Intro

Worksheets are in approximate order of Kaplan material

I scored 131 on beh sci in 2023 by creating and studying these worksheets. These are not
entirely comprehensive, I recommend pairing them with Cubene’s P/S anki cards.
These are meant to be either printed or drawn on a tablet.
 Inner Mass Ectoderm Mesoderm
Blastocoel

Blastopore
Trophoblasts

Morula Blastula Endoderm

Archenteron

Gastrula Gastrula

Neural Tube
Neural Folds Surface Ectoderm
Neural Plate Neural Groove
Notocord Neural Crest
Ectoderm
Notocord
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Archenteron
 Sort each of the following by which primary germ layer it originates from:
Muscles Inner Ear Gonads Adrenal Medulla Nervous System
Skeleton Pancreas Thyroid Adrenal Cortex Connective Tissue
Skin Lower Anal Canal Distal Urinary Tract Bladder (Most) Excretory System
Lens of the Eye Circulatory System Digestive Lining Lung Epithelia

Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

 Sort each of the following by which primary germ layer it originates from:
Muscles Inner Ear Gonads Adrenal Medulla Nervous System
Skeleton Pancreas Thyroid Adrenal Cortex Connective Tissue
Skin Lower Anal Canal Distal Urinary Tract Bladder (Most) Excretory System
Lens of the Eye Circulatory System Digestive Lining Lung Epithelia

Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

Skin Muscles Lining of Digestive Tract

Lower Anal Canal Skeleton Lung Epithelia
Lens of Eye Circulatory System Pancreas
Nervous System Gonads Thyroid
Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex Bladder
Inner Ear Connective Tissue Distal Urinary Tract
Most of the Excretory System
Subdivisions of Embyronic Brain Matures Into…

The neural tube has a(n) which differentiates into sensory neurons, and a(n)
which differentiates into motor neurons
 Subdivisions of Embyronic Brain Matures Into…

Prosencephalon Telencephalon Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, Pineal Gland,

Diencephalon Posterior Pituitary Gland

Mesencephalon Superior and Inferior Colliculi

Metencephalon Pons, Cerebellum

Rhombencephalon
Mylencephalon Medulla Oblongata

Spinal Cord

The neural tube has a(n) alar plate which differentiates into sensory neurons, and a(n)
basal plate which differentiates into motor neurons
 Functions of Hypothalamus

Function Mnemonic:
What are the 4 F’s?
Lateral Hypothalamus

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Anterior Hypothalamus

Hypophyseal Portal System

Axonal Projections

The thalamus is the relay station for all senses except for?

The pineal gland is responsible for production of what hormone?

 Functions of Hypothalamus

Function Mnemonic:
What are the 4 F’s?
Lateral Hypothalamus Hunger Center
-Fighting
Ventromedial Hypothalamus Satiety Center -Feeding
-Flighting
Anterior Hypothalamus Regulates sexual functioning, sleep, and body -Fucking
temperature

Hypophyseal Portal System Hypothalamus releases tropic hormones into this

blood vessel including GnRH, GHRH, TRH, and
CRF to stimulate anterior pituitary gland

Axonal Projections Directly release oxytocin and ADH into posterior

pituitary

The thalamus is the relay station for all senses except for?

Smell

The pineal gland is responsible for production of what hormone?

Melatonin
 Role in Limbic System

Septal Nuclei

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Fornix

Hypothalamus

Dorsal Prefrontal Cortex

Ventral Prefrontal Cortex

Ventromedial Prefrontal
Cortex
 Role in Limbic System

Septal Nuclei Pleasure center; addictive behavior

Amygdala Fear and rage, interpretation of facial expressions, storage of

implicit memories

Hippocampus Long term explicit (episodic) memories

Anterior Cingulate Cortex Impulse Control, Decision Making, Emotion, Motivation

Fornix Allows hippocampus to communicate with the rest of the limbic

system

Hypothalamus Modulates mood and arousal through hormones

Dorsal Prefrontal Cortex Attention and Cognition

Ventral Prefrontal Cortex Experience of Emotion

Ventromedial Prefrontal Decision making, and controlling the amygdala

Cortex
What Emotional States Are Associated With Each Physiological Condition

reward pathway? What’s the primary neurotransmitter?

What are the three main structures in the mesolimbic
Increased Decreased

Skin Temperature

Heart Rate

Heart Rate Variability

Blood Pulse Volume

Skin Conductivity

Blood Pressure

What are the 7 Universal Emotions?

What are the 3 Elements of Emotion?

What Emotional States Are Associated With Each Physiological Condition

reward pathway? What’s the primary neurotransmitter?

Dopamine
What are the three main structures in the mesolimbic
Increased Decreased

Skin Temperature Anger Fear

Heart Rate Anger, Fear Happiness

Heart Rate Variability Relaxation Stress, Frustration, Anger

Blood Pulse Volume Anger, Stress Sadness, Relaxation

Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB)

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
Skin Conductivity Sympathetic Arousal Parasympathetic

Nucleus Accumbens (NA)

Blood Pressure Anger> Fear> Sadness Happiness

What are the 7 Universal Emotions?

Happiness, Sadness, Anger, Surprise, Fear, Contempt, Disgust

What are the 3 Elements of Emotion?

Physiological response, behavioral response, cognitive response
 What are the primary functions of each cerebral lobe?

How is the dominant hemisphere typically defined?

What are functions of the non-dominant hemisphere?
Anatomical Regions Functions

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

Define Ispilateral vs Contralateral

 What are the primary functions of each cerebral lobe?

How is the dominant hemisphere typically defined?

What are functions of the non-dominant hemisphere?
Anatomical Regions Functions

Defined as the hemisphere more active during language

Facial recognition, tone recognition, music processing,
Frontal Prefrontal Cortex, Executive function,
Motor Cortex memory, emotion,
(Precentral gyrus), voluntary movement,
Broca’s Area (dominant speech production
hemisphere only)

emotion, geometry, and sense of direction

Parietal Somatosensory cortex Touch, pressure,
(postcentral gyrus) temperature, and pain,
spatial processing

Temporal Auditory cortex, Sound processing,

Wernicke’s area memory, emotion,
language reception/
comprehension

Occipital Visual (striate) cortex Visual processing

Define Ispilateral vs Contralateral

processing
Ispilateral= processed and experienced in the same hemisphere,
Contralateral= processed and experiened on opposite sides
Match the parts of the brain with their function Match the neurotransmitter with their function
Basal Ganglia Smooth Movement Acetylcholine Wakefulness/alertness

Cerebellum Sensory Relay Station Dopamine Brain “stabilizer”

Cerebral Cortex Coordinating movement Endorphines Mood, sleep, eating, dreaming

Thalamus Arousal and alertness Nor/Epinephrine Natural painkiller

Hypothalamus Emotion and memory GABA/Glycine Smooths movements/posture

Limbic System Complex perception/cognition Glutamate Voluntary muscle control

Medulla Oblongata Vital Function Seretonin Brain excitation

Reticular Formation Sensorimotor Reflexes

What is the difference between fluid and
Inferior & Superior Colliculi Hunger and thirst; emotion crystallized intelligence?

Which neurotransmitters are catecholamines?

Match the parts of the brain with their function Match the neurotransmitter with their function
Basal Ganglia Smooth Movement Acetylcholine Wakefulness/alertness

Cerebellum Sensory Relay Station Dopamine Brain “stabilizer”

Cerebral Cortex Coordinating movement Endorphines Mood, sleep, eating, dreaming

Thalamus Arousal and alertness Nor/Epinephrine Natural painkiller

Hypothalamus Emotion and memory GABA/Glycine Smooths movements/posture

Limbic System Complex perception/cognition Glutamate Voluntary muscle control

Medulla Oblongata Vital Function Seretonin Brain excitation

Reticular Formation Sensorimotor Reflexes

What is the difference between fluid and
Inferior & Superior Colliculi Hunger and thirst; emotion crystallized intelligence?

Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve novel

Which neurotransmitters are catecholamines? problems, whereas crystallized intelligence is the
ability to use acquired skills and procedures to
Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine problem solve.
Fill in the arms of the nervous system Fill out how each of the following physiologically
Nervous System changes during activation of the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems
Parasympathetic Sympathetic

Pupils

Salivation

Bronchi
What are the four main primitive reflexes?
Primitive Reflex Behavior Heartrate

Peristalsis

Bladder

Blood Glucose
Concentrations

Neurotransmitter
Fill in the arms of the nervous system Fill out how each of the following physiologically
Nervous System changes during activation of the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems
Central Peripheral Parasympathetic Sympathetic

Brain Spinal Cord Somatic Autonomic Pupils Constrict Dilate

Sympathetic Parasympathetic Salivation Stimulates Inhibits

Bronchi Constricts Relaxes

What are the four main primitive reflexes?
Heartrate Slows Accelerates
Primitive Reflex Behavior
Peristalsis Stimulates Inhibits
Rooting Moving head to side when cheek is touched
Bladder Contracts Inhibits contraction

Moro Outstretch arms & cry

Blood Glucose Decreased Increased
Concentrations
Babinski Fanning toes w/ extended big toe

Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine Epinephrine and

Grasping Closing hand around object Norepinephrine
Match the Researcher with their Research What is the difference between absolute threshold
Hermann von Helmholtz Functionalism; adaptation and threshold of conscious perception?

John Dewey Ablation/Extirpation

Pierre Flourens Functionalism; reflex arc

Franz Gall Measured nerve impulse speed

William James Inferred existence of synapses What is signal detection theory?

Paul Broca Phrenology

Sir Charles Sherrington Aphasia

In feature detection, what cells are responsible for the recognition of each?
a) color b) form c) motion d) depth
Match the Researcher with their Research What is the difference between absolute threshold
Hermann von Helmholtz Functionalism; adaptation and threshold of conscious perception?

John Dewey Ablation/Extirpation Absolute threshold is the amount of stimulus necessary to

activate a sensory system, however this may not be
Pierre Flourens Functionalism; reflex arc consciously perceived. The threshold of conscious
perception is when enough activation allows the subliminal
Franz Gall Measured nerve impulse speed stimulus be sent to a higher order consciousness

William James Inferred existence of synapses What is signal detection theory?

Paul Broca Phrenology Studies how internal and external factors influence
thresholds of perception. Looks at motives, expectations,
Sir Charles Sherrington Aphasia and memory, relates to adaptation.

In feature detection, what cells are responsible for the recognition of each?
a) color b) form c) motion d) depth

a) Cones
b) Parvocellular cells
c) Magnocellular cells
d) Binocular neurons
Label the diagram below
Label the diagram below

Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear

Semi-circular Canals
Ossicles

Cochlea

Auricle/Pinna Eustacian Tube

Tympanic Membrane
Tympanic Membrane
Label the diagram below

Utricle

Saccule
Label the diagram below
Semi-circular Canals
Ampulla
Utricle

Malleus
Saccule
Incus

Stapes
Cochlea

Endolymph
Oval Window Round Window
Perilymph
Vestibule
Eustacian Tube
Label the diagram below

What pigment is found in rods?

