APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT

UNIT V
APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT
Complete Design of Embedded Systems – Development of IoT Applications – Home
Automation – Smart Agriculture – Smart Cities – Smart Healthcare
COMPLETE DESIGN OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Process is important because without it, we can’t reliably deliver the products we want to
create. Thinking about the sequence of steps necessary to build something may seem
superfluous.
When several people work together on a project, they need to agree on who will do things
and how they will get done. Being explicit about process is important when people work
together. Therefore, since many embedded computing systems are too complex to be designed
and built by one person, we have to think about design processes.
The obvious goal of a design process is to create a product that does something useful.
Three of these goals are summarized below.
 Time-to-market
 Design cost
 Quality
■ Time-to-market:
The product that comes out first can win the market, even setting customer preferences
for future generations of the product. The competition is against the calendar, not just
competitors. Calculators, for example, are disproportionately sold just before school starts in the
fall. If you miss your market window, you have to wait a year for another sales season.
■ Design cost:
Many consumer products are very cost sensitive. The costs of designing the system are
distinct from manufacturing cost—the cost of engineers’ salaries, computers used in design, and
so on must be spread across the units sold. In some cases, only one or a few copies of an
embedded system may be built, so design costs can dominate manufacturing costs.
■ Quality:
Customers not only want their products fast and cheap, they also want them to be right. A
design methodology that cranks out shoddy products will soon be forced out of the marketplace.
Correctness, reliability, and usability must be explicitly addressed from the beginning of the
design job to obtain a high-quality product at the end.

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Design Flows
A design flow is a sequence of steps to be followed during a design.
Waterfall Model

The above figure shows the waterfall model introduced by Royce, the first model
proposed for the software development process. The waterfall development model consists of
five major phases:
1. Requirements Analysis - Determines the basic characteristics of the system.
2. Architecture Design - Decomposes the functionality into major components.
3. Coding Implements - Implements the pieces and integrates them
4. Testing - Uncovers bugs
5. Maintenance - Entails deployment in the field, bug fixes, and upgrades.
Spiral Model
The figure below illustrates an alternative model of software development called the
spiral model .While the waterfall model assumes that the system is built once in its entirety, the
spiral model assumes that several versions of the system will be built. At each level of design,
the designers go through requirements, construction, and testing phases.

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The first cycles at the top of the spiral are very small and short, while the final cycles at
the spiral’s bottom add detail learned from the earlier cycles of the spiral. The spiral model is
more realistic than the waterfall model because multiple iterations are often necessary to add
enough detail to complete a design. However, a spiral methodology with too many spirals may
take too long when design time is a major requirement.
Successive Refinement Design

In this approach, the system is built several times. A first system is used as a rough
prototype, and successive models of the system are further refined. This methodology makes
sense when you are relatively unfamiliar with the application domain for which you are building
the system.
Refining the system by building several increasingly complex systems allows you to test
out design techniques. The various iterations may also be only partially completed; for example,
continuing an initial system only through the detailed design phase may teach you enough to
help you avoid many mistakes in a second design iteration that is carried through to completion.
Simple Hardware/Software Design Methodolgy

Embedded computing systems often involve the design of hardware as well as software.
Figure above shows a design methodology for a combined hardware/software project.

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Front-end activities such as specification and architecture simultaneously consider

hardware and software aspects. Similarly, back-end integration and testing consider the entire
system. In the middle, development of hardware and software components can go on relatively
independently—while testing of one will require stubs of the other, most of the hardware and
software work can proceed relatively independently.
A Hierarchical Design Flow for an Embedded System

In fact, many complex embedded systems are themselves built of smaller designs. The
complete system may require the design of significant software components, custom logic and
these in turn may be built from smaller components that need to be designed.
The implementation phase of a flow is itself a complete flow from specification through
testing. In such a large project, each flow will probably be handled by separate people or teams.
The teams must rely on each other’s results.
The component teams take their requirements from the team handling the next higher
level of abstraction, and the higher-level team relies on the quality of design and testing
performed by the component team. Good communication is vital in such large projects.
Concurrent Engineering
Concurrent engineering attempts to take a broader approach and optimize the total flow.
Reduced design time is an important goal for concurrent engineering, but it can help with any
aspect of the design that cuts across the design flow, such as reliability, performance, power
consumption, and so on. It tries to eliminate “over-the-wall” design steps, in which one designer
performs an isolated task and then throws the result over the wall to the next designer, with little
interaction between the two.

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Concurrent engineering efforts are comprised of several elements:

1. Cross-functional teams
Cross-functional teams include members from various disciplines involved in the
process, including manufacturing, hardware and software design, marketing, and so forth.
2. Concurrent product realization
Concurrent product realization process activities are at the heart of concurrent
engineering.
3. Incremental information sharing
Incremental information sharing and use helps minimize the chance that concurrent
product realization will lead to surprises.
4. Integrated project management Integrated project management ensures that someone is
responsible for the entire project, and that responsibility is not abdicated once one aspect
of the work is done.
REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS
Before designing a system, we need to know what we are designing. The terms
“requirements” and “specifications” are used in a variety of ways.
Requirements are informal descriptions of what the customer wants
Specifications are more detailed, precise, and consistent descriptions of the system that
can be used to create the architecture.
We have two types of requirements:
1. Functional - what the system must do
2. Nonfunctional. - any number of other attributes
A functional requirement states what the system must do, such as compute an FFT. A
nonfunctional requirement can be any number of other attributes, including physical size, cost,
power consumption, design time, reliability, and so on.
A good set of requirements should meet several tests.
1. Correctness: The requirements should not mistakenly describe what the customer wants.
Unambiguousness: The requirements document should be clear and have only one plain
language interpretation.
2. Completeness: All requirements should be included.

