Chapter -1

Magnetic Circuits

1.Define magnetic flux density and magnetic field strength

Ans. Magnetic flux density: The flux density is the number of magnetic lines of flux that pass through a
certain point on a surface. It is denoted by B. The SI unit is T (tesla).

Magnetic field strength: It is the force experienced by a unit North pole at a point in magnetic field. It is
denoted by H. Its unit is N/Wb.

2. Define magnetic flux and Magneto motive force.

Ans. Magnetic flux: Magnetic flux is a measurement of the total magnetic field which passes through a given
area.

Magneto motive force: Similar to the way that electromotive force (EMF) drives a current of electrical charge in
electrical circuits, magneto motive force (MMF) 'drives' magnetic flux through magnetic circuits.

3. Define Permeability and Reluctance.

Ans Permeability: Permeability is the measure of the ability of a material to support the formation of a magnetic
field within itself. Its unit is Henry/meter.

µ=B/H

Reluctance: It is the property of a magnetic circuit to oppose the passage of magnetic flux lines through it. It is
equivalent to resistance in electric circuit. It is denoted by S. Its unit is AT/Wb (Ampere turns per weber.)

S=1/R

4. Differentiate Electric and Magnetic circuit.

5. State Faradays Law of Electromagnetic induction.

Ans: Faradays Ist law: First Law of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction state that whenever a conductor are
placed in a varying magnetic field emf are induced in it and cureent flows in the circuit.

Faraday's second law: Faraday's second law of electromagnetic induction states that, the magnitude
of induced emf is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages with the coil. E=N dØ/dt

6. Differentiate series and parallel magnetic circuit

Series magnetic circuit Parallel Magnetic circuit

1

2 It has one magnetic path. It has two magnetic path.

3 Total Reluctance S=S1+S2+S3 1/S=1/S1+1/S2+1/S3

4 Total Total MMF=

7. Explain LENZ’S law.

8. Explain Dynamically induced emf and Statistically induced emf.

Statically induced e.m.f Dynamically induced e.m.f

1 E.m.f is induced in the coil by change in flux and E.m.f is induced in the coil due to physical
there is no physical motion. movement of magnetic field or coil.

2 There are two types of statically induced emf: It has only one type.
1)Self induced emf E=Blv SinꝊ
2)Mutually induced emf
3 Direction of induced emf is given by Lenz law. Direction of induced emf is given by Flemings
Right hand Rule
4 Transformer is based on his principal. DC generator is based on this principal.
9. Explain Flemings right hand rule.

Fleming's right-hand rule gives which direction the

current flows. The right hand is held with the thumb,
index finger and middle finger mutually perpendicular to
each other. The thumb is pointed in the direction of the
motion of the conductor relative to the magnetic field.

10. Explain self and mutual inductance.

Ans. In self-inductance, the magnetic field created by a changing current in the circuit induces a voltage in the
same wire or circuit - in other words voltage is self-induced.

Mutual inductance: Mutual inductance is where the magnetic field generated by a coil of wire induces voltage in
an adjacent coil of wire.

Fundamentals for single phase and Polyphase circuits

1) Give 4 advantages of AC over DC

Ans. Advantages to A.C. over D.C.

 Ac is easy to generate than DC.

 It is cheaper to generate ac than DC.
 The AC generators have higher efficiency than DC.
 The loss of energy during transmission is less for ac than DC.
 The ac can be easily converted into dc using rectifier.
 Ac can be easily stepped up and stepped down using transformer.
 2) Define 1)Instantaneous value 2) Time period 3) Frequency 4) Amplitude
Ans: 1)Instantaneous value : The value of the alternating quantity at a particular instant of time is
called as the instantaneous value.
2) Time period: Time taken by the alternating signal to complete one cycle is called as a time period it
is denoted by capital T and is measured in seconds.

3) Frequency: Number cycles completed per second by the alternating signal is called as frequency.
Denoted by F and measured in Hertz.