Rods and cones synapse

directly with what kind of cells?
Label the diagram below
Ciliary Body

Sclera

Choroid

Retina
Cornea
Lens

Optic Disc
Iris
What pigment is found in rods?
Rhodopsin

Rods and cones synapse

Canal of Schlemm
directly with what kind of cells?
Bipolar Cells Suspensory Ligaments
List the functions of the various parts of the eye List the structures of the visual
Cornea pathway, from where light enters
the cornea to the visual projection
areas of the brain
Pupil

Iris

Ciliary Body

Canal of Schlemm

Lens

Retina

Sclera
List the functions of the various parts of the eye List the structures of the visual
Cornea Gathers and focuses incoming light pathway, from where light enters
the cornea to the visual projection
areas of the brain
Pupil Regulates light input (like a camera lens)
Cornea → Lens → Retina →

Iris Controls size of the pupil Optic Tracts → Optic Chiasm

(nasal fibers only!) → Lateral
Ciliary Body Produces aqueous humor; accommodation of the lens
Geniculate Nucleus of the
Thalamus → Temporal and
Canal of Schlemm Drains aqueous humor
Parietal Radiations → Visual

Lens Refracts incoming light to focus on the retina Cortex (Occipital Lobe)

Retina Detects images

Sclera Provides structural support

 Circle the correct answers:

(nasal / temporal ) fibers are

responsible for our temporal vision,
Label the Visual Pathway: and (do / do not) cross the optic
chiasm; (nasal / temporal ) fibers are
responsible for our nasal vision, and
(do / do not) cross the optic chiasm.
Vision is (ipsilateral / contralateral)

Suspensory ligaments contract to

change the shape of the lens in a
process called:
 Circle the correct answers:

(nasal / temporal ) fibers are

responsible for our temporal vision,
Label the Visual Pathway: and (do / do not) cross the optic
chiasm; (nasal / temporal ) fibers are
responsible for our nasal vision, and
(do / do not) cross the optic chiasm.
Optic Chiasm Vision is (ipsilateral / contralateral)

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Superior Colliculli
Suspensory ligaments contract to
change the shape of the lens in a
process called:
Accomodation
Visual Cortex
Fill in the blanks: Where is the blind spot?

cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of

the primarily receive inputs from the periphery of
our vision, and cells of the LGN primarily
receive inputs from the center of our vision. What nourishes the retina?

Describe the auditory pathway

What part of the brain is
responsible for visual reflexes?

What part of the brain is

responsible for feature detection?
Fill in the blanks: Where is the blind spot?

Magnocellular cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of The optic disc, where the optic nerve
connects to the retina
the thalamus primarily receive inputs from the periphery of
our vision, and parvocellular cells of the LGN primarily
receive inputs from the center of our vision. What nourishes the retina?
The choroid

Describe the auditory pathway

What part of the brain is
Pinna/Auricle → External Auditory Canal → Tympanic Membrane responsible for visual reflexes?
→ Malleus → Incus → Stapes → Oval Window → Perilymph in Superior colliculi
Cochlea → Basilar Membrane → Stereocillia →
Vestibulocochlear nerve → Brainstem → Medial Geniculate What part of the brain is
Nucleus (MGN) of the Thalamus → Auditory Cortex OR some responsible for feature detection?
goes to the Inferior Colliculi and the Superior Olive Visual cortex
What part of the brain Label the Organ of Corti
localizes sound?

Fill in the blanks:

bathes the
bony labyrinth, and
bathes the
membranous labyrinth. The
window connects
the ossicles to the inner ear,
and the the window
permits fluid movement in
the cochlea.
What part of the brain Label the Organ of Corti Perilymph
localizes sound? Basilar Membrane

Tectorial Membrane
Superior Olive

Stereocillia Cells
Fill in the blanks:
Perilymph bathes the
bony labyrinth, and
endolymph bathes the
membranous labyrinth. The
oval window connects
the ossicles to the inner ear,
and the the round window Bony Labrynth
permits fluid movement in
the cochlea.
Fill in the blanks: Label each for what information they provide
The membrane changes
Type of tactile information
thickness depending on it’s position in the
Pascinian
, making it tonotypically organized. corpuscles

- frequency pitches causes vibration Meissner

corpuscles
very close to the oval window, and
Merkel cells
- frequency pitches vibrate at the apex
Ruffini edges
(further away). This describes the accepted
theory of sound perception; . Free nerve
endings

What are the structures in the olfactory pathway?

Fill in the blanks: Label each for what information they provide
The basilar membrane changes
Type of tactile information
thickness depending on it’s position in the
Pascinian Deep pressure & vibration
cochlea , making it tonotypically organized. corpuscles

High - frequency pitches causes vibration Meissner Light touch

corpuscles
very close to the oval window, and
Merkel cells Deep pressure & texture
low - frequency pitches vibrate at the apex
Ruffini edges Stretch
(further away). This describes the accepted
Free nerve Pain & temperature
theory of sound perception; place theory .
endings

What are the structures in the olfactory pathway?

Nostril → Nasal Cavity → Olfactory Chemoreceptors (on olfactory epithelium) → Olfactory Bulb → Olfactory
tract → Higher order brain regions including limbic system
Circle the correct answer: What visual cues of depth are monocular?
( Top-Down / Bottom Up ) processing relies
on parallel processing and feature detection

Fill in the blank:

describes the
ability to create a complete picture by
combining top-down and bottom-up
processing:
What visual cues of depth are binocular?
What are the four main modalities of
somatosensation?
Circle the correct answer: What visual cues of depth are monocular?
( Top-Down / Bottom Up ) processing relies -Relative size (objects appear larger the closer they

on parallel processing and feature detection are)

-Interposition (objects in front of other objects are
closer)
Fill in the blank:
-Linear perspective (greater convergence of parallel
Perceptual Organization describes the
lines is farther away)
ability to create a complete picture by
-Motion parallax (objects closer to us appear to move
combining top-down and bottom-up
faster when we look at something else)
processing:
What visual cues of depth are binocular?
What are the four main modalities of
-Retinal Disparity (slight difference in retinal images)
somatosensation?
-Convergence (brain detects the angle between the
Pressure, temperature, pain, vibration two eyes required to bring an object into focus)
What type of reinforcement schedules are shown? What is the difference between classical and
operant conditioning?

c d
b
What is the difference between avoidance
learning and escape learning?
What type of reinforcement schedules are shown? What is the difference between classical and
a) Variable ratio c) Variable interval operant conditioning?
b) Fixed ratio d) Fixed interval
Classical conditioning is concerned with using instinctual
behaviors and pairing them with conditioned behaviors.
Operant conditioning is concerned with consequences of
voluntary behavior. Both are associative learning
a

c d
b
What is the difference between avoidance
learning and escape learning?

Escape learning is when an unpleasant stimulus causes

display of a desired behavior in order to remove the
unpleasant stimulus. Avoidance learning is when the
desired behavior is displayed in anticipation of the
unpleasant stimulus, thereby avoiding the stimulus.
Provide the names/terms for each of these errors in memory encoding and retrieval
When exposure to a previous stimulus interferes with the processing of a second stimulus, resulting in
slower response times and more errors

When a person’s recall of an event becomes less accurate due to the injection of outside information

False memories that have included a false detail into a particular memory, usually due to confusion with
another related thing.

Confusion between semantic and episodic memory; most often manifests as a person believing that
something as having happened to them personally which they had only heard about.

When old information causes errors in recalling new information. Example: moving to a new address but
recalling the old one

When new information causes forgetting of old information. Example: teacher learning a new set of
students’ names causes forgetting of the previous set

How is maintenance rehearsal different than elaborative rehearsal?

Provide the names/terms for each of these errors in memory encoding and retrieval
Negative priming When exposure to a previous stimulus interferes with the processing of a second stimulus, resulting in
slower response times and more errors

Misinformation effect When a person’s recall of an event becomes less accurate due to the injection of outside information

Intrusion error False memories that have included a false detail into a particular memory, usually due to confusion with
another related thing.

Source-monitoring Confusion between semantic and episodic memory; most often manifests as a person believing that
error something as having happened to them personally which they had only heard about.

Proactive When old information causes errors in recalling new information. Example: moving to a new address but
Interference recalling the old one

Retroactive When new information causes forgetting of old information. Example: teacher learning a new set of
Interference students’ names causes forgetting of the previous set

How is maintenance rehearsal different than elaborative rehearsal?

Maintenance rehearsal is the repetition of information to keep it within short-term memory for near-immediate use.
Elaborative rehearsal is the association of information to other stored knowledge and is a more effective way to move
information from short-term to long-term memory
 What are the types of memory? List the three modes of encoding from
Human Memory strongest to weakest

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome, and

what causes it?

What is priming, and what kind of memory is it? Name the phenomenon illustrated
 What are the types of memory? List the three modes of encoding from
Human Memory strongest to weakest

1. Semantic
Sensory Memory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory 2. Elaborative
3. Acoustic
4. Visual
Explicit Memory Implicit Memory
What is Korsakoff’s syndrome, and
what causes it?
Declarative Memory Procedural Memory
Retrograde and anterograde memory loss
due to thiamine deficiency in the brain. Can
Episodic Memory Semantic Memory cause loss of motor skills. Often
alcohol-induced.

What is priming, and what kind of memory is it? Name the phenomenon illustrated
Priming is when previous exposure to a stimulus Ebbinghaus’ Retention Function
either improves or inhibits the processing of a second
stimulus. It is an implicit (unconscious) memory.
Fill in the blanks below: What are some of the things that can aid in memory
recall?
Famous developmental psychologist
theoriezed that learning is
done through two complementary
processes which are collectively referred
to as . He referred to
classifying new information into existing
Gestalt Principle Description
categories as . However,
if new information did not neatly fit into Things close together are recognized together
these categories, the process was an
Similar things are grouped together
adjustment of the existing categories,
which he referred to as . We recognize patterns as continuous
The organizational units of thought and
behavior used for classification of Seeing an object that isn’t there but appears to be
based on visual cues
incoming information he referred to as
. When an object is enclosed by a group of lines, it
is perceived as a complete or closed line

Perceptual organization will always be as simple,

Name the Gestalt Principles symmetrical, and regular as possible
Fill in the blanks below: What are some of the things that can aid in memory
recall?
Famous developmental psychologist
Jean Piaget theoriezed that learning is Context effect (being in the physical location of encoding),
state-dependent effect (being in the same mental state as when
done through two complementary the encoding took place), as well as primacy and recency effect
processes which are collectively referred (being first or last in a list)
to as adaptation . He referred to
classifying new information into existing
Gestalt Principle Description
categories as assimilation . However, if
new information did not neatly fit into Proximity Things close together are recognized together
these categories, the process was an
Similarity Similar things are grouped together
adjustment of the existing categories,
which he referred to as accommodation Good continuation We recognize patterns as continuous
. The organizational units of thought and
Subjective Contours Seeing an object that isn’t there but appears to be
behavior used for classification of based on visual cues
incoming information he referred to as
Closure When an object is enclosed by a group of lines, it
schemata .
is perceived as a complete or closed line

Pragnanz Perceptual organization will always be as simple,

Name the Gestalt Principles symmetrical, and regular as possible
Provide the characteristics for Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage Name Approx. Key Features What marks the
Age end of this stage?

N/A

Intuition can be described by what theory?

Provide the characteristics for Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage Name Approx. Key Features What marks the
Age end of this stage?

Sensorimotor 0-2yrs Focusing on manipulating environment for physical Representational

Stage needs/comfort; circular reactions thought (object
permanence)

Pre-Operational 2-7yrs Symbolic thinking (imagination), egocentrism (lack of Loss of ego-centrism

empathy), and centration (tendency to only focus on one
aspect of a phenomenon)

Concrete 7-11yrs Understands conservation and the feelings of others Ability to think
Operational (empathy); can manipulate available objects logically abstractly
(non-abstract)

Formal 11yrs+ Can think abstractly/hypothetically N/A

Operational

Intuition can be described by what theory?