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3. Verifiability: There should be a cost-effective way to ensure that each requirement is

satisfied in the final product.
4. Consistency: One requirement should not contradict another requirement.
5. Modifiability: The requirements document should be structured so that it can be
modified to meet changing requirements without losing consistency verifiability.
6. Traceability: Each requirement should be traceable in the following ways:
a. We should be able to trace backward from the requirements to know why each
requirement exists.
b. We should also be able to trace forward from documents created before the
requirements to understand how they relate to the final requirements.
c. We should be able to trace forward to understand how each requirement is
satisfied in the implementation.
d. We should also be able to trace backward from the implementation to know
which requirements they were intended to satisfy.
Specifications
Control-Oriented Specification Languages

An example of a widely used state machine specification language is the SDL language,
which was developed by the communications industry for specifying communication protocols,
telephone systems, and so forth.

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As illustrated in Figure above, SDL specifications include states, actions, and both
conditional and unconditional transitions between states. SDL is an event-oriented state machine
model since transitions between states are caused by internal and external events.
State Charts
The Statechart is one well-known technique for state-based specification that introduced
some important concepts. The Statechart notation uses an event-driven model. Statecharts allow
states to be grouped together to show common functionality.
There are two basic groupings:
1. OR
2. AND.
Or State In State Chart

And State In State Chart

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System Analysis And Architecture Design

The CRC card methodology is a well-known and useful way to help analyze a system’s
structure. It is particularly well suited to object oriented design since it encourages the
encapsulation of data and functions. The acronym CRC stands for the following three major
items that the methodology tries to identify:
■ Classes define the logical groupings of data and functionality.
■ Responsibilities describe what the classes do.
■ Collaborators are the other classes with which a given class works.

The CRC card methodology is informal, but you should go through the following steps
when using it to analyze a system:
1. Develop an initial list of classes:
Write down the class name and perhaps a few words on what it does. A class may
represent a real-world object or an architectural object. Identifying which category the class falls
into is helpful.
2. Write an initial list of responsibilities and collaborators:
The responsibilities list helps describe in a little more detail what the class does. The
collaborators list should be built from obvious relationships between classes. Both the
responsibilities and collaborators will be refined in the later stages.
3. Create some usage scenarios:
These scenarios describe what the system does. Scenarios probably begin with some type
of outside stimulus, which is one important reason for identifying the relevant real-world objects.
4. Walk through the scenarios:
This is the heart of the methodology. During the walk-through, each person on the team
represents one or more classes. The scenario should be simulated by acting: people can call out
what their class is doing, ask other classes to perform operations, and so on.

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5. Refine the classes, responsibilities, and collaborators:

Some of this will be done during the course of the walkthrough, but making a second
pass after the scenarios is a good idea. The longer perspective will help you make more global
changes to the CRC cards.
6. Add class relationships:
Once the CRC cards have been refined, subclass and super class relationships should
become clearer and can be added to the cards.
Quality Assurance
The quality of a product or service can be judged by how well it satisfies its intended
function. A product can be of low quality for several reasons, such as it was shoddily
manufactured, its components were improperly designed, its architecture was poorly conceived,
and the product’s requirements were poorly understood. Quality must be designed in.
The quality assurance (QA) process is vital for the delivery of a satisfactory system. In
this section we will concentrate on portions of the methodology particularly aimed at improving
the quality of the resulting system.
Quality Assurance Techniques
The International Standards Organization (ISO) has created a set of quality standards
known as ISO 9000. ISO 9000 was created to apply to a broad range of industries, including but
not limited to embedded hardware and software. A standard developed for a particular product,
such as wooden construction beams, could specify criteria particular to that product, such as the
load that a beam must be able to carry.
We can, however, make the following observations about quality management based on
ISO 9000:
1. Process is crucial: Haphazard development leads to haphazard products and low quality.
Knowing what steps are to be followed to create a high quality product is essential to
ensuring that all the necessary steps are in fact followed.
2. Documentation is important: The creation of the documents describing processes helps
those involved understand the processes; documentation helps internal quality monitoring
groups to ensure that the required processes are actually being followed; and
documentation also helps outside groups (customers, auditors, etc.) understand the
processes and how they are being implemented.

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3. Communication is important: Quality ultimately relies on people. Good documentation

is aids for helping people understand the total quality process.
One well-known way of measuring the quality of an organization’s software development
process is the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) developed by Carnegie Mellon University’s
Software Engineering Institute.
The CMM provides a model for judging an organization. It defines the following five
levels of maturity:
1. Initial: A poorly organized process, with very few well-defined processes. Success of
a project depends on the efforts of individuals, not the organization itself.
2. Repeatable: This level provides basic tracking mechanisms that allow management to
understand cost, scheduling, and how well the systems under development meet their
goals.
3. Defined: The management and engineering processes are documented and
standardized. All projects make use of documented and approved standard methods.
4. Managed: This phase makes detailed measurements of the development process and
product quality.
5. Optimizing: At the highest level, feedback from detailed measurements is used to
continually improve the organization’s processes.
Verifying the Specification
The requirements and specification are generated very early in the design process.
Verifying the requirements and specification is very important for the simple reason that bugs in
the requirements or specification can be extremely expensive to fix later on. Figure below shows
how the cost of fixing bugs grows over the course of the design process. The longer a bug
survives in the system, the more expensive it will be to fix.

