for ENGINEERS Objectives: ❑Format and Rubrics about Laboratory exercises ❑Introduction to Chemistry ❑Post-laboratory Discussion ❑Unit-Conversion Laboratory Report: Border dimensions: Left= 1 inch The rest= 0.5 inch Page number dimension: Width= 0.75 inch Length= 1 inch
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plates at the end of the semester: https://docs.google.com/docu ment/d/1JgZNp8168gNNqC2a 7BMrI24Ntd4s7jZV/edit?usp= sharing&ouid=106700974649 436330556&rtpof=true&sd=t rue Rubrics: Rubrics: What is Chemistry? ❑Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that matter undergoes. ❑Chemistry has been called the “central science” because it is important to so many other fields of scientific study ❑Matter is the physical material of the universe; it is anything that has mass and occupies space. Chemistry in our lives. ❑ Examples: 1.Molecules align in the liquid crystal display of your alarm clock and electrons flow to create a noise. 2.You jump in the shower to emulsify fatty substances on your skin and hair with purified water and formulated detergents. Chemistry in our lives. ❑ Examples: 3. You adorn yourself in an array of processed chemicals—pleasant- smelling pigmented materials suspended in cosmetic gels, dyed polymeric fibers, synthetic footwear, and metal-alloyed jewelry Chemistry in our lives. ❑ Examples: 4. Breakfast is a bowl of nutrient- enriched, spoilage-retarded cereal and milk, a piece of fertilizer-grown, pesticide- treated fruit, and a cup of a hot aqueous solution of stimulating alkaloid Chemistry in our lives. ❑ Examples: 5. Washing of Hands. Chemistry in engineering. ❑ “Engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.” Chemistry in engineering. ❑ Chemistry for Mechanical Engineers Early movers: such as steam turbines, combustion engines, machine tools, pumps and compressors, cooling and heating, and certain chemical appliances. Chemistry in engineering. ❑ Chemistry for Mechanical Engineers Physical properties and phenomena that occur in a material. This includes the properties of the material in support of tension, pressure, or twist. Chemistry in engineering. ❑ Chemistry for Chemical Engineers Processing of raw materials into more useful items, either in the form of finished goods or semi- finished goods. Chemistry in engineering. ❑ Chemistry for Chemical Engineers Design and maintenance of chemical processes. “Process engineers”. Conduct research aimed at discovering new materials and techniques: such as nanotechnology, fuel cells, and biomedical engineering. Chemistry in engineering. ❑ Chemistry for Biotechnology Engineers Research in stem cell development also allows stroke patients or other diseases that result in loss or damage to body tissues can heal as before. Chemistry in engineering. ❑ Chemistry for Industrial Engineers Basic for industrial engineering. An example of the implementation of chemistry by the Industry is the use of fertilizers in the field of agriculture. Chemistry in engineering. ❑ Chemistry for Civil Engineers The application of Chemistry in civil engineering has a similarity with Mechanical Engineering. How Chemistry and Engineering transformed Aluminum ❑Where did the can of this soda came from? ❑Aluminum is light but fairly strong ❑An aluminum can is lighter than steel or tin can How Chemistry and Engineering transformed Aluminum ❑In the 19th century, Aluminum is a rare and precious metal ❑Napoleon Bonaparte impressed guests before using aluminum table wares How Chemistry and Engineering transformed Aluminum ❑Before in US, architects chose to use a100 ounce Aluminum for the capstone of a renowned Washington monument ❑Nowadays, you can find 100 pounds of Aluminum in a shop Facts about Aluminum ❑3rd most abundant element after Oxygen and Silicon ❑Occurs in an ore called “Bauxite”. Combination of rocks and aluminum with oxygen ❑Extracting from ore and purifying Aluminum is challenging and expensive Three levels of understanding From Scientific Method 1. MACROSCOPIC 2. MICROSCOPIC 3. SYMBOLIC Macroscopic ❑ Physical properties- we can measure without changing the identity of the substance ❑ Mass is measured by comparing the object given and some standard, using a balance. ❑ Density is a ratio of mass to volume. (This variable is sometimes called mass density). ❑ Chemical properties are associated with the types of chemical changes that a substance undergoes. ❑ Malleability is a measure of a material’s ability to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets, and metals are valuable in part because of their malleability Microscopic ❑All matter comprises a limited number of “building blocks,” called elements. ❑ Atoms are unimaginably small particles that cannot be made any smaller and still behave like a chemical system. ❑Molecules are groups of atoms held together so that they form a unit whose identity is distinguishably different from the atoms alone. Macroscopic & Microscopic Symbolic ❑Use symbols to represent the atoms, molecules, and reactions that make up the science ❑Created by Dimitri Mendeleev Numbers and Measurements ❑International System of Units (Système International d’Unités, or SI), carefully defined units are combined with a set of prefixes that designate powers of ten Numbers and Measurements Numbers and Measurements Significant figures 1. All non-zero numbers ARE significant. The number 33.2 has THREE significant figures because all of the digits present are non-zero. 2. Zeros between two non-zero digits ARE significant. 2051 has FOUR significant figures. The zero is between a 2 and a 5. 3. Leading zeros are NOT significant. They're nothing more than "place holders." The number 0.54 has only TWO significant figures. 0.0032 also has TWO significant figures. All of the zeros are leading. Significant figures 4. Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal ARE significant. There are FOUR significant figures in 92.00. 5. Trailing zeros in a whole number with the decimal shown ARE significant. For example, "540." indicates that the trailing zero IS significant; there are THREE significant figures in this value. Significant figures 6. Trailing zeros in a whole number with no decimal shown are NOT significant. Writing just "540" indicates that the zero is NOT significant, and there are only TWO significant figures in this value. 7. Exact numbers have an INFINITE number of significant figures. This rule applies to numbers that are definitions. For example, 1 meter = 1.00 meters=1.0000meters= 1.0000000000000000000 meters, etc. Significant figures 8. For a number in scientific notation: N x 10x, all digits comprising N ARE significant by the first 6 rules; "10" and "x" are NOT significant. 5.02 x 104 has THREE significant figures: "5.02." "10 and "4" are not significant. Unit Conversion 1. A certain medication is set to deliver through an IV at a rate of 3.0mg/min. What is the rate in ng/s?