Recognition-primed decision model; where you actually have seen things before enough to recognize patterns without
awareness of it
What are the eight defined types of intelligence in Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?

What are the three defined types of intelligence in Sternberg’s triarchy theory of intelligence?

What are the two types of heuristics? Explain each.

What are the eight defined types of intelligence in Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?

Linguistic Interpersonal
Logical-mathematical Intrapersonal
Musical Naturalist
Visual-spatial Bodily-kinesthetic

What are the three defined types of intelligence in Sternberg’s triarchy theory of intelligence?

Analytical intelligence (ability to evaluate and reason)

Creative intelligence (ability to solve problems using novel methods)
Practical intelligence (ability to deal with everyday problems at home or work)

What are the two types of heuristics? Explain each.

Availability heuristic is the tendency to base the likelihood of an event on how easily examples come to mind.
Representativeness heuristic is the tendency to categorize items on the basis of whether or not they fit the
prototypical/ stereotypical image of the category.
Fill in the characteristics for each
EEG pattern below Wave- State(s) of Characteristics
form Consciousness

Which stages of sleep are associated with each: What hormone is associated with
Procedural memory consolidation wakefulness?

Declarative memory consolidation

Fill in the characteristics for each
EEG pattern below Wave- State(s) of Characteristics
form Consciousness

Beta Wakeful; alert High frequency, random

REM

Alpha Wakeful; relaxed More syncronized, somewhat slower than

REM beta waves

Theta NREM1, NREM2 Irregular waveforms with slower frequency

and higher voltages. May have sleep spindles
& K complexes

Delta NREM3, NREM4 Low frequency high voltage waves

Which stages of sleep are associated with each: What hormone is associated with
Procedural memory consolidation wakefulness?
REM
Cortisol! Light causes release of CRF from
Declarative memory consolidation hypothalamus

SWS; NREM3 or NREM4

Which three classes of drugs are known to Which three classes of drugs are known to
increase GABA activity in the brain? increase dopamine, seretonin, and
norepinephrine activity in the brain?

Define the following: What are the three notable dream theories?
Hypnagogic Hallucinations
Name of Theory Characteristics of Model

Hypnopompic Hallucinations

What are the two divisions of sleep-wake

disorders? Give examples of each
Which three classes of drugs are known to Which three classes of drugs are known to
increase GABA activity in the brain? increase dopamine, seretonin, and
norepinephrine activity in the brain?
Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA (technicially this is also an
amphetamine)

Define the following: What are the three notable dream theories?
Hypnagogic Hallucinations
Hallucinations when going to sleep Name of Theory Characteristics of Model

Hypnopompic Hallucinations Activation- Synthesis Widespread random activation of

Theory neurons; mimics incoming sensory
Hallucinations when awakening information as well as memories and
experiences

What are the two divisions of sleep-wake Problem-Solving Considers dreams a way of solving
disorders? Give examples of each Dream Theory problems without the constraints of
the rules of the waking world
Dyssomnia- difficulty controlling when you sleep;
insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea Cognitive Process Considers dreams just the sleeping
Dream Theory counterpart of
Parasomnia- abnormal behaviors or movements stream-of-consciousness
during sleep; night terrors, sleep walking
What are the five basic components of Provide the ages for each stage of language
language? acquisition shown below:

Age Characteristic

Babbling

About one word a month

What are the three types of aphasia? What “Language explosion”

are the characteristics of each?
Sentences of 3 or more words

Language rules largely mastered

Name the theory that believes our perception of

reality is impacted by our language:
What are the five basic components of Provide the ages for each stage of language
language? acquisition shown below:
- Phonology
- Morphology Age Characteristic
- Semantics
9 to 12 months Babbling
- Syntax
- Pragmatics 12 to 18 months About one word a month

18 to 20 months “Language explosion”

What are the three types of aphasia? What
are the characteristics of each? 2 to 3 years Sentences of 3 or more words

Broca’s (Expressive) Aphasia; Inability to coordinate the 5 years + Language rules largely mastered
motor production of speech
Wernicke’s (Receptive) Aphasia; Inability to comprehend
speech. Patient will speak gibberish, believing they are Name the theory that believes our perception of
speaking and comprehending fine reality is impacted by our language:
Conductive Aphasia; Affects the arcuate fasciculus, a Whorfian hypothesis, or linguistic relativity hypothesis
bundle of axons that connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s
area. Patient will be able to comprehend speech as well as Ex. Inuits have four different words for snow, and can
produce it, however they will not be able to repeat a phrase distinguish subtleties better than english speakers, giving them
spoken to them. more diverse conscious perceptions of snow
How do each of the following theories describe motivation?
Theory Names to Characteristics of Model
remember

Instinct Theory

Arousal Theory

Drive Reduction N/A

Theory

Need-Based
Theories

Opponent Process N/A

Theory

Incentive Theory N/A

Expectancy-Value N/A
Theory
How do each of the following theories describe motivation?
Theory Names to Characteristics of Model
remember

Instinct Theory William James, Motivation is based on evolutionarily programmed instincts

William McDougall

Arousal Theory Yerkes- Dodson Motivation is derived from the desire to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Drive Reduction N/A Motivation is derived from the desire to relieve states of internal tension (drives)
Theory

Need-Based Maslow Motivation is derived from the desire to fulfill basic needs
Theories

Opponent Process N/A Refers specifically to acquired motivation related to drug use. Explains that the body
Theory attempts to oppose the effect of the drug, however this opposition outlasts the effect of the
drug, resulting in withdrawal symptoms, creating dependence behaviors

Incentive Theory N/A Behavior is motivated by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

Expectancy-Value N/A The amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is a result of both the individual’s
Theory expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which they value succeeding
at the goal
What are the stages of stress appraisal? What are the three theories of emotion?

Theory Name Characteristics

James-Lange Theory

Fill in Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs

Cannon-Bard Theory

Schachter-Singer
Theory
What are the stages of stress appraisal? What are the three theories of emotion?
- Primary Appraisal; Process of classifying a potential Theory Name Characteristics
threat as either benign-positive, irrelevant, or stressful
James-Lange Theory Stimulus results first in
- Secondary Appraisal; Evaluation of if the individual physiological arousal, which leads
can cope to a secondary response in which
emotion is labeled
Fill in Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs
“My heart is racing and my blood
pressure is high, I must be angry”
Self Actualization
Cannon-Bard Theory Stimulus results in both
physiological arousal and emotion
Esteem at the same time

“I see a snake so I feel afraid and my

Love/Belonging heart is racing”

Schachter-Singer Physiological arousal alone is

Theory insufficient to elicit an emotional
Safety
response; requires cognitive
appraisal

Physiological Needs “My heart is racing, but I just drank

coffee so I’m not surprised”
What are the three theories describing language What are the names of the EEG patterns shown,
learning in children? Include associated and which stage(s) of sleep are they seen in?
developmental psychologists if applicable.

Theory Philosopher Characteristics of Model

Nativist
(Biological)
Theory

Learning
(Behaviorist)
Theory
What is the difference between self-concept and
identity?

Social N/A
Interactionist
Theory
What are the three theories describing language What are the names of the EEG patterns shown,
learning in children? Include associated and which stage(s) of sleep are they seen in?
developmental psychologists if applicable. Seen in NREM2

Theory Philosopher Characteristics of Model

K complex
Nativist Noam Children learn via an innate
(Biological) Chomsky language acquisition device;
Sleep Spindle
Theory believe in a critical period
between 2 years and puberty
during which language must
be learned if it is ever to be
learned

Learning B.F. Skinner Children learn language by

(Behaviorist) operant conditioning; parents
Theory reinforce that some sounds
have more value than other
What is the difference between self-concept and
sounds. identity?
Self-concept is singular, the sum of all that comes to mind
Social N/A Children learn language out
when we consider who we are, used to be, and could
Interactionist of an innate desire to
become. Identity is a set of behaviors attached to a
Theory socialize, then interactions
particular label, and we can have multiple identities of
with others reinforce certain
varying importance.
learning.
What is the name of the phenomenon diagramed below? What are the types of conflict stresses?
What do they describe?

1 3
2
Resistance

Time
What are the three stages of this phenomenon? What are the
physiological changes in each? What is self-discrepancy theory?
What is the name of the phenomenon diagramed below? What are the types of conflict stresses?
What do they describe?
General Adaptation Syndrome
Approach-Approach-
1 3 The need to choose between two desirable options
2
Resistance

Avoidance-Avoidance-
The need to choose between two undesirable options

Approach-Avoidance-
The need to decide whether to do something with both
positive and negative consequences
Time
What are the three stages of this phenomenon? What are the
physiological changes in each? What is self-discrepancy theory?

Alarm- Activation of sympathetic nervous system, release of Maintains that each of us has three selves, and
ACTH and cortisol, stimulation of adrenal medulla to secrete discrepancies between these selves results in poor
epinephrine and norepinephrine self esteem. The three selves are:

Resistance- Continuous release of hormones, maintaining high Ideal Self- the person we would like to be
blood sugar
Ought Self- the person we believe others would like
Exhaustion- Can no longer maintain elevated sympathetic us to be
response, more susceptible to illness, organ systems deteriorate,
death Actual Self- the way we currently see ourselves
What are Eriksons’s stages of psychosocial development?
Erikson’s Stage Age Existential Question Failure to resolve conflict results in:
What are Eriksons’s stages of psychosocial development?
Erikson’s Stage Age Existential Question Failure to resolve conflict results in:

Trust vs Mistrust 0-1yr Can I trust the world? Are my caregivers Lack of trust in the world, poor attachment
reliable?

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt 1-3yrs Is it ok to be me? Sense of doubt, external locus of control

Initiative vs Guilt 3-6yrs Is it ok for me to do, move, and act? Undue self restriction, or
overcompensation/showing off.

Industry vs Inferiority 6-12yrs Can I make it in the world of people and Sense of inadequacy, low self-efficiency, low
things? self-esteem

Identity vs Role Confusion 12-20yrs Who am I? What can I be? Confusion about one’s identity, or an
amorphous personality.

Intimacy vs Isolation 20-40yrs Can I love? Avoidance of commitment, alienation.

Superficial relationships.

Generativity vs Stagnation 40-65yrs Can I make my life count? Self-indulgence, boredom, self-centered
behavior

Integrity vs Despair 65yrs- Is it ok to have been me? Bitterness, feeling of life’s worthlessness, fear of
death death
 What are the characteristics of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning?
(theory of personality development)

Phase Age Stages Characteristics

Explain the purpose of what Lev Vygotsky referred to as a “more knowledgable other”:
 What are the characteristics of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning?
(theory of personality development)

Phase Age Stages Characteristics

Preconventional Preadolescent 1.Obedience Concerned with avoiding punishment

morality
2.Self-Interest Concerned with gaining rewards

Conventional morality Adolescent to 3.Conformity Seeking the approval of others

adulthood
4.Law and Order Maintaining social order

Postconventional Adulthood, if at all 5.Social contract Views moral rules conventions designed to ensure greater good,
morality with reasoning focused on individual rights

6.Universal human ethics Reasons that decisions should be made in consideration of

abstract principles.

