EEE 3532/3522 (Communication 3/29/2024

Engineering)

COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
EEE 3532/3522
AP Dr Maryam M Isa
03-8946 4363
[email protected]

Baseband Transmission
Baseband information can be sent directly
and unmodified over the medium or can be
used to modulate a carrier for transmission
over the medium.
• In telephone or intercom systems, the voice is
placed on the wires and transmitted.
• In some computer networks, the digital signals
are applied directly to coaxial or twisted-pair
cables for transmission.

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EEE 3532/3522 (Communication 3/29/2024
Engineering)

Broadband Transmission
– A carrier is a high frequency signal that is
modulated by audio, video, or data.
– A radio-frequency (RF) wave is an
electromagnetic signal that is able to travel
long distances through space.

Broadband Transmission
– A broadband transmission takes place when
a carrier signal is modulated, amplified, and
sent to the antenna for transmission.
– The two most common methods of
modulation are:
• Amplitude Modulation (AM)
• Frequency Modulation (FM)
– Another method is called phase
modulation (PM), in which the phase angle
of the sine wave is varied.

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EEE 3532/3522 (Communication 3/29/2024
Engineering)

Amplitude Modulation

WHAT IS MODULATION?
• Information signals are transported between a
transmitter and a receiver over some form of
transmission medium.
• The original information signals are seldom in a
form that is unsuitable for transmission.
• It must be transformed from the original form into
a form that is more suitable for transmission.
• The process of transferring low frequency
information signals to a high-frequency carrier
signal.

Amplitude Modulation

WHAT IS MODULATION?
Benefits of Modulation
Three benefits that result from modulation:
1. Modulation can shift the spectral content of a
message signal into a band which is better
suited to the channel.
2. Modulation permits the use of multiplexing.
3. Modulation can provide some control over
noise/interference.
AM Modulator is a nonlinear device.

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EEE 3532/3522 (Communication 3/29/2024
Engineering)

Modulation

Modulation at the transmitter.

Modulation and
Demodulation
AM

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2π𝑓𝑡 + θ)

If the information signal is analog and the

amplitude (V) of the carrier is varied
proportional to the information signal,
amplitude modulation (AM) is produced.

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EEE 3532/3522 (Communication 3/29/2024
Engineering)

Amplitude Modulation

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
• of transferring low frequency information signals
to a high-frequency carrier signal.

a) carrier wave
Vc sin 2πfct
b) modulating signal
Vm sin 2πfmt
c) amplitude-modulated
signal

Time vs Frequency Domain

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EEE 3532/3522 (Communication 3/29/2024
Engineering)

Amplitude Modulation

Modulating signal and modulated carrier.

Amplitude Modulation

• A carrier is described by
Vc sin ( c t )
• To amplitude modulate the carrier its amplitude
is changed in accordance with the level of the
audio signal, which is described by
Vm sin ( m t )
• The amplitude of the carrier varies sinusoidally
about a mean of Vc. When the carrier is
modulated its amplitude is varied with the
instantaneous value of the modulating signal.

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EEE 3532/3522 (Communication 3/29/2024
Engineering)

Amplitude Modulation

• The amplitude of the variation of the carrier

amplitude is Vm and the angular frequency of the
rate at which the amplitude varies is m. The
amplitude of the carrier is then:
• Carrier amplitude = Vc + Vm Sin ( m t ) and the
instantaneous value (value at any instant in
time) is
v = {Vc + Vm Sin ( m t )} * Sin ( c t )
= Vc Sin ( c t ) + Vm Sin ( m t ) * Sin ( c t )
v = Vc sin ( c t ) + ½ Vm cos ( (c - m) t )
- ½ Vm cos ((c + m)t)

Amplitude Modulation

v = Vc sin ( c t ) + ½ Vm cos ( (c - m) t )

- ½ Vm cos ((c + m)t)
• This is a signal made up of 3 signal components
• carrier at c (rad/s) Frequency is fc = c/2 Hz
• upper side frequency c + m (rad/s)
Frequency is (c + m)/2 = fm + fc Hz
• lower side frequency c - m (rad/s)
Frequency is (c - m)/2 = fc - fm Hz
• The bandwidth (the difference between the highest
and the lowest frequency) is
• BW = (c + m ) - (c - m)=2 *m Rad/s (= m/ Hz)

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EEE 3532/3522 (Communication 3/29/2024
Engineering)

Amplitude Modulation
Lower Carrier Upper
Amplitude (V) side side
frequency frequency

Angular c - m c c + m
Frequency
Bandwidth
= 2 * m
carrier at c (rad/s) Frequency is fc = c/2 Hz
upper side frequency c + m ; requency is (c + m)/2 = fm + fc Hz
lower side frequency c - m ; Frequency is (c - m)/2 = fc - fm Hz
The bandwidth (the difference between the highest and the lowest
frequency) is
BW = (c + m ) - (c - m) = 2 * m Rad/s ( = m/ Hz)

Amplitude Modulation

Frequency Domain view of Double Sideband – Full Carrier

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EEE 3532/3522 (Communication 3/29/2024
Engineering)

Amplitude Modulation

MODULATION INDEX (Coefficient of Modulation)

• Coefficient of modulation is to describe the
amount of amplitude change (modulation)
present in an AM waveform.
Vm
m=
Vc
where
m = modulation coefficient
Vm = peak change in the amplitude of the output
voltage
Vc = peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier
voltage

Amplitude Modulation
Vrms = Vp/surd2
MODULATION INDEX
Envelope signal

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EEE 3532/3522 (Communication 3/29/2024
Engineering)

Amplitude Modulation

MODULATION INDEX (Coefficient of

Modulation)
In AM, this quantity, also called modulation depth,
indicates by how much the modulated signal varies
around its 'original' level. For AM, it relates to the
variations in the carrier amplitude.
So if m = 0.5, the carrier amplitude varies by 50%
above and below its unmodulated level, and for m
= 1.0 it varies by 100%. Modulation depth greater
than 100% is generally to be avoided as it creates
distortion.

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