=𝟓𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒏𝒈/𝒔 Unit Conversion 2. An automobile has a pressure of 32 psi (𝒍𝒃/𝒊𝒏𝟐). What is the pressure in 𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟐? (𝟏 𝒍b= 𝟒𝟓𝟒 𝒈, 𝟏 in=𝟐. 𝟓𝟒𝒄𝒎)
= 𝟐,𝟐𝟓𝟏.𝟖𝟒𝟓𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟐 Unit Conversion 3. The density of Propane is 𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟑.Convert this to 𝐤𝐠/𝒎𝟑. (1lb= 454 g, 1ft.=12 in., 𝟏iin= 𝟐.𝟓𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝐦
=𝟓𝟖𝟏.𝟔𝟕𝟐𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑 Energy and Temperature ❑ SI units for energy is Joules= 1kg * ❑ Fahrenheit and Celsius Freezing tem.: 32˚𝐹 vs 0˚𝐶 Boiling tem.: 212˚𝐹 vs 100˚𝐶 Energy and Temperature ❑Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin Freezing tem.: 32˚𝐹 vs 0˚𝐶 vs 273 ˚𝐾 Boiling tem.: 212˚𝐹 vs 100˚𝐶 vs 373 ˚𝐾 SAMPLE PROBLEMS 1. Convert 175˚𝐶 to ˚𝐹 ˚𝐹 = ( 1.8𝑥˚𝐶) + 32 ˚𝐹 = ( 1.8𝑥175) + 32 ˚𝐹= 𝟑𝟒𝟕˚𝑭 2. Convert -45˚𝐶 to ˚𝐹 ˚𝐹 = ( 1.8𝑥˚𝐶) + 32 ˚𝐹 = ( 1.8𝑥 − 45) + 32 ˚𝐹= −𝟒𝟗˚𝑭 SAMPLE PROBLEMS 1. Convert 67˚𝐹 to ˚𝐶 ˚𝐶 = ( ˚𝐹 − 32)/1.8 ˚𝐶 = ( ˚67 − 32)/ 1.8 ˚𝐶= 𝟏𝟗.𝟒𝟒𝟒˚𝑪 2. Convert 312˚𝐹 to ˚𝐶 ˚𝐶 = ( ˚𝐹 − 32)/1.8 ˚𝐶 = ( ˚312 − 32)/ 1.8 ˚𝐶= 𝟏𝟓𝟓.𝟓𝟓𝟔˚𝑪 SAMPLE PROBLEMS 1. Convert 175˚𝐹 to ˚𝐾 ˚𝐶= (˚𝐹 − 32)/1.8 ˚𝐶= (˚175 − 32)/ 1.8 ˚𝐶= 79.444˚𝐶 ˚𝐾 = ˚79.444 + 273.15 ˚𝐾 = 𝟑𝟓𝟐.𝟓𝟗𝟒˚𝑲 PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Send the manual conversion of units for the following. In picture or in pdf. Use : 1lb= 454 g, 1ft.=12 in.,𝟏in=𝟐.𝟓𝟒𝑥10−2m 1. Convert (5.71 × 10 2 )𝜇𝐿 𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝐿 2. 84.70 𝑘𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑠 3. 10.0 𝑇𝑏 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑏 𝑔 𝑘𝑔 4. Convert 5000 2 to 𝑖𝑛 𝑚2 𝑙𝑏 𝑔 5. Convert 985 to 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚3 6. How many Kelvins are in −17.5˚𝐶? 7. How many degrees Celsius are in 320˚𝐾? 8. How many degrees Fahrenheit are in 40.0˚𝐶? 9. How many degrees Fahrenheit are in 240˚𝐾? POST- LABORATORY DISCUSSION https://docs.google.com/document/d/15qB ddRl9A4mldkf6aKYwrzZnItegOuGm/edit?us p=sharing&ouid=10389053515619941624 9&rtpof=true&sd=true LABORATORY SAFETY SYMBOLS LABORATORY SAFETY SYMBOLS