Explain the purpose of what Lev Vygotsky referred to as a “more knowledgable other”:
Lev believed in a “zone of proximal development”, wherein a student was primed and ready to learn a concept, but required the
guidance of a teacher, parent, or more knowledgable friend
What are Freud’s stages of psychosexual development? Fill in the blanks:
Stage Age Characteristics Freud believed when a child is overindulged
Name
or overly frustrated during one of the stages of
0-1yrs
psychosexual development, they would develop a
particular set of patterns of behavior, which he
1-3yrs
called . Excessive dependency he
referred to as , and excessive
3-5yrs
orderliness or messiness he called -
. When this behavior persists into
5yrs- N/A
puberty adulthood, he referred to the behavior as
.
Puberty-
adulthood

Our understanding of how others see us is

referred to as:
What is the ability to sense how another’s mind works?
What are Freud’s stages of psychosexual development? Fill in the blanks:
Stage Age Characteristics Freud believed when a child is overindulged
Name
or overly frustrated during one of the stages of
Oral 0-1yrs Libidinal energy is focused on the mouth.
psychosexual development, they would develop a
particular set of patterns of behavior, which he
Anal 1-3yrs Libidinal energy focused on retention and
elimination of waste called fixation . Excessive dependency he
referred to as oral fixation , and excessive
Phallic 3-5yrs Oedipal or Electra conflict resolved; libidinal
energy sublimated orderliness or messiness he called anal
retentiveness . When this behavior persists into
Latency 5yrs- N/A
puberty adulthood, he referred to the behavior as
neurosis .
Genital Puberty- If development has occurred properly,
adulthood individual should enter healthy heterosexual
relationships
Our understanding of how others see us is
referred to as:
What is the ability to sense how another’s mind works?
Looking glass self
Theory of mind
Fill in the blanks: Fill in Freud’s Model of the Mind
In Freud’s model of the mind, the consists of all the
basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce, and
functions according to . Attempting to meet
these needs is referred to as the . These
needs may be fulfilled by daydreaming or fantasy, which is called
. When mental imagery is not enough to reduce
tension, the acts according to ,
attempting to meet the demands of both primal urges as well as of
reality. This guidance through reality is referred to as the
.
Similarly, the requires guidance through
reality. It’s desires are more refined and focused on the ideal self,
expressing pride at our successes and guilt at our failures. He
divided this portion of the personality into two subsystems
instilled by caregivers; the collection of improper actions for
which a child is punished, which he called , and all
of the proper actions for which the child is rewarded, which he
called the . If the needs of this system aren’t met, it
results in behaviors called .
Fill in the blanks: Fill in Freud’s Model of the Mind
In Freud’s model of the mind, the ID consists of all the
basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce, and
functions according to pleasure principle . Attempting to meet
these needs is referred to as the primary process . These
needs may be fulfilled by daydreaming or fantasy, which is called Conscious
wish fullfillment . When mental imagery is not enough to reduce
tension, the ego acts according to reality principle ,
attempting to meet the demands of both primal urges as well as of
reality. This guidance through reality is referred to as the
secondary process . Preconscious
Similarly, the superego requires guidance through Ego
reality. It’s desires are more refined and focused on the ideal self,
expressing pride at our successes and guilt at our failures. He Superego
divided this portion of the personality into two subsystems
instilled by caregivers; the collection of improper actions for ID
which a child is punished, which he called conscience , and all
Unconscious
of the proper actions for which the child is rewarded, which he
called the ego-ideal . If the needs of this system aren’t met, it
results in behaviors called defense mechanisms .
What are the eight main defense mechanisms? Define Jungian Archetypes:

Mechanism Description

Name these Jungian

archetypes:

The aspect of our personality we

present to the world

A man’s gender inappropriate

(feminine) qualities

A woman’s gender inappropriate

(masculine) qualities

Socially reprehensible thoughts

What are the eight main defense mechanisms? Define Jungian Archetypes:

Mechanism Description Images of common experiences in

the collective unconscious that evoke
Repression A mostly unconscious process of the ego forcing undesired thoughts and
urges to the unconscious emotion

Suppression A conscious, effortful forgetting

Name these Jungian
Regression Reversion to an earlier developmental state archetypes:
Reaction Suppressing urges by unconsciously converting them to their exact The aspect of our personality we
Formation opposites present to the world
Example; a man pines after a famous actress he knows he will never meet, and he expresses hatred
of that actress to reduce stress from his unrequited feelings
The persona

Projection When an individual attributes their undesired feelings to others A man’s gender inappropriate
Example; “I hate my parents” turns into “my parents hate me”
(feminine) qualities

Rationalization Justification of behavior to align with the values of the self and society. The anima

A woman’s gender inappropriate

Displacement Transference of an undesired urge from one person to another (masculine) qualities
Example; a woman wants to snap at her boss, but instead comes home and snaps at her husband
The animus

Sublimation Transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors Socially reprehensible thoughts
Example; pent up sexual urges may be sublimated into business ethic or artistic creativity
The shadow
What are Jung’s three dichotomies of personality? Theories of Alfred Adler

Among psychoanalysts concerned with formation of

vs personality, Alfred Adler focused on the impacts of family and
society on the unconscious. According to Adler, striving for

vs drives the individual to form a unique

personality. He termed each person’s unique means of
achieving this goal their “ “, and the force by

vs which they establish their unique personality he referred to as

their “ “. Adler is most famous for his
coinage of the term “ “, which
What are the “Big Five”?
describes a person’s unconscious sense of inadequacy in
achieving the aforementioned overall goal.
Another important concept in Adler’s theory of
personality is the notion that an individual is motivated more
by their expectation of the future than by past experiences,
which is called “ “. This can often be
summed up by the phrase “Life would be perfect if only…”
What are Jung’s three dichotomies of personality? Theories of Alfred Adler

Extraversion (E) Intraversion (I) Among psychoanalysts concerned with formation of

vs personality, Alfred Adler focused on the impacts of family and
society on the unconscious. According to Adler, striving for
Sensing (S) Intuiting (I) superiority drives the individual to form a unique
vs
personality. He termed each person’s unique means of
achieving this goal their “ style of life “, and the force by
Thinking (T) Feeling (F)
vs which they establish their unique personality he referred to as
their “ creative self “. Adler is most famous for his
coinage of the term “ inferiority complex “, which
What are the “Big Five”?
describes a person’s unconscious sense of inadequacy in
This is one of the trait theories of personality with five achieving the aforementioned overall goal.
parameters. Remember the acronym “OCEAN”
Another important concept in Adler’s theory of
O- openness personality is the notion that an individual is motivated more
C- conscientiousness
by their expectation of the future than by past experiences,
E- extraversion
A- agreeableness which is called “ fictional finalism “. This can often be
N- neuroticism summed up by the phrase “Life would be perfect if only…”
Sort the following theories and theorists by which perspective of personality each falls under:
Force Field Theory Nondirective Therapy Freud N-Ach
Personal Construct Psychology Gestalt Therapy Carl Jung Somatotypes
Reciprocal Determinism PEN Model B.F. Skinner Basic Hostility
Operant Conditioning Big Five Model Alfred Adler Basic Anxiety
Cardinal, Central, and Secondary Traits Object Relations Theory Maslow Defense Mechanisms
Inferiority Complex Myers-Briggs

Psychoanalytic Humanistic Type and Trait Behaviorist Social Cognitive Biological

Perspective Perspective Perspectives Perspective Perspective Perspective
 Sort the following theories and theorists by which perspective of personality each falls under:
Force Field Theory Nondirective Therapy Freud N-Ach
Personal Construct Psychology Gestalt Therapy Carl Jung Somatotypes
Reciprocal Determinism PEN Model B.F. Skinner Basic Hostility
Operant Conditioning Big Five Model Alfred Adler Basic Anxiety
Cardinal, Central, and Secondary Traits Object Relations Theory Maslow Defense Mechanisms
Inferiority Complex Myers-Briggs

Psychoanalytic Humanistic Type and Trait Behaviorist Social Cognitive Biological

Perspective Perspective Perspectives Perspective Perspective Perspective

-Freud -Gestalt therapy -Somatotypes -B.F. Skinner -Reciprocal This is just here to
-Defense -Force field theory -PEN model -Operant determinism fool you, you fool
mechanisms -Maslow -Big five model conditioning
-Carl Jung* -Nondirective -Cardinal, central,
-Alfred Adler therapy secondary traits
-Inferiority complex -N-Ach
-Basic anxiety -Myers-Briggs
-Basic hostility
-Object relations
theory

*Carl Jung’s Three Dichotomies fall under trait perspective, but due to his belief in the importance of the unconscious in personality, he falls into the psychoanalytic category
How would each perspective define personality? Define Conscientiousness:

Definition of Personality

Psychoanalytic
Perspective

Humanistic
Perspective What is Force Field Theory?
Focuses on the influences of the …
Type and Trait (circle one):
Perspective Past Present Future

The field is…

Behaviorist
Perspective

Social Cognitive The force is…

Perspective

Biological
Perspective
How would each perspective define personality? Define Conscientiousness:

Definition of Personality
Impulse control; in contrast, someone
who is not conscientious may be
Psychoanalytic Personality is the result of unconscious urges and desires
Perspective spontaneous

Humanistic Personality comes from conscious feelings about oneself resulting from
Perspective healthy striving for self-realization What is Force Field Theory?
Focuses on the influences of the …
Type and Trait Type: Personalities are sets of distinct qualities and dispositions into (circle one):
Perspective which people can be grouped Past Present Future
Trait: Personalities are assembled from having different degrees of
certain qualities and dispositions
The field is…
Behaviorist Personality is the result of behavioral responses to stimuli based on prior
Perspective rewards or punishments (operant conditioning) One’s current state of mind

Social Cognitive Personality comes from the interactions between an individual and their The force is…
Perspective environment
The influences (forces) on a
person at a particular time
Biological Personality is based on genetic influences
Perspective
Fill in the blanks: Explain the premise of Object Relations Theory:

Karen Horney postulated that a child’s

early perception of self stems from their
relationship with their parents. Inadequate
parenting can cause vulnerability and
helplessness, which she termed
, and neglect and Define Functional Autonomy:
rejection cause .

Define Personal Construct Psychology: How would Gordon Allport define the following traits?
Cardinal

Central

Secondary
Fill in the blanks: Explain the premise of Object Relations Theory:

Karen Horney postulated that a child’s A psychodynamic theory of personality which refers to an “object” as the
early perception of self stems from their representation of parents or other caregivers based on subjective
experiences during early infancy. These objects persist into adulthood,
relationship with their parents. Inadequate
impacting our ability to form bonds and predict other’s behaviors
parenting can cause vulnerability and
helplessness, which she termed
basic anxiety , and neglect and Define Functional Autonomy:
rejection cause basic hostility .
When a behavior persists despite satisfaction of the drive that created the
behavior. Hunter continuing to hunt for fun when it was first for need.

Define Personal Construct Psychology: How would Gordon Allport define the following traits?
Cardinal Traits around which a person organizes their life. Not
Hold that individuals create mental constructs everyone develops these.
that allow them to understand variables in their
environment, and that anxiety is the result of Central Major characteristics about a person that are easy to infer
difficulty anticipating or understanding the
behavior of those around them Secondary Traits that appear only in close or specific groups
Define the following: Describe Reciprocal Determinism

Echolalia-

Echopraxia-

Describe the three traits described in the PEN model

What is the prevalence of mental Name Description

disorders? What’s most common?
Psychoticism

Extraversion

Neuroticism
Define the following: Describe Reciprocal Determinism

Echolalia- This theory is at the core of the social cognitive perspective of personality,
and can be paraphrased down to “environment determines personality, and
- Catatonic behavior; repeating personality reciprocally determines environment.” The beginning of that
another’s words statement before the comma describes the behaviorist perspective, and
everything after defines how the social cognitive perspective takes
Echopraxia- behaviorism a step further. It asserts that people choose environments that
suit their personalities.
- Catatonic behavior; imitating
another’s actions
Describe the three traits described in the PEN model

What is the prevalence of mental Name Description

disorders? What’s most common?
Prevalence of any mental disorder ~18% Psychoticism Measure of non-conformity or social deviance
Most Common:
- Specific phobia (~9%)
Extraversion Measure for social interaction and stimulation
- Social anxiety (~7%)
- Major Depressive Disorder (~7%)
- PTSD (~3.5%) Neuroticism Measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations
What are the symptoms of psychotic disorders? Organize them by positive or negative.
Symptom Description

(+)

(-)
What are the symptoms of psychotic disorders? Organize them by positive or negative.
Symptom Description

(+) Delusions False beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in the individual’s culture. Often
maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary

Hallucinations Perceptions which are not due to external stimuli but which nevertheless seem real to the
person perceiving them.