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A coding bug, if not found until after system deployment, will cost money to recall and
reprogram existing systems, among other things. But a bug introduced earlier in the flow and not
discovered until the same point will accrue all those costs and more costs as well.
Validation is in fact part of the effort of generating the requirements and specification.
Some techniques can be applied while they are being created to help you understand the
requirements and specifications, while others are applied on a draft, with results used to modify
the specs.
Prototypes are a very useful tool when dealing with end users—rather than simply
describe the system to them in broad, technical terms, a prototype can let them see, hear, and
touch at least some of the important aspects of the system. However, user interfaces in particular
are well suited to prototyping and user testing. Canned or randomly generated data can be used
to simulate the internal operation of the system.

DESIGN REVIEWS
The design review is a critical component of any QA process. The design review is a
simple, low-cost way to catch bugs early in the design process. A design review is simply a
meeting in which team members discuss a design, reviewing how a component of the system
works.
A design review is held to review a particular component of the system. A design review
team has the following members:

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1. The Designers 3. The Review Scribe

2. The Review Leader 4. The Review Audience
1. The designers of the component being reviewed are, of course, central to the design
process. They present their design to the rest of the team for review and analysis.
2. The review leader coordinates the pre-meeting activities, the design review itself, and
the post-meeting follow-up.
3. The review scribe records the minutes of the meeting so that designers and others know
which problems need to be fixed.
4. The review audience studies the component. Audience members will naturally include
other members of the project for which this component is being designed.
DEVELOPMENT OF IOT APPLICATIONS
IoT application development refers to creating software applications that leverage the
Internet of Things (IoT) technology to enhance functionality and user experience for IoT devices.
These apps can connect with devices through sensors and internet connectivity to offer features
such as remote monitoring, battery status updates, and even predictive maintenance alerts. By
developing IoT apps, we can improve the efficiency, convenience, and sustainability of device
usage, ultimately benefiting both manufacturers and users.

Step 1: Define the requirements for the application

An important step in developing an IoT application is to define the goal and scope of
your app. This entails you getting to the bare bones of your objective. Decide what you want to
achieve once the app is live. The goals may include:
 Tracking movement or location in real-time, allowing users to see where their devices are
throughout the day (e.g., EVs owned by a delivery chain)
 Monitoring temperature or humidity levels, which could help you manage
heating/cooling systems (e.g., hospitals)

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 Using sensors to detect harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, methane, and hydrogen
sulfide at industrial plants (e.g., refineries)
The scope of your application will include the features that you require. This could include:
 Device Management
 Dashboarding
 Device to Mobile Communication
 Remote Shell
 Over-the-air updates
 Device Shadow
 Metadata management
 Data visualization
Step 2: Choosing the right hardware
The type of hardware depends on your project requirements. It could be sensors, GPS
trackers, or even wearables. But it is important to pick devices that are reliable and relevant to
your project. Take a look at the sensors that are available. If you are developing smartwatches,
for example, you will need oxymeters, pedometers, and pulse monitors. But if you are
developing smart vehicles, you will need different sensors like GPS or altitude monitors.
Depending on whether your device is consumer-based, industrial, or automobile-focused,
you will have to find sensors that are appropriate. Industrial and automotive sensors need to be
far more reliable than those on consumer devices, as they undertake more sensitive tasks.
Once you have settled on the sensors, you also need to look at the larger hardware
architecture and figure out if you need microcontrollers or microprocessors on the device to
process the data. These details may seem overwhelming, but it is important to get them right as
changing your hardware down the road is going to be time-consuming and expensive.
Step 3: Find the right connectivity protocols
There are several network protocols that you can use like WiFi, 2G, 5G, Bluetooth,
LoRa, NB-IoT, or Zigbee. Depending on your devices and the availability of resources, you need
to pick the right channels for connectivity. If your devices are usually used in a home or office
environment, for example, you can use WiFi for data transmission. Whereas if your devices are
going to be in motion or in remote locations, you may want to pick GSM. Similarly, a
companion device such as a smartwatch could use Bluetooth.

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As with hardware, it is unlikely that you will be able to change this decision down the
road, so it is important to pick the right protocol for the use cases you have in mind. This will
also affect your cost structures. Adding GSM connectivity will mean you will have to incur
cellular data charges whereas with WiFi & Bluetooth these concerns don’t exist.
Step 4: Ensure the firmware is well-equipped
Firmware, or device-side software, are the technical terms for the program that runs your
hardware. It is essential to ensure that your firmware is well equipped, or else you could
experience data loss, and end up spending a lot more on data storage and transmission than
necessary. Ensure that your firmware has the following capabilities: Retries for pushing data on
network disconnections so that connectivity issues do not lead to data loss.
Disk persistence in the absence of network for long periods of time. This is absolutely
necessary if your devices are going to be mobile or remotely located.
Batching & compression to save data costs. Data costs can pile up over time and drastically bring
down your ROI. Data encryption using TLS allows you to ensure data security for sensitive data.
Reliable downloads of over-the-air update images will ensure frequent updates that improve
efficiency and device performance over time.
Step 5: Pick the right cloud platform
The right IoT platform will hand you the necessary tools to create an application that
serves your purpose. In order to choose an IoT platform that works for you, you need to look for
the following:
 Uptime
 Data security
 Debugging
 Feature stability
 Security
 Migration capabilities
 Connectivity, and
 Scalability

