CHAPTER 1

1.1. Use a pump to pump an amount of air into a tyre of volume V = 8 L. The heigh
of the pump and its internal diameter are h = 0.5 m and d = 6 cm, respectively.
Find the time needed to pump so that the final pressure in the tyre is P = 6 × 105
Pa. Assume the time per one pump is 4 s and the initial pressure in the tyre is the
atmosphere pressure Po = 9.4 × 104 Pa.
Guide: The same amount of gas comes into the tyre in each pump process. After coming
into the tyre, this gas exerts a pressure P. After n pumps, the pressure in the tyre increases
an amount of nP.  The pressure in the tyre after n pumps: Ps = Po + nP. Từ đâ y xá c định số
lầ n bơm n theo theo P.

Note: In each pump, the gas in the pump undergoes a isothermal process from (P o, Vo = d.h,
To) to (P, V, T = To).  P and n.
Answer: t = 113 s

1.2. A cylinder with the height of h = 20 cm contains the air at 37C. Dip the
cylinder in a liquid with the density of 𝜌 = 800 kg/m3 so that the cylinder bottom is
at the liquid surface and the air is compressed to ½ cylinder as shown in Fig. 1.2.

Figure 1.2
(a) Lift the cylinder a distance h1 = 12 cm, find the distance d between the liquid
levels inside and outside the cylinder.
(b) At the position of the cylinder in (a), find the gas temperature at which d is
zero.
Assume the atmosphere pressure Po = 9.4 × 104 Pa.
Guide
(a) Because M and N belong to the same horizontal plane, PN = PM = Po + 𝜌gh/2.
 The pressure of the gas in the cylinder: P = PN = Po + 𝜌gh/2.
The state of the gas in Fig. 1.5(a) (stste 1): P 1 = Po + 𝜌gh/2, V1 = Ah/2, T1. A is cross-sectional
area of the container.
 h1
x
h/2
h N M

(a) (b)
Assume that when the container is pulled up a distance h 1, the distance between the liquid
surfaces inside and outside the container is x. Then, the height of the gas in the container:
h2 = h1 – x. The pressure of the gas in the container: P 2 = Po – 𝜌gx. The state of the gas in Fig.
1.5(b) (stste 2): P2 = Po - 𝜌gx, V2 = Ah2, T2 = T1.
Apply Boyle’s law to the gas in the container for process from the state 1 to the state 2, 
x. if x > 0 the liquid surface inside the container is bove the liquid surface outside and vice
versa.
Answer: a) 1.9 cm b) 370 K

1.3. A glass vessel of volume V = 20 cm3 contains an amount of air at t1 = 70C.

The vessel has a open horizontal tube containing Hg as shown in Fig. 1.3. The air
is cooled to t2 = 20C. Find the amount of Hg coming into the vessel. Assume the
volume of glass and the Hg density 𝜌 = 13.6 × 103 kg/m3 are constant.

Figure 1.3

Answer: 40,8 g

1.4. A horizontal cylinder is devided into two parts by a thermally isulated piston.
First, the piston is at the middle of the cylinder and the distance between the piston
and each sidewall of the cylinder vessel is lo = 0.5 m. Two parts contain the same
amount of a gas at 30C. The left-side part is heated to 40C while the right-side
one is cooled to 10C. Find the direction and the moving distance of pistion.
Answer: Move to the cooled part a distance of 2.5 cm

1.5. A long glass tube of small, uniform cross-section contains an amount of air
separated with the outside air by a Hg column of length l = 10 cm. When the tube
is horizontal, the length of the air in the tube is lo = 15 cm (Fig. 1.5). Find the
length of the air in the tube when:
a) The tube is vertical and its open end is upper.
b) The tube is vertical and its open end is lower.
c) The tube is tilted at an angle α = 60 to the vertical axis and its open end is
upper.
d) The tube is tilted at an angle α = 60 to the vertical axis and its open end is
lower.
Assume the atmosphere pressure Po = 750 mmHg and the temperature is constant.