Disorganized thought Loosening of associations (know this wording!). Speech shifts from subject to another in
such a way that a listener would be unable to follow. Word salad. Also may have neologisms
(invented words).

Disorganized behavior Inability to carry out activities of daily living (paying bills, maintaining hygiene)

Catatonia Certain sets of motor behaviors associated with schizophrenia. Rigid posture, useless and
bizzare movements, echolalia, echopraxia

(-) Disturbance of affect Disruption in ability to experience and display emotion; may include blunting, flattening, or
inappropriate affect.

Avoliton Decreased engagement in purposeful goal-directed actions

 DSM-5 Criteria

Schizophrenia

Schizophreniform Disorder

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Schizoaffective Disorder

Delusion Disorder

Brief Psychotic Disorder

 DSM-5 Criteria

Schizophrenia -Continuous signs of disturbance for at least six months

-At least one month of positive symptoms

Schizophreniform Disorder -Same diagnostic criteria as schizophrenia but shorter duration

-Continuous for 1 month

Schizotypal Personality Disorder -Personality disorder symptoms present before psychotic symptoms
-Odd/eccentric thinking (superstitious, magical thinking, belief in clairvoyance)

Schizoid Personality Disorder -Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships

-Restricted range of emotional expression
-Little desire for social interaction, few or no close friends

Schizoaffective Disorder -Major mood episodes (including major depressive episodes and manic episodes) while
also presenting with psychotic symptoms

Delusion Disorder -Delusions for at least a month

-No other psychotic symptoms

Brief Psychotic Disorder -Positive psychotic symptoms for at least a day, but less than a month
What are some of the most common What are the 9 depressive symptoms recognized in DSM-5?
delusions?
Mnemonic for symptoms:

A major depressive episode is defined

as a period or longer in
which of the nine defined
depressive symptoms are present,
which must include either _
_ or .
Additionally must be severe enough to
impair one’s daily social or work related
activities
What are some of the most common What are the 9 depressive symptoms recognized in DSM-5?
delusions?
Sadness Mnemonic for symptoms:

Delusions of reference- belief that common Sleep Sadness + SIG E. CAPS

elements in the environment are directed toward
the individual
Interest

Delusions of persecution- belief that the person A major depressive episode is defined
is being deliberately interfered with/plotted Guilt
against/threatened/discriminated against as a two week period or longer in
Energy which 5 of the nine defined
Delusions of grandeur- involve the belief that
the person is remarkable in some significant depressive symptoms are present,
Concentration
way, such as being a famous historical figure, which must include either depressed
inventor, or religious icon. Also common in
Appetite mood or anhedonia .
bipolar I disorder
Additionally must be severe enough to
Others include thought broadcasting, thought Psychomotor
withdrawal, and thought insertion. Symptoms impair one’s daily social or work related
Suicidal Thoughts activities
What are the three phases of schizophrenia? Provide a diagnosis:
A child age 6-10 is displaying persistent and
Phase Characteristics recurrent emotional irritability in multiple
environments at school and home

Provide the criteria for the following:

Hypomanic Manic
Episode Episode

Duration

# of manic
symptoms
What is persistent depressive disorder (PDD)? present

Severe enough
to impair social
or work
activities?
What are the three phases of schizophrenia? Provide a diagnosis:
A child age 6-10 is displaying persistent and
Phase Characteristics recurrent emotional irritability in multiple
environments at school and home
Prodromal Clear signs of deterioration, social withdrawal, role
functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate
affect, and unusual experiences Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

Active Pronounced psychotic symptoms

Provide the criteria for the following:
Hypomanic Manic
Episode Episode
Residual/ Occurs after a psychotic episode, mental clarity often
Recovery resulting in concern or depression as the individual Duration At least 4 At least 7 days
becomes aware of their previous behavior days

# of manic At least 3 At least 3

symptoms symptoms symptoms
What is persistent depressive disorder (PDD)? present

When someone experiences 2 or more years in which they experience a Severe enough No Yes
depressed mood on a majority of the days. Can coincide with other to impair social
diagnoses. Also called dysthymia. or work
activities?
What are the 7 manic symptoms recognized in DSM-5? What differs between Bipolar I and Bipolar II?

Mnemonic for symptoms:

What is cyclothymic disorder? What are the

criteria for diagnosis?

What neurotransmitters are implicated in mental

illness?
What are the 7 manic symptoms recognized in DSM-5? What differs between Bipolar I and Bipolar II?

Distractability Mnemonic for symptoms: Bipolar I is characterized by manic

episodes; depressive symptoms are not
Irresponsibility DIG FAST
a requirement.
Bipolar II is characterized by depressive
Grandiosity episodes with hypomanic episodes, but
specifically not manic episodes.
Flight of thoughts

Activity or Aggitation What is cyclothymic disorder? What are the

criteria for diagnosis?
Sleep Two years of experiencing either manic
or depressive symptoms on a majority of
Talkative days
Has never experienced:
3 of the 7 manic symptoms in a 4 day
What neurotransmitters are implicated in mental period (hypomanic episode)
illness? 5 of the 9 depressive symptoms in a 2
Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine week period (depressive episode)
 DSM-5 Criteria

Generalized Anxiety
Disorder

Separation Anxiety
Disorder

Social Anxiety
Disorder

Selective Mutism

Panic Disorder

Specific Phobia
 DSM-5 Criteria

Generalized Anxiety Disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least six
Disorder months. The worrying is difficult to control, even when the individual knows that the
fear is irrational.

Separation Anxiety Excessive fear of being separated from one’s caregivers or home environment past
Disorder a developmentally appropriate age. Results in avoidant behaviors, such as refusal to
leave the house.

Social Anxiety Ideation that the individual will be exposed, embarrassed, or negatively perceived by
Disorder others. Results in avoidant behaviors.

Selective Mutism Heavily associated with social anxiety disorder; consistent inability to speak in
situations where speaking is expected.

Panic Disorder Recurrence of unexpected panic attacks. The key feature is that these attacks have
no clear triggers, or are seemingly random. Must persist at least a month and impair
one’s daily functions.

Specific Phobia Irrational fear of a specific object or situation that results in avoidant behaviors.
Includes agoraphobia, or the fear of being in places or situations where it is difficult
to escape.
Give examples of each of the four symptoms of PTSD:

Symptom: Examples:

Intrusion Symptoms

Arousal Symptoms

Avoidance Symptoms

Negative Cognitive Symptoms

What disorder has the same symptoms as PTSD, Which symptoms of PTSD are explained by
but lasts less than a month? operant conditioning? Classical conditioning?
Give examples of each of the four symptoms of PTSD:

Symptom: Examples:

Intrusion Symptoms Recurrent reliving of the event, nightmares, flashbacks, prolonged distress

Arousal Symptoms Increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, self-destructive or reckless

behavior, sleep disturbances

Avoidance Symptoms Deliberate attempts to avoid memories, people, places, activities, and
objects associated with the trauma

Negative Cognitive Symptoms Inability to recall key features of the event, negative moodor emotions,
feeling distanced from others, and persistent negative world view

What disorder has the same symptoms as PTSD, Which symptoms of PTSD are explained by
but lasts less than a month? operant conditioning? Classical conditioning?

Acute Stress Disorder Operant: avoidance symptoms

Classical: arousal and intrusion symptoms
(generalization of neutral stimulus)
Describe conversion disorder Fill in the blanks:
Hypochondrism, or pervasive anxiety about

having illness or becoming ill, is described in the

DSM-5 by two different disorders depending on

whether or not symptoms are present. When

symptoms are present it is considered -

What makes a personality disorder different than disorder, and when symptoms are not
other mental disorders?
present it is considered disorder.

What behavior is associated with dissociative An out of body experience is an example of which
amnesia? of the following? (circle one)

Depersonalization Derealization
Describe conversion disorder Fill in the blanks:
Hypochondrism, or pervasive anxiety about
Symptoms affecting sensory or motor functions which
are incompatible with a patient’s neurological status, having illness or becoming ill, is described in the
generally after trauma. The patient is often
DSM-5 by two different disorders depending on
unconcerned with the symptoms, a phenomenon
called la belle indifference whether or not symptoms are present. When

symptoms are present it is considered somatic

What makes a personality disorder different than symptom disorder, and when symptoms are not
other mental disorders?
It is ego-syntonic; they view their behavior as correct, present it is considered illness anxiety disorder.
normal, or in harmony with their goals.

What behavior is associated with dissociative An out of body experience is an example of which
amnesia? of the following? (circle one)

Dissociative fugue; purposeless wandering Depersonalization Derealization

What are the three clusters of personality disorders?
Behavior Disorders to know Characteristics
Pattern

C
What are the three clusters of personality disorders?
Behavior Disorders to know Characteristics
Pattern

A Odd or Paranoid PD Pervasive distrust of others and their motives

eccentric
Schizotypal PD Ideas of reference, magic, clairvoyance, superstitiousness

Schizoid PD Detachment from relationships and restricted range of emotion

B Dramatic, Antisocial PD Disregard for and violation of the rights of others

emotional,
or erratic
Borderline PD Instability of interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image; splitting

Histrionic PD Constant attention-seeking behavior

Narcissistic PD Sense of self-importance, fragile self-esteem, concern with how others view them

C Anxious or Avoidant PD Extreme shyness despite intense desire for social affection
fearful
Dependent PD Continuous need for reassurance and help decision making

Obsessive- compulsive PD Perfectionism and inflexibility, lack of desire to change

What is physiologically different in individuals with What is physiologically different in individuals
depressive disorders? with alzheimer’s dementia?
(don’t need to memorize all, know trends)

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?

What is the biological basis of Parkinsons?

What is physiologically different in individuals with What is physiologically different in individuals
depressive disorders? with alzheimer’s dementia?
(don’t need to memorize all, know trends)

-Abnormally high glucose metabolism in the

amygdala -Flattened sulci on cerebrum
-Hippocampal atrophy -Enlarged cerebral ventricles
-Abnormally high glucocorticoids -Deficient blood flow in parietal lobes
-Decreased norepinephrine, serotonin, and -Reduced acetylcholine
dopamine -Reduced choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
-Reduced metabolism in temporal and parietal
lobes
What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease? -Amyloid plaques
-Hyperphosphorylated tau protein
-Bradykinesia
-Resting tremor
-Pill-rolling tremor What is the biological basis of Parkinsons?
-Masklike facies
-Cogwheel rigidity (muscle tension that -Decreased dopamine production in substantia nigra
intermittently halts movement) -Improper function of basal ganglia
-Shuffling gait
Describe the bystander effect. What describes loss of one’s self identity in a group
and the associated adoption of a group identity?