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HOME AUTOMATION
Home Automation is a system that allows users to control various appliances of varying
kinds and also makes controlling of home appliances easier and saves energy. Nowadays, home
automation is used more and more. On the other hand, it provides increased comfort especially
when everyone is busy with their work. Home automation installed in houses does not only
increase comfort but also allows centralized control of heating, ventilation, air-condition, and
lighting. Hence, they contribute to an overall cost reduction and also useful in energy saving
which is certainly the main problem today.
In present years, wireless systems like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth have become more and more
common in home networking. Also in home automation, the use of wireless technologies gives
several advantages that could not be achieved using a wired network only.
Home Automation Components: At the most initial level, home automation systems are made
up of three elements-
1. A smart device.
2. A hub.
3. A connected application.
While some other home automation systems work with just two elements which include a single
device that works with the help of an app on mobile or a tablet or a system that includes a hands-
free hub that controls home automation system while most of the systems work using all the
above three components.
1. Smart Devices: These are the real powerhouse of any home automation system. These are the
main parts that actually implement the whole system commands. Examples of the smart devices
which can be added to any home automation to complete the whole system are as follows:
 Access Control
 Security Devices: This includes security cameras, smart locks.
 Home Appliances: Smart refrigerators, washing machines, dishwashers, and ovens
already exist.
 Smaller Appliances: As automatic coffee pots and electric kettle have been also around
for a while too
 Climate Controls: Climate control system with energy management systems
 Smart Thermostats.

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 Entertainment Pieces: Entertainment includes smart TVs, wireless speakers, and film
projectors
 Health Care Devices: Smart humidifiers and smart scales are two common examples of
health care devices.
 Lighting Controls: They include dimmers, light bulbs, light strips, and switches, etc.
A high-speed internet plays an important role in smooth connectivity and also plays an important
reliable performance between Wi-Fi-enabled devices.
2. Smart Hubs: The hub is the controlling center of the home automation system. It is the piece
that connects your individual devices and helps them talk to one another.
3. Mobile Apps: The mobile application provides an interface between the user and the system.
It gives you the ability to control or monitor your smart devices remotely. They can be easily
downloaded with the help of a provided application on mobile and provide access control of the
system, power controls, timer access, and many more things.

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How Home Automation Works?

Home automation works with the help of a network of devices that are connected to the
Internet through different communication systems like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, and others.
Through these devices can be managed remotely through controllers through an app. Many of
these IoT devices have sensors that monitor changes in motion, temperature, and light so the user
can gain information about the device’s surroundings.
Three steps are followed in Home automation as follows:
1. Monitoring: This means keeping the control of the system using an app on a device
remotely.
2. Control: This means that the system can be controlled remotely from anywhere through
the app by the user.
3. Automation: Automation means making almost all devices automatic for making it a
better system.
Applications: Some of the most common applications of home automation are as follows-
 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.
 Lighting control system.
 Occupancy-aware control system.
 Leak detection.
 Smoke sensors.
 Indoor positioning systems.
 Home automation for the elderly and disabled.
 Air quality control.
 Smart Kitchen.
 Connected Cooking.
 Voice control devices like Amazon Alexa or Google Home used to control home
appliances or systems etc.
Security And Privacy Concern: The security and privacy of any home automation system are
at the top level for keeping the working of home automation smoothly. So, there are some steps
or knowledge it can be achieved easily and vastly which are as follows:
1. Privacy Policy: Read the privacy policy carefully and know each and every point about
how they share it and sell it to third parties.

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2. Naming of Router: Be sure to give your router a name except for the name it came with
when get purchased.
3. Encryption: Select an end-to-end encrypted method for your Wi-Fi, like WPA2.
4. WiFi Password: Make separate passwords for each Wi-Fi connection to your devices.
5. Separate WiFi Network: For the most security for your IoT devices use a separate Wi-
Fi network for IoT devices only. This will also create faster Internet speeds all around.
6. Password: Make your home automation password protected. Choose a strong password
for the WI-Fi network.
7. Device settings: Devices have features enabled by default that are not necessarily
required so, turn it off when these features are not in use like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and
knowing your location i.e. Location Tracking feature.
8. Software Updates: The software update is also the most important step in security
because it performs all the steps needed for security or privacy concerns.
9. Authentication: Using a two-factor authentication system will help a lot because by this
the password or any kind of verification first comes to your mobile phone then only any
application gets opened.
10. VPN: It stands for Virtual Private Network. If VPN is being used or any other public
network for connection, then hide your IP address.
Advantages of Home Automation:
 Energy Savings: Self-automated light bulbs, fans, and switchboards save energy, cutting
utility costs over time.
 Home Safety: Home automation provides the best technologies for home security.
Consumers purchase these devices because they want to make their homes safer and
more secure. Automatic lighting systems and motion sensors help people to enter doors
and walk late at night.
 User Convenient: Because home automation performs role tasks automatically, end-
users experience great convenience. For instance, you could use sensors indoors to turn
on your smart lighting when you unlock the front door.
 Better Control: Consumers also choose smart home devices to better control functions
within the home. With home automation technology, you can know easily what’s
happening inside your home at all times.