Answer: a) 132 mm b) 173 mm c) 141 mm d) 161 mm

lo l
Figure 1.5

1.6. Three vessels with volumes V1, V2 = ½V1 and V3 = ½V2 containing the same
gas are connected together so that the gases can move throughout vessels. The
vessels are thermally insulated together. The vessels are first at the same
temperature and pressure. If the temperature of vessel V 1 is reduced twice, the the
temperature of vessel V2 is raised three times, the temperature of vessel V3 is raised
4/3 times. Find the final pressure in the vessels.
Guide:
Calculate the mole number of the gas in three vessels:
7 Pi V 1
n=
4 RT
The mole number of the gas in the vessel V1 at the final pressure:
2 Pf V 1
n1 =
RT
The mole number of the gas in the vessel V2 at the final pressure:
Pf V 1
n2 =
6 RT
The mole number of the gas in the vessel V3 at the final pressure:
3 Pf V 1
n3 =
16 RT
Answer: Pf = 84Pi/113

1.7. Two vessels with volumes V1 = 40 L and V2 = 10 L are connected by a narrow

tube fitted with a valve that is initially closed. The valve opens when P 1 ≥ P2 + 105
Pa. P1 and P2 are the pressures in the vessels 1 and 2, respectively. The initial
pressure and temperature in the vessel 1 are Po = 0.9 × 105 Pa and To = 300 K. The
vessel 2 is initially evacuated. If the temperature in both vessels is raised to T =
500 K. Find:
a) The temperature at which the valve is opened.
b) The final pressure in each vessel.
Guide:
a) By student
b) When the valve opens, an amount of gas moves to V 2.  The pressure in V1 decreases, the
valve closes. Because the gas is heated continuously, the pressure in V 1 increases again.  The
valve opens again and so on. Assume that the pressure increase in V 1 is larger than that in V2.
 The P = P1 –P2 = 105 Pa.  The final pressures in V1 and V2.
Answer: a) 375C b) P1f = 1.17 × 105 Pa, P2f = 0.17 × 105 Pa

1.8. The mass of a hot-air balloon and its cargo (not including the air inside) is 200
kg. The air outside is at 10.0C and 101 kPa. The volume of the balloon is 400 m3.
To what temperature must the air in the balloon be warmed before the balloon will
lift off? (Air density at 10.0C is 1.244 kg/m3.). Assume that the pressure of the air
inside and outside is almost the same.
Guide:
The buoyant force of the outside air is at least equal to the weight of the balloon plus the
weight of the air inside it:

𝜌outgV – ρingV− mg = 0 → (𝜌out – ρin)V = m

m m PM T out
From PV = RT  𝜌 = =  𝜌out = ρin
M V RT T¿
 tin = 200C

1.9. Một cái bơm nén như hình 1.9. V b là thể tích thân bơm, V v là thể tích vòi bơm,
Vc là thể tích bình chứa khí. Van K 1 chỉ cho khí từ bên ngoài vào bơm khi áp suất
trong bơm nhỏ hơn áp suất khí quyển Po. Van K2 chỉ khí vào bình chứa khi áp suất
trong bơm lớn hơn áp suất trong bình. Nhiệt độ khí xem như không đổi.
a) Tìm áp suất của khí trong bình sau lần bơm thứ nhất, thứ nhì
b) Áp suất cực đại đạt được bằng bao nhiêu.