What is the phenomenon shown below?

Changes in beliefs and behaviors due to peer
pressure are explained by what effect?

What describes the tendency of groups to

reduce effort?
Describe the bystander effect. What describes loss of one’s self identity in a group
and the associated adoption of a group identity?
Likelihood and timeliness of response to crisis
Deindividuation
is related to the number of bystanders

What is the phenomenon shown below?

Changes in beliefs and behaviors due to peer Yerkes-Dodson Law
pressure are explained by what effect? Describes social facilitation
Identity Shift effect; when someones state of
harmony is threatened by social rejection and
they conform to norms of the group

What describes the tendency of groups to

reduce effort?

Social Loafing
 What are the eight factors that are indicative of group think?

Factor Members may…

 What are the eight factors that are indicative of group think?

Factor Members may…

Illusion of invulnerability encourage risks and be too optimistic

Collective rationalization ignore expressed concerns about group ideas

Illusion of morality believe group ideas are morally/ethically correct and disregard evidence to the contrary

Excessive stereotyping construct stereotypes of those expressing outside opinions

Pressure for conformity feel pressured not to express opinions that disagree with the group; view opposition as disloyal

Self-censorship withhold ideas and opinions that disagree with the group

Illusion of unaminity believe that the decisions of the group are without disagreement

Mindguards decide to take on a role protecting the group against opposing views
What is resocialization? What are the similarities and differences between
group polarization and groupthink?

What are primary and secondary socialization?

What are the four factors used to assess

assimilation?
What is resocialization? What are the similarities and differences between
group polarization and groupthink?
Discarding old behaviors for new ones through
intensive training. Both the military and cult Similarities: They are both interpersonal and lead
members have been resocialized. to extreme outcomes in comparison to individual
ideas.

What are primary and secondary socialization? Differences: Group think involves the ignoring of
outside opinions and pushing out nonconformity.
Primary: occurs during childhood, initial Group polarization only describes a tendency
learning of socially acceptable behavior, toward extreme decisions.
generally from observing caregivers

Secondary: occurs in adolescence and What are the four factors used to assess
adulthood, small refinements to primary assimilation?
socialization in order to adopt appropriate Socioeconomic status
behaviors for particular group settings (i.e. Geographic distribution
school). Language attainment
Intermarriage
What is the vocabulary term for What is the difference between cultural transmission and cultural
widely accepted social norms? diffusion?

Rewards for appropriate behavior

and penalties for misconduct in a
society are called:

Describe the following theories on deviance

Labeling
A student prepares to go to theory
medical school by adopting new
behaviors, what kind of
socialization is this? Differential
association
theory

What is the vocabulary term for Strain

polite behavior, like shaking hands theory
What is the vocabulary term for What is the difference between cultural transmission and cultural
widely accepted social norms? diffusion?

Mores Cultural transmission describes the process of passing down

beliefs, customs, and norms from one generation to the next
Rewards for appropriate behavior Cultural diffusion describes the spread from one culture to
and penalties for misconduct in a another
society are called:

Sanctions Describe the following theories on deviance

Labeling Labels given to a person affect not only how others

A student prepares to go to theory
medical school by adopting new view them, but how they view themselves
behaviors, what kind of
socialization is this? Differential Deviance is learned through our interactions with
Anticipatory socialization association others; “fallen into the wrong group”
theory

What is the vocabulary term for Strain Deviance is a reaction to disconnect between social
polite behavior, like shaking hands theory goals and social structure.
Ex. American Dream is not necessarily attainable through our social structure, and
Folkways individuals may attempt to reach the goal outside of the social structure
What is role engulfment? What are the two distinct types of conformity? How are they
different? Note any relevant experiments.

What are the four functions of attitude

according to functional attitudes theory

What are the three components of attitude?

What is role engulfment? What are the two distinct types of conformity? How are they
different? Note any relevant experiments.
The internalization of a label to the point Identification- outward acceptance of other’s ideas without
of it taking over a person’s identity personally taking these ideas on
Asch conformity experiment
(given the card to the right, confederates were asked to
provide blatantly wrong answers (B or C) and a genuine
What are the four functions of attitude test subject was asked in the presence of these confederates,
according to functional attitudes theory and often provided an answer they didn’t believe)

Knowledge (organization of
thoughts/experiences) Internalization- changing one’s behavior to fit in with a
group, while also privately agreeing with the group
Ego expression (communication and
Stanford prison experiment
development of identity) (guards and prisoners both internalized their roles )

Adaptation (attempting to get social

acceptance) What are the three components of attitude?
Ego defense (protecting our self Affective (emotion)
esteem) Behavioral (how we act)
Cognitive (rationale)
Match the following compliance techniques: How is obedience different than
compliance or conformity?
An individual is made an offer, but before a decision is
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
made, they are made an even better offer

Requestor gets an initial commitment, but then raises the

Lowball Technique
cost of commitment

That’s-not-all Technique A large request is made at first, and if refused, a second

smaller request is made

Door-in-the-Face Technique Begins with a small request, and after gaining compliance,
a larger request is made

Describe Reciprocal Causation

Match the following compliance techniques: How is obedience different than
compliance or conformity?
An individual is made an offer, but before a decision is
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
made, they are made an even better offer
Obedience is in response to an order
from someone with perceived power
Requestor gets an initial commitment, but then raises the
Lowball Technique
cost of commitment Compliance is in response to a
request
A large request is made at first, and if refused, a second Conformity is adopting behavior to
That’s-not-all Technique
smaller request is made
suit a group

Door-in-the-Face Technique Begins with a small request, and after gaining compliance,
a larger request is made

Describe Bandura’s Triadic Reciprocal Causation

A social cognitive theory of attitude. Refers to the idea that three interactive factors (behavior, personal
factors, and environment) all influence each other.
Ex. the work ethic of employees in a company (behavior) is affected by how hard their colleagues work (personal factors), and the
systems and infrastructure of the company (environment). Reciprocally, this behavior may create a change in the employee’s attitude toward
work (personal factors) and the systems within the company (environment).
 Describe the Four Theories of Attitudes

Functional Attitudes
Theory

Learning Theory

Elaboration Likelihood
Model

Social Cognitive Theory

What are central and peripheral route processing?

 Describe the Four Theories of Attitudes

Functional Attitudes Attitudes serve four functions: knowledge, ego expression, adaptation (attempting to get
Theory validation from others), and ego defense

Learning Theory Attitudes are developed through different forms of learning (classical conditioning,
operant conditioning, and observational learning). This describes when someone
develops a positive or negative association with something.

Elaboration Likelihood Separates individuals on a spectrum based on how they process persuasive information.
Model This theory describes central route and peripheral route processing

Social Cognitive Theory People learn attitudes through direct observation of others, replicating their attitudes;
influenced by personal factors and environment. Includes reciprocal causation

What are central and peripheral route processing?

*part of the elaboration likelihood model
Central = deep thinking, scrutiny of meaning and purpose
Peripheral = superficial thinking, focuses on features such as the appearance of the person delivering the
argument, catchphrases, slogans, and credibility
 Define each of the following terms regarding roles: What are the three types of
statuses?
Role
Performance Ascribed

Role Partner

Achieved
Role Conflict

Role Strain
Master

Role Exit
 Define each of the following terms regarding roles: What are the three types of
statuses?
Role The carrying out of behaviors associated with a role
Performance Ascribed Given involuntarily,
based on race, ethnicity,
gender, family
background, and so on.
Role Partner The person with whom one is interacting; may change
the role performance depending on expectations

Achieved Gained as a result of

Role Conflict The difficulty in satisfying the requirements or one’s efforts or choices
expectations of multiple roles

Role Strain The difficulty in satisfying the requirements or

expectations of a single role Master Status by which one is
most identified; is
pervasive in that
Role Exit The dropping of one identity for another person’s life
 Match the Descriptions to the Described Social Group

Self-selected equals associated by similar interests, ages, or statuses

In-Group

Direct, close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships

Out-Group

Used as a reference for self evaluation

Peer Group

A social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging or

Family Group identifies as a member

Businesslike group with few emotional bonds and a goal of accomplishing a

Reference Group
specific purpose

Primary Group A social group with which an individual does not identify

Secondary Group Not self-selected ; determined by birth, adoption, and marriage

 Match the Descriptions to the Described Social Group

Self-selected equals associated by similar interests, ages, or statuses

In-Group

Direct, close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships

Out-Group

Used as a reference for self evaluation

Peer Group

A social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging or

Family Group identifies as a member

Businesslike group with few emotional bonds and a goal of accomplishing a

Reference Group
specific purpose

Primary Group A social group with which an individual does not identify

Secondary Group Not self-selected ; determined by birth, adoption, and marriage

Define the Following Terms: Fill in the blanks:

Gemeinschaft is a technique
for observing, classifying, and measuring the
interactions within small groups. In the 1970’s, it was
revised to the ________________________________
_______________which is based on the belief that
Gesellschaft
there are three fundamental dimensions of interaction:

1) ,

2) ,
What are the types of social networks?

3) .
Define the Following Terms: Fill in the blanks:

Gemeinschaft (community) refers to groups Interaction Process Analysis is a technique

unified by feelings of togetherness for observing, classifying, and measuring the
due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or
geography interactions within small groups. In the 1970’s, it was
Ex. families and neighborhoods revised to the system for multiple level observation of
groups (SYMLOG) which is based on the belief that
Gesellschaft (society) less personal groups that
there are three fundamental dimensions of interaction:
are formed out of mutual
self-interests working together
toward the same goal
1) Dominance vs Submission ,
Ex. companies and countries

2) Friendliness vs Unfriendliness ,
What are the types of social networks?

Immediate networks- are dense with strong ties 3) Instrumentally controlled vs Emotionally expressive

Distant networks- looser and contain weaker ties

What’s the difference between an organization and a formal organization?

Organization

Formal
Organization

What are the six characteristics of bureaucracies? What is the iron law of oligarchy?
What’s the difference between an organization and a formal organization?

Organization Complex secondary group set up to achieve specific goals; characterized by having a
structure and a culture
Ex. school, sompanies, sports teams, political organizations

Formal The formal aspect derives from explicit goals that guide the members and their activities, with
Organization included enforcement procedures that seek to control the activities of their members.

What are the six characteristics of bureaucracies? What is the iron law of oligarchy?

1) Paid, nonelected officials on a fixed salary

2) Officials who are provided rights and privileges as a result of
making their careers out of holding office Democratic or bureaucratic systems
3) Regular salary increases naturally begin to shift to being ruled by
4) Seniority rights an elite group.
5) Promotions upon passing exams or milestones
6) Officials who enter the organizations by holding an
advanced degree or training
Explain these concepts of self-presentation of emotions:

Basic Model of
Emotional
Expression

Appraisal
Model

Social
Construction
Model

What is the term describing cultural expectations of emotions?

Explain these concepts of self-presentation of emotions:

Basic Model of -Established by Charles Darwin

Emotional -Emotional expression involves: expressions, behaviors, postures, vocal changes, and
Expression physiological changes
-Consistent with evolution; emotions should be similar across cultures

Appraisal -Closely related to the basic model

Model -Accepts biologically predetermined expressions, but asserts that there is a cognitive
appraisal step

Social -Assumes no biological basis for emotions

Construction -Emotions = result of experiences and the situational context
Model -Suggests that certain emotions can only exist within social encounters
-Asserts that emotions are expressed differently and thus play different roles across cultures.

What is the term describing cultural expectations of emotions?

