy or ambiguity within a British Standard or other
commercially exploit, or publicly display the standard or any portion thereof in any BSI publication please inform the Knowledge Centre.
manner whatsoever without BSI’s prior written consent.
Useful Contacts
Storing and using standards Customer Services
Standards purchased in soft copy format: Tel: +44 345 086 9001
• A British Standard purchased in soft copy format is licensed to a sole named Email (orders): [email protected]
user for personal or internal company use only. Email (enquiries): [email protected]
• The standard may be stored on more than 1 device provided that it is accessible Subscriptions
by the sole named user only and that only 1 copy is accessed at any one time. Tel: +44 345 086 9001
• A single paper copy may be printed for personal or internal company use only. Email: [email protected]
• Standards purchased in hard copy format:
Knowledge Centre
• A British Standard purchased in hard copy format is for personal or internal Tel: +44 20 8996 7004
company use only.
Email: [email protected]
• It may not be further reproduced – in any format – to create an additional copy.
This includes scanning of the document. Copyright & Licensing
If you need more than 1 copy of the document, or if you wish to share the Tel: +44 20 8996 7070
document on an internal network, you can save money by choosing a subscription Email: [email protected]
product (see ‘Subscriptions’).
BSI Group Headquarters
389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL UK
This page deliberately left blank

BS en 13001-3-6-2018

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BS en 13001-3-6-2018

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

BS en 13001-3-6-2018

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BS EN 13001‑3‑6:2018

BSI Standards Publication

Cranes - General design

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

ICS 23.100.20; 53.020.20

Cranes - General design - Part 3-6: Limit states and proof

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 November 2017.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

6.5.6 Cylinder head bolts...................................................................................................................................................... 35

© ISO ISO pub-date year – All rights reserved ﻿ 5

ISO 724:1993, ISO general-purpose metric screw threads — Basic dimensions

3 Terms, definitions and symbols

3.1 Terms and definitions

3.2 Symbols an abbreviations

Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations

Figure 1 — Complete cylinder

Figure 2 — Cylinder head

— relevant limit states;

4.2 Materials for hydraulic cylinders

4.2.1 General requirements

Figure 4 — Sample for impact toughness testing

4.2.2 Grades and qualities

— the percentage elongation at fracture A % ≥ 14 % on a gauge length (where S0 is the

5 Proof of static strength

5.2 Limit design stresses

The limit design stresses shall be calculated from:

NOTE is equivalent to in EN 13001‑1.

5.2.2 Limit design stress in structural members

Figure 5 — Tensile load perpendicular to plane of rolling

5.2.3 Limit design stresses in welded connections

5.3 Linear stress analysis

5.3.2 Typical load cases and boundary conditions

Figure 6 — Pushing cylinder with supported bottom

Figure 7 — Pushing cylinder, flange mounted with unsupported bottom

Figure 8 — Pulling cylinder or pushing cylinder with pressurized rod chamber

Figure 9 — Pushing cylinder at end of stroke

Figure 10 — Pulling cylinder at end of stroke

5.3.3 Cylinder tube

Figure 11 — Stresses in cylinder tube

The tangential stress (hoop stress) is given by:

5.3.4 Cylinder bottom

5.3.4.1 Bottom plate

Figure 12 — Stresses in unsupported cylinder bottom

5.3.4.2 Bottom weld

Figure 13 — Bottom weld

5.3.5 Piston rod welds

5.3.6 Cylinder head

5.3.7 Cylinder tube and piston rod threads

5.3.8 Thread undercuts and locking wire grooves

Figure 14 — Undercuts at thread run out

5.3.9 Oil connector welds

Figure 15 — Welded oil connector

5.3.10 Connecting interfaces to crane structure

5.4 Nonlinear stress analysis

5.4.2 Standard cylinder with end moments

5.4.3 Support leg

5.5 Execution of the proof

5.5.1 Proof for load bearing components

© ISO ISO pub-date year – All rights reserved 5