K1
Container
Pump
Vc
Vb Vv K2
Hình 1.9
HD: Ta xét lần bơm thứ (n + 1) và thứ n. Sau lần bơm thứ n, áp suất trong bình
chứa là Pn. Khi kéo pittong ra, áp suất trong bơm giảm nên K 2 đóng lại và K1 mở
ra. Khi pittong lên hết cở, áp suất trong bơm bằng áp suất khí quyển và K 1 đóng lại
để tiếp tục cho lần bơm tiếp theo (n + 1). Như vậy ở lần bơm thứ (n + 1) áp suất
khí trong bơm khi bắt đầu bơm vẫn còn là áp suất khí quyển P o. Khi ta đẩy pittong
đi xuống, áp suất khi trong bơm tăng. Khi áp suất trong bơm tăng đến giá trị P n thì
K2 mở ra để đưa khí vào bình chứa. Khi pittong xuống tận cùng bên dưới bơm thì
kết thúc lần bơm (n + 1) và khi đó áp suất trong bình tương ứng là Pn +1.
Ta chia quá trình bơm thứ (n + 1) thành 2 giai đoạn:
- GĐ 1: Khi bắt đầu đẩy pittong xuống cho đến ngay trước khi K 2 mở ra. Xét quá
trình biến đổi đẳng nhiệt của lượng khí chứa trong bơm và vòi bơm từ trạng thái
đầu (Po, Vo = Vb + Vv, To) đến trạng thái (P1 = Pn, V1, T1 = To). Ở đây ta giả sử khi
đẩy pittong xuống, áp suất trong bơm tăng đến P n thì thể tích của bơm và vòi là V 1.
Ngay sau đó, thì K2 mở ra. Áp dụng định luật đẳng nhiệt để tính V1.
- GĐ 2: K2 vừa mở ra đến khi pittong xuống tận cùng bên dưới bơm. Xét quá trình
biến đổi đẳng nhiệt của lượng khí chứa trong bơm và vòi bơm và bình chứa (lượng
khí này nhiều hơn lượng khí ở giai đoạn một do có thêm khí trong bình chứa sau
khi K2 mở ra) từ trạng thái 1’ (P 1’ = Pn, V1’ = V1 + Vc, T1’ = To) đến trạng thái cuối
(P = Pn +1, V = Vv + Vc, T = To). Ở đây ta chú ý rằng khi K2 vừa mở ra thì trong
bơm, vòi bơm và bình chứa đều có cùng áp suát P n, nên áp suất đầu của GĐ này là
Pn. Áp dụng định luật đẳng để tìm mối liên hệ giữa Pn + 1 và Pn.
Với vần bơm thứ nhất, ta cho n = 0 để tính áp suất trong bình chứa sau lần bơm thứ
nhất P1 theo ấp suất khí quyển Po.
Với vần bơm thứ 2, ta cho n = 1 để tính áp suất trong bình chứa sau lần bơm thứ 2
P2 theo P1. Cứ như thế ta có thể tính áp suất trong bình chứa sau lần bơm bất kỳ.
b) Khi đạt được áp suất cực đại thì có bơm nữa áp suất cũng không tăng  Pn + 1 =
Pn. Từ đây ta được Pmax.
1.10. Trong một bình thể tich V chứa m 1 = 14g khí Nitơ và m 2 = 7g khí Hydrô ở
nhiệt độ t = 10C và áp suất P = 106 Pa. Tìm khối lượng của 1mol hổn hợp và thể
tích của bình.
1.11. Nung nóng một bình đựng khí Hidro có thể tích V = 10 lít, nhiệt độ t 1 = 7C
và áp suất P = 50 at. Vì bình hở nên có một lượng khí Hidro thoát ra ngoài. Hidro
còn lại trong bình có nhiệt độ t 2 = 17 C, áp suất vẫn như cũ. Tính khối lượng khí
Hidro thoát ra ngoài.
1.12. Trong một bình dung tích 2m 3 chứa hỗn hợp khí Nitơ và ôxít Nitơ (NO). Xác
định khối lượng ôxít Nitơ nếu khối lượng hỗn hợp là 14 kg, nhiệt độ 300 K và áp
suất 0.6 × 10 Pa.
1.13. Một lít O2 ở 20C dưới áp suất 3atm và 3 lít CO2 ở 50C dưới áp suất 2atm,
được trộn lẫn với nhau trong một bình có dung tích 5 lít ở 40C. Tính áp suất và
khối lượng mol của hỗn hợp.
 Chapter 2. Kinetic theory of gases
2.1. A tank used for filling helium balloons has a volume of 0.300 m 3 and contains
2.00 mol of helium gas at 20.0C. Assume the helium behaves like an ideal gas.
a. What is the total translational kinetic energy of the gas molecules?
b. What is the average kinetic energy per molecule?
2.2. (a) How many atoms of helium gas fill a spherical balloon of diameter 30.0 cm
at 20.0C and 1.00 atm? (b) What is the average kinetic energy of the helium
atoms? (c) What is the rms speed of the helium atoms?
2.3. A spherical balloon of volume 4.00 × 10 3 cm3 contains helium at a pressure of
1.20 × 105 Pa. How many moles of helium are in the balloon if the average kinetic
energy of the helium atoms is 3.60 × 10-22 J?
2.4. In a period of 1.00 s, 5.00 × 1023 nitrogen molecules strike a wall with an area
of 8.00 cm2. Assume the molecules move with a speed of 300 m/s and strike the
wall head-on in elastic collisions. What is the pressure exerted on the wall? Note:
The mass of one N2 molecule is 4.65 ×10-26 kg.
2.5. A 7.00-L vessel contains 3.50 moles of gas at a pressure of 1.60 × 10 6 Pa. Find
(a) the temperature of the gas and (b) the average kinetic energy of the gas
molecules in the vessel. (c) What additional information would you need if you
were asked to find the average speed of the gas molecules?
2.6. A thermally insulated tank is divided into two 20-L sections by a partition.
One 20-L section contains a mole of nitrogen at 300 K and the other 20-L section
contains a mole of helium at 320 K. The partition is removed and the gases are
allowed to mix. For the mixture, is the partial pressure of the nitrogen gas less
than, equal to, or greater than the partial pressure of the helium gas? Is the final
temperature of the mixture less than, equal to, or greater than 310 K?
2.7. The local poison control center wants to know more about carbon monoxide
and how it spreads through a room. You are asked (a) to calculate the mean free
path of a carbon monoxide molecule, and (b) to estimate the mean time between
collisions. The molar mass of carbon monoxide is 28.0 g/mol. Assume that the CO
molecule is traveling in air at 300 K and 1.00 atm, and that the diameters of both
CO molecules and air molecules are 3.75 × 10-10 m.
2.8. Calculate the mean square speed (the average value of v2) for the molecules in
a gas using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution function.
 Chapter 3. The first law of thermodynamics
3.1. Air in a piston/cylinder at 200 kPa and 600 K is expanded in a
constant-pressure process to twice the initial volume (state 2). The
piston is then locked with a pin and heat is transferred to a final
temperature of 600 K.
a. Find P and T for states 2 and 3.
b. Show both processes in P-V, P-T and V-T diagrams.
Answer: a. T2 = 1200 K P3 = 100 kPa b. By student