T=1/f

4) Amplitude: the maximum value attained by the alternating signal in the positive as well as the
negative half is called asthe amplitude of the signal.

3) Define 1) RMS value 2) Average value

Ans: 1) RMS Value : The value of d.c. quantity which produces same amount of heat as produced by
alternating quantity through the same circuit for the same period of time is called as RMS value.

Vrms = 0.707 Vm
Irms = 0.707 Im
2) Average value: the average of all the instantaneous values of an alternating voltage and currents
over one complete cycle is called Average Value.
Vav = 0.637 Vm

Iav = 0.637 Im

4) Explain the concept of Phase angle and phase difference.

Ans: Phase angle:

Phase difference: The difference in phases of two ac quantity is called phase difference. There can be
three cases

1) In phase quantity or zero phase difference

2) Lagging phase difference
3) Leading phase difference

In phase quantity or zero phase difference: If two ac quantities having same frequency attains their
zero value and maximum value simultaneously are said to be in phase with each other.

5) Explain the concept of lagging and leading phase dfference

 Lagging phase difference: If an alternating quantity having same frequency is attaining its zero
value and maximum value one after another alternating quantity, then they are said to have lagging
phase difference. It is represented by (-) sign.

Leading phase difference: If an alternating quantity having same frequency is attaining its zero value
and maximum value before another alternating quantity, then they are said to have leading phase
difference. It is represented by (+) sign.

6) Draw the (i)circuit diagram (ii) waveform (iii) phasor/vector diagram and of purely resistive
circuit connected top ac supply. Also write the equations of Voltage and current.

Ans: Circuit diagram, waveform and phasor diagram.

(i) Circuit diagram (ii) Waveform (iii) Phasor/vector diagram

For a pure resistive circuit, equation of voltage and current are

V = Vm sin ωt, I = Im sin ωt

7) Draw the circuit diagram, phasor and waveform of purely inductive circuit connected top ac
supply. Also write the equations of Voltage and current.

Ans:
(i) Circuit diagram (ii) Waveform (iii) Phasor/vector diagram

For a pure resistive circuit, equation of voltage and current are

V = Vm sin ωt, I = Im sin (ωt-900)

8) Draw the circuit diagram, phasor and waveform of purely inductive circuit connected to ac
supply. Also write the equations of Voltage and current.
Ans:

(i) Circuit diagram (ii) Waveform (iii) Phasor/vector diagram

For a pure capacitive circuit, equation of voltage and current are

0
V = Vm sin ωt, I = Im sin (ωt+90 )

Poly Phase Circuit

1. Draw the waveform and write voltage equations of 3 phase ac supply.

Ans. 3 phase AC waveform
Voltage Equations:
VR = Vm Sin wt
VY = Vm Sin(wt-120 )
VB = Vm Sin(wt-240 )

2.State any four advantages of 3 phase over single phase circuits.

Ans: Advantages of Three phase circuits over Single phase circuits:
i. Three phase transmission line requires less conductor material for same power transfer at same voltage.
ii. For same size, three phase machine gives more output.
iii. Three phase induction motors are self-starting.
iv. For same rating, three phase motors have better power factor.
v. Three phase transformers are more economical. Power capacity to weight ratio is more.
vi. Three phase machines have higher efficiencies.

3.Draw balanced star system. Show all voltages and currents, write the relation for voltage and current.
Ans: Balanced star system Relation for voltage and current:

Line current IL=IPh

Phase voltage Vph=√3VL

4. Define for polyphase circuit

(i) Balanced load
(ii) Unbalanced load. Draw one example circuit for each type of load.

Ans: i) Balanced Load:

Balanced three phase load is defined as star or delta connection of three equal impedances having equal
real parts and equal imaginary parts

Unbalanced Load:
When the magnitudes and phase angles of three impedances are differ from each other, then it is called as
unbalanced load.