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 Comfortable Atmosphere: All Connected devices around our home can also help to
create a comfortable atmosphere—they provide intelligent and reliable lighting, sound,
and temperature, which can all help to create a comfortable environment.
 Provide Peace of Mind: This system may help consumers to invest in home automation
for peace of mind.
 Remote Access: Being able to control devices remotely means things like unlocking the
door for a plant sitter without having to leave a key under the mat.
SMART AGRICULTURE
The development of modern technologies impacts all spheres of human activity,
including the agricultural sector. Smart farming is a relatively new concept of advanced farm
management. Smart farming in agriculture involves using various software and equipment to
optimize and automate routine processes. With the spread of the Internet and mobile devices,
such technologies have become available not only for large companies but also for small private
farms. It helps growers optimize production and compete with larger agro companies. Since
smart agriculture practices have undeniable advantages for businesses over conventional
methods, it is worth exploring the features of this approach in more depth.

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The essence of smart farming is the introduction of new technologies in agricultural

activities. The use of drones, artificial intelligence, big data, IoT, satellites, and so on makes
farming and agriculture “smart,” allowing growers to optimize their work and get better results.
All this reduces the percentage of manual labor, lower financial costs, and increases production
volumes, making agribusiness more cost-effective.
The IoT-Based Smart Farming Cycle
The core of IoT is the data you can draw from things and transmit over the internet. To
optimize the farming process, IoT devices installed on a farm should collect and process data in a
repetitive cycle that enables farmers to react quickly to emerging issues and changes in ambient
conditions. Smart farming follows a cycle similar to this one:
1. Observation . Sensors record observational data from the crops, livestock, soil, or
atmosphere.
2. Diagnostics. The sensor values are fed to a cloud-hosted IoT platform with predefined
decision rules and models—also called “business logic”—that ascertain the condition of the
examined object and identify any deficiencies or needs.
3. Decisions . After issues are revealed, the user, and/or machine learning-driven components of
the IoT platform determine whether location-specific treatment is necessary and, if so, which.
4. Action . After end-user evaluation and action, the cycle repeats from the beginning.
Smart Farming Technologies
The term “smart farming” is quite broad and includes various tools and technologies to
optimize agricultural activities. Among the most effective and convenient smart farming tools
are the following:
1. Machine learning. Self-learning technologies give you the power to predict changes in
climate, soil and water parameters, carbon content, disease and pest spreading, and more.
2. Smart farming sensors. Sensitive sensors help farmers to monitor the slightest changes
in the state of the environment and fields in real-time.
3. Drones and satellites with cameras. With their help, growers can create regularly
updated maps and monitor the territory remotely without the need to go to the field.
4. Big data. Without them, it is impossible to imagine the possibility of accurate forecasts,
activity planning, and designing more efficient business models. Smart farming and big
data allow you to make long-term decisions and take action right now.

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5. Internet of Things (IoT) gives you the opportunity to combine all the tools and solutions
into a single system. All devices and software can exchange data and perform specific
actions based on patterns.
IoT Smart Farming Solutions
A huge network of sensors, drones, applications, and other agriculture software and
equipment is not easy to manage. Smart farming IoT in agriculture solves this problem by
connecting all available data sources into a single functional system using the Internet and
wireless connections. Thanks to it, farmers can see and manage all data and equipment using one
device in real-time without going on the field.
This smart farming approach improves overall plant productivity, reduces waste, and
optimizes electricity, fuel, water, and fertilizer use. Moreover, depending on the
characteristics of the business and sensor data, farmers can decide which processes should
remain in manual mode and which tasks are best automated. Among the leading solutions that
IoT based smart farming can offer are:
 Smart greenhouses with unique microclimates;
 Remote management of pastures and livestock;
 Monitoring of the territory with the help of drones;
 Long-term forecasts and financial analytics;
 Precise watering;
 Smart pest and disease control;
 Monitoring of crops and harvest;
 Tracking and predicting the weather in agriculture.
IoT Solutions to Agricultural Problems
Many believe that IoT can add value to all areas of farming, from growing crops to
forestry. While there are several ways that IoT can improve farming, two of the major ways IoT
can revolutionize agriculture are precision farming and farming automation.
Precision Farming
Precision farming, or precision agriculture, is an umbrella concept for IoT-based
approaches that make farming more controlled and accurate. In simple words, plants and cattle
get precisely the treatment they need, determined by machines with superhuman accuracy. The
biggest difference from the classical approach is that precision farming allows decisions to be

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made per square meter or even per plant/animal rather than for a field. By precisely measuring
variations within a field, farmers can boost the effectiveness of pesticides and fertilizers, or use
them selectively.
Precision Livestock Farming
As is the case of precision agriculture, smart farming techniques enable farmers better to
monitor the needs of individual animals and adjust their nutrition accordingly, thereby
preventing disease and enhancing herd health. Large farm owners can use wireless IoT
applications to monitor the location, well-being, and health of their cattle. With this information,
they can identify sick animals, so that they can be separated from the herd to prevent the spread
of disease.
Automation in Smart Greenhouses
Traditional greenhouses control the environmental parameters through manual
intervention or a proportional control mechanism, which often results in production loss, energy
loss, and increased labor costs. IoT-driven smart greenhouses can intelligently monitor as well as
control the climate, eliminating the need for manual intervention. Various sensors are deployed
to measure the environmental parameters according to the specific requirements of the crop. That
data is stored in a cloud-based platform for further processing and control with minimal manual
intervention.
Agricultural Drones
Agriculture is one of the major verticals to incorporate both ground-based and aerial
drones for crop health assessment, irrigation, crop monitoring, crop spraying, planting, soil and
field analysis, and other spheres. Since drones collect multispectral, thermal, and visual imagery
while flying, the data they gather provide farmers with insights into a whole array of metrics:
plant health indices, plant counting and yield prediction, plant height measurement, canopy cover
mapping, field water pond mapping, scouting reports, stockpile measuring, chlorophyll
measurement, nitrogen content in wheat, drainage mapping, weed pressure mapping, and so on.
Importantly, IoT-based smart farming doesn’t only target large-scale farming operations;
it can add value to emerging trends in agriculture like organic farming, family farming, including
breeding particular cattle and/or growing specific cultures, preservation of particular or high-
quality varieties, and enhance highly transparent farming to consumers, society and market
consciousness.