Display Rules. Ex. Inuits don’t accept expression of anger.

Define “cultural syndrome” and explain how it can impact our cognition of emotion

What are the three selves in impression management?

Describe the Dramaturgical Approach

Define “cultural syndrome” and explain how it can impact our cognition of emotion

A cultural syndrome is a shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors amond members of the
same culture that are organized around a central theme. In America, this is individuality and freedom. In other
societies, it’s about the collective. The book gives the contrast between the phrases “I am happy” and “I am
sharing happiness with others”

What are the three selves in impression management?

Authentic Self- Describes who the person actually is, both positive and negative
Ideal Self- Who we would like to be under optimal circumstances
Tactical Self- Who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others’ expectations of us

Describe the Dramaturgical Approach

A theory of impression management that likens our self presentation to that of an actor on a stage. It describes
the front stage self as that which we show an audience, and the back stage self is the persona adopted
when there is no concern about upholding the performance of a desired public image
Define the strategies of impression management:

Self-
Disclosure

Managing
Appearances

Ingratiation

Aligning
Actions

Alter-Casting
Define the strategies of impression management:

Self- Giving information about oneself to establish an identity

Disclosure Ex. Disclosing that you are a premedical student

Managing Using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a
Appearances positive image
Ex. Mentioning associations with important researchers during an interview

Ingratiation Using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over

Ex. Blindly agreeing to an opinion; complimenting someone before asking for a favor

Aligning Making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses

Actions Ex. Blaming a bad grade on too little sleep

Alter-Casting Imposing an identity onto another person

Ex. “As a good MCAT student you should…” assigns you the role of ‘good mcat student’
Fill in the blanks: What are nonverbal and verbal forms of
communication?
George Herbert Mead described impression
management through splitting the self into two parts.
The part of the self that is developed through
interaction with society is the , and the
development of this self comes from considering the
, which is based on a person’s
established perceptions of the expectations of society. What are the factors that affect interpersonal
attraction?
In contrast, the is the individuals own
impulses. These two selves are not independent of
each other; a person’s impulses are shaped by their
Define Aggression:
interpretation of society’s expectations. In short, the
shapes the .
Fill in the blanks: What are nonverbal and verbal forms of
communication?
George Herbert Mead described impression
Verbal: spoken, written, signed (ASL), and tactile
management through splitting the self into two parts.
languages (Braille)
The part of the self that is developed through
Nonverbal: TONE (prosody), eye contact, gestures,
interaction with society is the Me , and the facial expressions, body language, amount of
development of this self comes from considering the personal space,

generalized other , which is based on a person’s

established perceptions of the expectations of society. What are the factors that affect interpersonal
attraction?
In contrast, the I is the individuals own
-Similarity -Self Disclosure
impulses. These two selves are not independent of -Reciprocity -Proximity
each other; a person’s impulses are shaped by their
Define Aggression:
interpretation of society’s expectations. In short, the
Behavior that intends to cause harm or increase
Me shapes the I .
social dominance; does not need to be physical.
What is attachment? When is it formed? Define the familiarity effect

What parts of the brain control anger?

List the types of social supports:

People with low social support have higher risks
for what health concerns?
What is attachment? When is it formed? Define the familiarity effect

Attachment is an emotional bond between a Individuals prefer stimuli they have been exposed to
caregiver and child that begins to develop during more frequently. Effects interpersonal attraction
infancy. Having a secure attachment pattern during (through proximity), as well as spending habits.
the first six months and two years of life has been
found to be vital to a child’s social development.
Children with insecure patterns of attachment are What parts of the brain control anger?
observed to have social deficits.
The amygdala is responsible for recognition of
threats
The prefrontal cortex puts the brakes on
List the types of social support
People with low social support have higher risks
-Emotional Support for what health concerns?
-Esteem Support (affirming the qualities of others)
-Material Support Anxiety, depression, drug use, other psych disorders
-Informational Support
-Network Support (gives someone a sense of Mortality from other diseases like diabetes,
belonging) cardiovascular disease, and cancer
What are the four types of attachment?
Child-Parent Relationship Overall Child’s Response Child’s Response
at Departure at Return

Secure
Attachment

Avoidant
Attachment

Ambivalent
Attachment

Disorganized
Attachment
What are the four types of attachment?
Child-Parent Relationship Overall Child’s Response Child’s Response
at Departure at Return

Secure Parent is consistent, child can go out and explore and return Distressed Comforted
Attachment to a reliable base

Avoidant Parent has little or no response to a distressed child; given No distress No relief
Attachment the choice, the child will show no preference between the
parent and a stranger.

Ambivalent Parent has inconsistent response to a child’s distress, Very distressed Mixed response
Attachment sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes
neglectfully. Child cannot consistently rely on caregiver.

Disorganized Associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by No clear pattern No clear pattern
Attachment caregiver, may be a red flag for abuse. Child may appear
dazed or confused, or have repetitive behaviors like rocking
What is polyandry? Polygyny? What are the five recognized mechanisms of mate choice?

Definitions:

Phenotypic
Benefits

Sensory Bias
What is the neoassociation
model?

Fisherian
(Runaway)
Selection

Indicator
Traits

Genetic
Compatibility
What is polyandry? Polygyny? What are the five recognized mechanisms of mate choice?

Polyandry= having exclusive Definitions:

relationships with multiple men
Phenotypic Observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to
Benefits the opposite sex; usually associated with increased
Polygyny= having exclusive
relationships with multiple production/survival of offspring
Ex. a potential mate that looks nurturing may be more likely to care for and
women promote the survival of their offspring

Sensory Bias Development of a trait to match a preexisting preference

What is the neoassociation
model? that exists in the population.
Ex. fiddler crabs build structures to attract mates to their territory

Fisherian A positive feedback mechanism whereby a particular trait that

Asserts that we are more likely (Runaway) has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more and
Selection
to respond to others more exaggerated
aggressively whenever we are Ex. peacocks colorful frocks
feeling negative emotions such
Indicator Traits that signify overall good health of an organism
as being sick, tired, frustrated, Traits Ex. female cats prefer males with shiny coats
or in pain
Genetic Attraction to others with starkly contrasting traits
Compatibility
What is the empathy - altruism hypothesis?

Explain the concept of the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) What are the four possible
outcomes of the Hawk-Dove game?

Explain the concept of inclusive fitness

What is the empathy - altruism hypothesis?

This theory asserts that one individual helps another person when he or she feels empathy for them,
regardless of the cost. Heavily debated / modern theories don’t agree.

Explain the concept of the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) What are the four possible
outcomes of the Hawk-Dove game?

Game theorists look at natural selection as a game in which the

object is being more fit than competitors. They hypothesize that
when an ESS is adopted in a particular population, natural selection
will prevent alternative strategies from arising

Altruism Spite

Explain the concept of inclusive fitness

A measure of an organism’s success in the population, based on the

number of offspring, success of supporting offspring, and the ability
of the offspring to then support others. Supports theories of altruism.
Cooperation Selfishness
What are attributions? Describe primacy and recency effects in context of impression
bias

What are the three primary

components of social perception?
Whats the difference between reliance on central traits and the
halo effect?

What hypothesis explains victim

blaming?
What are attributions? Describe primacy and recency effects in context of impression
bias
Explanations for the causes of a
person’s actions Primacy: the idea that your first impression of someone is often
Ex. “He attributed her lashing out to her recent more important than subsequent impressions
demotion at work”
Recency: sometimes, the most recent information we have about
What are the three primary an individual is most important in our forming impressions of them
components of social perception?
Whats the difference between reliance on central traits and the
-The perceiver
halo effect?
-The target
-The situation Reliance on Central Traits: when the perceiver organizes their
perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of
the target that are most relevant to the perceiver. Allows us to make
What hypothesis explains victim stereotypes and predict behavior of others.
blaming?
The just world hypothesis Halo Effect: When judgements about a particular aspect of an
individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the
This worldview denies the possibility individual, generally on a scale of good and bad, or trustworthy or
that there are innocent victims not. Attractiveness can make someone appear trustworthy
Describe implicit personality theory

What are in-group and out-group biases?

Define self-serving bias, self-verification, and self-enhancement

Describe implicit personality theory

The theory that there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits,
and their behavior are related. Making assumptions based on these categories is stereotyping. This theory is
based in the reliance on central traits.

What are in-group and out-group biases?

In-group bias describes the inclination to view members in one’s group more favorably, while out-group bias
describes the inclination to view individuals outside one’s group harshly

Define self-serving bias, self-verification, and self-enhancement

Self-Serving Bias- the tendency to attribute one’s own successes to internal factors and blame one’s failures
on external factors

Self-Enhancement- the need to maintain self-worth, which can be accomplished in part by self-serving bias

Self-Verification- people will seek the companionship of others who see them as they see themselves,
thereby validating a person’s self-serving bias
In attribution theory, the causes for attribution are divided into what two categories?

Define the following cues, and provide the kinds of attributions they contribute to:

Cue Type Definition Type of attribution to be made

Consistency
Cues

Consensus Cues

Distinctiveness
Cues
In attribution theory, the causes for attribution are divided into what two categories?

Dispositional (Internal; beliefs, attitudes, personality)

Situational (External; threats, money, norms, peer pressure)

Define the following cues, and provide the kinds of attributions they contribute to:

Cue Type Definition Type of attribution to be made

Consistency “Is there consistent behavior over time?”; The more regular Dispositional
Cues
a behavior, the more we associate that behavior with the
motives of the person

Consensus Cues “Does the behavior match others’ behavior?”; The extent to Dispositional
which a person’s behaviors differ from others

Distinctiveness “Do they use similar behavior in similar situations?”; The Situational
Cues Ex. if someone’s behavior is distinct
extent to which a person engages in a similar behavior
from their usual, we assume there is
across a series of scenarios difference in situation
What is correspondent inference theory? Compare and contrast it with fundamental attribution error.

Define attribute substitution How does culture change attributions?

What is correspondent inference theory? Compare and contrast it with fundamental attribution error.

Correspondent inference theory states that when an individual unexpectedly helps or hurts us, we tend to
explain it by dispositional attribution. This is very similar to distinctiveness cues, in that the behavior is different
than expected behavior, however this theory is more specific in that the behavior directly impacts the observer,
and the observer is ignorant to the causes for the behavior and infers it must be intentional and dispositional.

Fundamental attribution error asserts that we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions
rather than situational attributions when judging the actions of others. This error is largely due to our lack of
insight and thoughtful consideration; dispositional attributions are easier to explain than situational attributions.

Define attribute substitution How does culture change attributions?

When an individual must make a complex Individualist cultures are more likely to make
judgement, but instead substitutes a simpler dispositional attributions
solution or applies a heuristic. This is relevant in
optical illusions, as well as some riddles. Collectivist cultures are more likely to make
Ex. A pencil and an eraser cost $1.10 together. If the pencil situational attributions
costs one dollar more than the eraser, how much does the
eraser cost?
Fill out the stereotype content model What are the three most important social
factors impacting prejudice?

What are the two methods of making

judgements about other cultures?