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Third Green Revolution

Smart farming and IoT-driven agriculture are paving the way for what can be called a
Third Green Revolution. Following the plant breeding and genetics revolutions, the Third Green
Revolution is taking over agriculture. That revolution draws upon the combined application of
data-driven analytics technologies, such as precision farming equipment, IoT, big data analytics,
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs or drones), robotics, etc.
In the future, this smart farming revolution depicts, pesticide and fertilizer use will drop
while overall efficiency will rise. IoT technologies will enable better food traceability, which in
turn will lead to increased food safety. It will also be beneficial for the environment, through, for
example, more efficient use of water, or optimization of treatments and inputs.
Smart Farming Challenges
Despite all the advantages of smart farming and the use of advanced technologies, this
concept faces some challenges:
1. Lack of Internet. To implement smart ag technologies, you need a stable Internet
connection. Unfortunately, it is not available in all regions of the world.
2. Low awareness. Modern systems require fine-tuning and knowing the features of their
operation. Some farmers do not fully understand the benefits of using smart farming
technologies or do not know how to work effectively with them.
3. Lack of unification. Many suppliers and machinery manufacturers make it difficult to
arrange a single system since their equipment may not be compatible. Smooth integration
of equipment and software requires standardization of the technologies used.
4. Lack of scalability. Both small farmers and large corporations should be able to use the
same technologies, just at different scales. Easily scalable solutions would mean easier
and faster production expansion.
Future of Smart Farming
Smart farming is the future of all agricultural production. Its implementation allows
growers to arrange effective production management, meeting the population’s growing
demands and, at the same time, creating a humane and eco-friendly environment. Modern
technologies can offer farmers extensive control, monitoring, planning, and exploration
capabilities. The spread of smart farming is inextricably linked with the development of
technology, especially satellite solutions. Modern and multifunctional satellites can significantly

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contribute to optimizing agricultural activities and become a key link in making production
decisions. Platforms such as EOSDA Crop Monitoring can participate in the transfer of
information between each IoT link and simplify the integration of processed satellite images into
specialized platforms. The future of smart farming and agriculture on Earth is in space.
SMART CITIES
A smart city is a city in which a suite of sensors (typically hundreds or thousands) is
deployed to collect electronic data from and about people and infrastructure so as to improve
efficiency and quality of life. Residents and city workers, in turn, may be provided with apps that
allow them to access city services, receive and issue reports of outages, accidents, and crimes,
pay taxes, fees, and the like. In the smart city, energy efficiency and sustainability are
emphasized.
What Makes The City Smart
There are several defining characteristics for what makes a city ‘smart’:
 Having an infrastructure that uses connected digital technologies at its heart
 Using connected technology to improve environmental and sustainability criteria
 City planning that is progressive in terms of use of space, resource and energy
 Public transportation and traffic systems that are highly efficient
 Urban space that is hospitable to a citizen’s day-to-day life
Smart cities utilize their web of connected IoT devices and other technologies to achieve
their goals of improving the quality of life and achieving economic growth. Successful smart
cities follow four steps:
1. Collection - Smart sensors throughout the city gather data in real time.
2. Analysis - Data collected by the smart sensors is assessed in order to draw meaningful
insights.
3. Communication - The insights that have been found in the analysis phase are
communicated with decision makers through strong communication networks.
4. Action - Cities use the insights pulled from the data to create solutions, optimize
operations and asset management and improve the quality of life for residents.
The Smart Cities Marketplace’s operations are structured by its integrated Explore-Shape-
Deal Matchmaking process, purposefully geared towards the knowledge exchange on, the

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capacity building support for and the development, implementation, replication and upscaling of
Smart City solutions. It is organised in three phases building on each other:
1. Explore – See and learn what’s next:
This phase enables access to the collected Smart Cities knowledge, including that of linked
projects and initiatives. It is a continuous process that helps keeping the overview of which
solutions and best practices have already been successfully implemented and creating ideas for
own projects.
2. Shape – Shape project and action plans:
Once a vision for a project has been developed this phase helps to shape that idea into a solid
bankable project, which is fit to attract public and private investors. This phase will also enable a
structured dialogue between all key stakeholders involved.
3. Deal – Create relations and opportunities:
The third and last phase enables a one-to-one exchange between project promoters and members
of the financing community to ultimately close deals and finance projects.
The core infrastructure elements in a Smart City are as follows:
 Adequate water supply
 Assured electricity supply
 Sanitation including solid waste management
 Efficient urban mobility and public transport
 Affordable housing, especially for the poor
 Robust IT connectivity and digitalisation
 Good governance, especially e-governance and citizen participation
 Sustainable environment
 Safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and the elderly
 Health and education
Forms of intelligence in smart cities have been demonstrated in three ways
Orchestration intelligence:Where cities establish institutions and community-based problem
solving and collaborations, such as in Bletchley Park, where the Nazi Enigma cipher was
decoded by a team led by Alan Turing. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart
city or an intelligent community.

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Empowerment intelligence: Cities provide open platforms, experimental facilities and smart
city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista
Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong.
Instrumentation intelligence: Where city infrastructure is made smart through real-time data
collection, with analysis and predictive modelling across city districts. There is much
controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to surveillance issues in smart cities.

How is IoT technology making cities smarter and better?

Secure wireless connectivity and IoT technology are transforming traditional elements of
city life - like streetlights - into next-generation intelligent lighting platforms with expanded
capabilities. The scope includes integrating solar power and connecting to a cloud-based central
control system that connects to other ecosystem assets.
These solutions shine far beyond simple lighting needs.
 High-power embedded LEDs alert commuters about traffic issues, provide severe
weather warnings, and provide heads up when fires arise, for example.

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 Streetlights can also detect free parking spaces and EV charging docks and alert
drivers where to find an open spot via a mobile app. Charging might even be able
from the lamppost itself in some locations!
Address IoT implementation challenges
Edge IoT and analytics can provide a powerful mechanism for translating complex data
sources into a streamlined, lower-cost platform with faster ROI and higher value. However, there
are five key challenges businesses face when considering an IoT implementation.
1. Investment
The transformational potential of IoT across multiple industries is staggering and much
has been discussed about its power to revolutionize business models. But, while the possibilities
for market sectors are hugely exciting, the reality of many of these industry IoT offerings is that
they are designed for vast use cases -- the setups are intricate and complex, with incredibly
powerful networking capabilities that require significant investment and skill to execute.
The major players in the IoT space, including AWS and Microsoft, require huge upfront
investment into IoT stacks and other hardware integrated into the data center, as well as
personnel who can code the solution, write it and build it -- that's potentially hundreds of
thousands of dollars even before an organization gains potential data or insight.
ROI is something that the IoT space lacks, causing proof of concepts to fail. One early
use case for IoT -- smart meters -- is an instance where it's simple to work out the ROI as
organizations don't have to send meter readers to sites and there is an immediate cost benefit.
But, with IIoT, it's much more than that. Perhaps, it exposes some savings, and maybe less
machine maintenance is required.
2. Rip and replace
In a lot of industrial cases, the existing machinery that requires monitoring includes large,
complex and expensive structures. These machines are suited and built for the task at hand, and
for that reason, they should be monitored in a noninvasive way.
Many facilities have been designed and built at the cost of billions of dollars, and
organizations can't start ripping and replacing components because cloud-enabled technology
provides a benefit that hasn't been quantified yet. Conversely, many of the IoT offerings out
there from the market depend on IoT being built into infrastructure from the start -- a concept
that could result in significant business disruption and downtime.

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3. Skill sets
The skill set that is required to manage these types of complex setups is also a significant
hurdle for many organizations. A high proportion of IoT customers in manufacturing are not
necessarily IT-savvy in the way that traditional database users are. With many providers that
require someone that can effectively manage these platforms, this is an issue that is damaging the
chances of adoption in that sector.
Businesses need a way to get data out of the IoT devices without the complex ecosystem
that surrounds them through a streamlined platform that only needs a browser to access. This
means that organizations must figure out if they can afford to hire a dedicated IoT professional
and how that role can provide value.
4. Infrastructure
Another stumbling block for many IoT projects is the infrastructure not being developed
if the location is in an inconvenient place without reliable Wi-Fi -- the only clouds available are
the ones floating in the sky. In this case, having an IoT solution that collects all the data,
analyzes it at the collection point, and enables rapid and reliable visibility of what's going on can
make all the difference and is a much more pragmatic solution, both in large factories and distant
locations. That's the difference between the original vision of IoT and what it is in practice.
5. IoT at the edge
The vision of IoT and reality are substantially different. A sensor's yes or no response is
different than deciding if a complex piece of machinery is acting as it should and at optimum
efficiency levels. It's not only about the opportunity to collect data, but also having the capability
to modify that data collection and to add additional sensors to expand the data gathered even
further.
For example, it could be that the setup monitors temperature and speed but then must
measure vibration. This requires another sensor, so the platform must be adaptable and scalable.
In the current industrial sector environment, IT teams must be flexible and ready to change in
scale, both in terms of size and complexity of gathered data. As edge computing, which analyzes
data at its creation point, is gaining momentum, organizations are discovering how they can
quickly access only the most valuable data in real time that proves mission-critical to their
business.