Concern or anxiety about affirming a stereotype is called:

Fill out the stereotype content model What are the three most important social
factors impacting prejudice?
Paternalistic Stereotype Admiration Stereotype
Pity, Sympathy Pride, Admiration
1. Power ability of people or groups to achieve
their goals despite any obstacles
Elderly, disabled, Ingroup and close allies
housewives 2. Prestige level of respect shown to a person by
others

Contemptuous Envious Stereotype 3. Class socioeconomic status

Stereotype
Comtempt, disgust, Envy, jealousy
resentment
What are the two methods of making
Poor people Asians, Jews, rich people, judgements about other cultures?
feminists
Ethnocentrism- making judgements
based on the values and beliefs of one’s
own culture

Cultural relativism- studying social

Concern or anxiety about affirming a stereotype is called:
groups and cultures on their own terms
Stereotype threat
Describe the following theoretical approaches to sociology. What level of society does each explain?
Level Description

Symbolic
Interactionism

Social
Constructionism

Rational Choice
(Exchange) Theory

Conflict Theory

Structural-
Functionalism
Describe the following theoretical approaches to sociology
Level Description

Symbolic Micro Pioneered by George Herbert Mead. Attempts to understand human action and interaction by studying
Interactionism and the symbols we use to communicate. The meanings of these symbols come from our interactions, and
Meso their interpretation influences our actions.

Social Micro An attempt to understand society through the study of the society’s social constructs. Symbols are only
Constructionism and one type of social construct, thus social constructionism is broader.
Meso Ex. the study of the definitions of abstract concepts like honor and justice.

Rational Choice Micro Attempts to understand sociology through examining individual decision making during social
(Exchange) Theory and interactions. Believes that humans will make rational choices to further their own self-interests through
Meso pursuing social rewards (honor, prestige, approval) and avoiding social punishment (embarassment,
humiliation, sanctions, stigmatization). Also refered to as exchange theory due to the evaluation of
social relationships for reciprocity.

Conflict Theory Macro Attempts to understand society through studying it’s inevitable conflicts. Strongly associated with Karl
Marx and the conflict between the bourgeoisie (elite) and proletariat (worker)

Structural- Macro Studies how large societies survive over long periods of time, specifically focusing on social cohesion
Functionalism
and stability. The “functions” are the contributions made by a group (structure) to the system
Define the following functions in structural-functionalism: What is the glass escalator?

Manifest
Function

Latent
Function

Dysfunction What level of society do institutions exist

at?

Describe teacher expectancy:

What are the six major institutions?

Define the following functions in structural-functionalism: What is the glass escalator?

Manifest An intended consequence of the actions of a group

The invisible social force that sometimes
Function within society
Ex. a conference held by a medical society intends to pushes men up to higher positions; especially
educate a group of physicians prevalent for men working in traditionally
female occupations. In contrast to the glass
Latent When an organization has an unintended but beneficial ceiling, which prevents women from
Function consequence progressing in their careers
Ex. the same conference allows physicians to form closer
interpersonal bonds

Dysfunction Negative consequences of the existence of an What level of society do institutions exist
institution, organization, or interaction at?
Ex. corrupt business practices, or unjust government
Meso level; are a part of society, but don’t
depend on individuals
Describe teacher expectancy:

Refers to the idea that teachers get what they expect of their What are the six major institutions?
students. A teacher that places high demands on students and
believes they will succeed will generally have more successful
students than a similar teacher that places high demands but does Education Family
not expect success Religion Government
Economy Medicine
What is secularization? Define artifact with reference to culture

What term describes the What is culture lag?

strict adherence to religious
code?

What are the four key tenets Fill out the following nature vs nurture experimental set ups
of medical ethics?
Sample Group Control Group

Family Study

Twin Study

Adoption
Study
What is secularization? Define artifact with reference to culture

The movement of society toward a world Material items that people make, possess, and value. Includes
dominated by rationality and scientific thinking foods, tools, clothing, jewelry, buildings, artwork, and emblems.
(rather than dominated by religion)

What term describes the What is culture lag?

strict adherence to religious When one part of a culture (usually material) changes faster than another part
code? (usually symbolic), creating a juxtaposition of values within that culture.
Ex. American culture still values individualism and privacy, but the development of smartphones
Fundamentalism and social media have pushed toward a more community-oriented and less private world

What are the four key tenets Fill out the following nature vs nurture experimental set ups
of medical ethics?
Sample Group Control Group
-Beneficence
-Nonmalefecince Family Study Family of genetically related Unrelated individuals (general
-Respect for patient autonomy individuals population)
-Justice
Twin Study Monozygotic twins Dizygotic twins

Adoption Adoptive family (relative to Biological family (of adopted child)

Study adopted child)
Define the following ratios: What is gender stratification?

Dependency ratio:

What is symbolic ethnicity?

Youth ratio:

Age dependency ratio:

Label the Kinsey scale

What is a stable population?

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Define the following ratios: What is gender stratification?

Dependency ratio: Inequality in access to social resources that is based on gender

# members of a population not in the workforce

#members of a population in the workforce What is symbolic ethnicity?
Youth ratio:
A connection to one’s ethnicity in which one’s ethnic symbols
# members of a population under 15 y.o. and identity are important to them despite not playing any
significant role in their life.
#members of a population aged 15-65 Ex. Irish folks on St. Patty’s Day

Age dependency ratio:

Label the Kinsey scale Varying degrees of bisexuality

# members of a population over 65 y.o.

Exclusive homosexuality
Exclusive heterosexuality
#members of a population aged 15-65

What is a stable population?

birth rate = mortality rate

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
What are the stages of demographic transition theory? Fill in the table and graph to describe each.
Characteristics of Stage

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Stage 5

Refer to the graphs to the right; A B C

Which stage of demographic transition is each population in?
What are the stages of demographic transition theory? Fill in the table and graph to describe each.
Characteristics of Stage

Stage 1 Preindustrial society. Birth and death rate both high. Stable population. Birth rate

Stage 2 Improvements in healthcare/nutrition/sanitation, decrease in death rates,

population increases

Stage 3 Improvements in contraception/womens rights, shift from agricultural to an Death rate

industrial economy, decrease in birth rates

Stage 4 Industrialized society; birth rates and death rates are both low. Stable
population.
Total Population
Stage 5 When birth rates fall below death rates, resulting in population decline.

Refer to the graphs to the right; A B C

Which stage of demographic transition is each population in?
A: Stage 1
B: Stage 5
C: Stage 4
Not shown are Stage 2, which would look like A without concave sides and an older median population,
and Stage 3, which would look like C with a slightly wider bottom and younger median age
Fill in the blanks: What is a ghetto?

describes a
theoretical circumstance in which population
growth exceeds growth of the food supply, Give examples of ascribed and achieved statuses
resulting in social degradation and disorder. This
closely resembles the of
bacterial growth.

What are the two kinds of social movements? Describe each.

What is anomie, and what theory focuses on it’s outcomes?

Fill in the blanks: What is a ghetto?
An area where a specific racial, ethnic, or religious minority is
Malthusian Theory describes a
concentrated (usually due to economic inequity)
theoretical circumstance in which population
growth exceeds growth of the food supply, Give examples of ascribed and achieved statuses
resulting in social degradation and disorder. This
Ascribed status is involuntarily obtained; gender, race, age
closely resembles the death phase of
bacterial growth. Achieved status is aquired via independent/individual efforts;
job title, educational attainment

What are the two kinds of social movements? Describe each

Reactive social movements seek to resist social change, and Proactive social movements seek to promote social
change

What is anomie, and what theory focuses on it’s outcomes?

Anomie refers to a lack of widely accepted social norms and the breakdown of social bonds between an individual
and society. Strain theory focuses on how anomie can lead to deviance.
*Note, anonomic conditions include excessive individualism, social inequality, and isolation
Match the following to their definitions
The compounding of disadvantage seen in individuals who belong to more than one
Intragenerational Mobility underserved group

When someone is able to change their social status within their lifetime
Intergenerational Mobility

When parent and child have the same social class

Social Capital

Changes in social status from parent to child

Cultural Capital

The investment people make in order to gain knowledge, abilities, and skills
Horizontal Mobility

When an individual does not change social class, however they change field of
Intersectionality
occupation or lifestyle.

Social Reproduction
The investment people make in their society through group associations in return for
economic or collective rewards. Generally in the form of a social network.

What is a plutocracy?
Rule by the upper class(es)
Match the following to their definitions
The compounding of disadvantage seen in individuals who belong to more than one
Intragenerational Mobility underserved group

When someone is able to change their social status within their lifetime
Intergenerational Mobility

When parent and child have the same social class

Social Capital

Changes in social status from parent to child

Cultural Capital

The investment people make in order to gain knowledge, abilities, and skills
Horizontal Mobility

When an individual does not change social class, however they change field of
Intersectionality
occupation or lifestyle.

Social Reproduction
The investment people make in their society through group associations in return for
economic or collective rewards. Generally in the form of a social network.

What is a plutocracy?
What is false consciousness? Fill in the blanks:

Geographic social stratification is referred to as

. Some examples of this are seen in
the difference in career and educational opportunities
between rural and urban areas, as well as in the disparities
of resources between urban and suburban neighborhoods.
The process of has exacerbated the
How does world-system theory categorize already present stratification of affluent and low income
nations? neighborhoods through the exodus of middle-class
individuals from urban areas, leaving lower classes in city
centers. This can ultimately lead to , in which
a previously functional part of the city deteriorates and
becomes decrepit over time. This process can be reversed
through , in which city land is reclaimed
and renovated. This restoration is often fueled by
, when middle and upper class populations
purchase and renovate deteriorated areas, displacing
low-SES populations.
What is false consciousness? Fill in the blanks:

A misperception of one’s actual position within Geographic social stratification is referred to as

society. Manifests as members of the proletariat not spatial inequality . Some examples of this are seen in
recognizing how bad things are, or the
the difference in career and educational opportunities
commonalities of their experiences with others’. A
major barrier to class consciousness. between rural and urban areas, as well as in the disparities
of resources between urban and suburban neighborhoods.
The process of sub-urbanization has exacerbated the
How does world-system theory categorize already present stratification of affluent and low income
nations? neighborhoods through the exodus of middle-class
individuals from urban areas, leaving lower classes in city
Core nations- focus on higher skills and higher centers. This can ultimately lead to urban decay , in which
paying productions, exploit peripheral nations
a previously functional part of the city deteriorates and
Peripheral nations- lower skilled productions, becomes decrepit over time. This process can be reversed
widespread poverty through urban renewal , in which city land is reclaimed
and renovated. This restoration is often fueled by
Semi-peripheral nations- work toward becoming gentrification , when middle and upper class populations
core nations, but have many characteristics of
peripheral nations purchase and renovate deteriorated areas, displacing
low-SES populations.
Define the following: What factors contribute to mens lower life expectancy
compared to females?
Incidence:

Prevalence:
Fill in the blanks:

In comparison to females, men tend to have greater rates of

from disease, although women have greater
rates of , especially of acute and chronic
Which races have better health profiles than diseases.
caucasians? Which have worse?

What parts of the USA are known to have the best and
the worst quality health care
Define the following: What factors contribute to mens lower life expectancy
compared to females?
Incidence:
Suicide, homicide, risk-taking behavior, employment in dangerous
# of new cases occupations, alcohol use, violent sports, refusal to seek out medical
attention (hypermasculinity), lack of compliance with medical advice
#members of a population at risk

*over a set period of time

Prevalence:
Fill in the blanks:
total cases (new or chronic)
In comparison to females, men tend to have greater rates of
total population
*over a set period of time mortality from disease, although women have greater
rates of morbidity , especially of acute and chronic
Which races have better health profiles than diseases.
caucasians? Which have worse?

Better= asian americans and pacific islanders What parts of the USA are known to have the best and
the worst quality health care
Worse= native americans, hispanic americans,
and worst off of all are african americans Best= New England and Mid-Atlantic
Worst=South