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Smart city infrastructure

From water and electricity to roadways and traffic lights to city services and
communications networks, infrastructure is what keeps a city running smoothly. As urban
populations grow and people increasingly demand digital services and modern conveniences, it’s
more important than ever for cities to deliver flexible, resilient, and secure infrastructure. By
embracing cloud computing, IoT, AI, and other smart city solutions, governments can:
 Provide intelligent critical infrastructure.
 Deliver valued services that build trust.
 Improve security of sensitive public information.
 Modernize public utilities.
 Enable connected, efficient, and sustainable transportation systems.
 Deliver urban innovation and enhance resident services.
SMART HEALTH CARE
Smart healthcare is the integration of fragmented healthcare delivery mechanisms; it
utilises electronic patient records and streamlines processes with the aim of improving the
quality of peoples’ lives by reducing health risks and improving their well-being. Patient-centric
services such as remote monitoring and checks are customised to the patient’s individual needs
and have a wider reach, thereby improving access to healthcare.
Smart Healthcare solutions and integrated components in the following areas:
 Interoperability of devices
 Data security
 Data privacy
 Functional safety of Smart Healthcare Systems
Redefining Healthcare
The proliferation of healthcare-specific IoT products opens up immense opportunities.
And the huge amount of data generated by these connected devices hold the potential to
transform healthcare.
IoT has a four-step architecture that are basically stages in a process (See Figure 1). All
four stages are connected in a manner that data is captured or processed at one stage and yields
the value to the next stage. Integrated values in the process brings intuitions and deliver dynamic
business prospects.

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Step 1: First step consists of deployment of interconnected devices that includes sensors,
actuators, monitors, detectors, camera systems etc. These devices collect the data.
Step 2: Usually, data received from sensors and other devices are in analog form, which need to
be aggregated and converted to the digital form for further data processing.
Step 3: Once the data is digitized and aggregated, this is pre-processed, standardized and moved
to the data center or Cloud.
Step 4: Final data is managed and analyzed at the required level. Advanced Analytics, applied to
this data, brings actionable business insights for effective decision-making.

Factor affecting IoT Healthcare Application

There are various factors that affect the IoT healthcare application. Some of them are mention
below:
 Continuous Research: It requires continuous research in every field (smart devices, fast
communication channel, etc.) of healthcare to provide a fast and better facility for
patients.
 Smart Devices: Need to use the smart device in the healthcare system. IoT opens the
potential of current technology and leads us toward new and better medical device
solutions.

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 Better Care: Using IoT technology, healthcare professionals get the enormous data of
the patient, analysis the data and facilitate better care to the patient.
 Medical Information Distribution: IoT technology makes a transparency of
information and distributes the accurate and current information to patients. This leads
the fewer accidents from miscommunication, better preventive care, and improved patient
satisfaction.
IoT challenges in Healthcare
 Data security & privacy
 Integration: multiple devices & protocols
 Data overload & accuracy
 Cost
IOT In Health Care
IoT is undoubtedly transforming the healthcare industry by redefining the space of
devices and people interaction in delivering healthcare solutions. IoT has applications in
healthcare that benefit patients, families, physicians, hospitals and insurance companies.
IoT for Patients - Devices in the form of wearables like fitness bands and other wirelessly
connected devices like blood pressure and heart rate monitoring cuffs, glucometer etc. give
patients access to personalized attention. These devices can be tuned to remind calorie count,
exercise check, appointments, blood pressure variations and much more.
IoT has changed people’s lives, especially elderly patients, by enabling constant tracking
of health conditions. This has a major impact on people living alone and their families. On any
disturbance or changes in the routine activities of a person, alert mechanism sends signals to
family members and concerned health providers.
IoT for Physicians - By using wearables and other home monitoring equipment embedded with
IoT, physicians can keep track of patients’ health more effectively. They can track patients’
adherence to treatment plans or any need for immediate medical attention. IoT enables healthcare
professionals to be more watchful and connect with the patients proactively. Data collected from
IoT devices can help physicians identify the best treatment process for patients and reach the
expected outcomes.
IoT for Hospitals - Apart from monitoring patients’ health, there are many other areas where
IoT devices are very useful in hospitals. IoT devices tagged with sensors are used for tracking

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real time location of medical equipment like wheelchairs, defibrillators, nebulizers, oxygen
pumps and other monitoring equipment. Deployment of medical staff at different locations can
also be analyzed real time.
The spread of infections is a major concern for patients in hospitals. IoT-enabled hygiene
monitoring devices help in preventing patients from getting infected. IoT devices also help in
asset management like pharmacy inventory control, and environmental monitoring, for instance,
checking refrigerator temperature, and humidity and temperature control.
IoT for Health Insurance Companies – There are numerous opportunities for health insurers
with IoT-connected intelligent devices. Insurance companies can leverage data captured through
health monitoring devices for their underwriting and claims operations. This data will enable
them to detect fraud claims and identify prospects for underwriting. IoT devices bring
transparency between insurers and customers in the underwriting, pricing, claims handling, and
risk assessment processes. In the light of IoT-captured data-driven decisions in all operation
processes, customers will have adequate visibility into underlying thought behind every decision
made and process outcomes.
The major advantages of IoT in healthcare include:
 Cost Reduction: IoT enables patient monitoring in real time, thus significantly cutting
down unnecessary visits to doctors, hospital stays and re-admissions
 Improved Treatment: It enables physicians to make evidence-based informed decisions
and brings absolute transparency
 Faster Disease Diagnosis: Continuous patient monitoring and real time data helps in
diagnosing diseases at an early stage or even before the disease develops based on
symptoms
 Proactive Treatment: Continuous health monitoring opens the doors for providing
proactive medical treatment
 Drugs and Equipment Management: Management of drugs and medical equipment is a
major challenge in a healthcare industry. Through connected devices, these are managed
and utilized efficiently with reduced costs
 Error Reduction: Data generated through IoT devices not only help in effective decision
making but also ensure smooth healthcare operations with reduced errors, waste and
system costs.

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