3.2. A piston/cylinder has 1.0 mole nitrogen gas at 750 K and 1500 kPa. Now it is
expanded in a polytropic process with n = 1.2 to P = 750 kPa. Find the final
temperature, the work done on the gas in the process.
Guide:
Show that T2 = T1(P2/P1)(n-1)/n = 668 K
1 R
Show that W = (P2V2 – P1V1) = (T – T1) = 121.7 kJ
1−n 1−n 2

3.3. A thermally insulated vessel containing a gas whose molar mass is equal to M
and the ratio of specific heats c’ p/c’v = γ moves with a velocity v. Find the gas
temperature increment resulting from the sudden stoppage of the vessel.
Guide:
½ nM v2 = nc’VT  T
Note: c’p/c’v = γ and c’p + c’v = R  c’v

3.4. The PV diagram in Fig. 3.4 represents 3.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas.
The gas is initially at point A. The paths AD and BC represent isothermal changes.
If the system is brought to point C along the path AEC, find:
a) the initial and final temperatures of the gas,
b) the work done by the gas, and
c) the heat absorbed by the gas.
 Figure 3.4

Guide: By student

3.5. A sample consisting of n moles of an ideal gas is initially at pressure P1,

volume V1 and temperature TH . It expands isothermally until its pressure and
volume are P2 and V2. It then expands adiabatically until its temperature is T L and
its pressure and volume are P3 and V3. It is then compressed isothermally until it is
at a pressure P4 and a volume V4, which is related to its initial volume V1 by TLV4γ-1
= THV1γ-1. The gas is then compressed adiabatically until it is back in its original
state.
a) Assuming that each process is quasi-static, plot this cycle on a P-V diagram.
(This cycle is known as the Carnot cycle for an ideal gas.)
b) Show that the heat QH absorbed during the isothermal expansion at TH is QH =
nRTHln(V2/V1).
c) Show that the heat QL released by the gas during the isothermal compression at
TL is QL = nRTLln(V3/V4).
d) Using the result that TVγ-1 is constant for for a quasi-static adiabatic expansion,
show that V2/V1 = V3/V4.
e. The efficiency of a Carnot cycle is defined as the net work done by the gas,
divided by the heat absorbed QH by the gas. Using the first law of thermodynamics,
show that the efficiency is 1 – QL/QH.
f) Using your results from the previous parts of this problem, show that QL/QH =
TL/TH.
Guide: By student
3.6. An ideal gas is compressed from the initial state A to the final state C by one
of two paths:
Path 1: From the state A, the gas is compressed isobarically. Then, the gas
undergoes another process to the state C in which T = αV2.
Path 2: First, the gas undergoes a process in which T = P2. Then, the gas follows a
isometric process to the state C.
Assume in both cases, the temperature of gas at the state A and C is the same. α
and  are constant.
a) Show two paths in the P-V diagram.
b) Compare the work done on the gas in two paths.
Guide: By student

3.7. 1.0 mol of gas undergoes a cycle as shown in Fig. 3.7: 1  2: a

branch of parabola whose vertex is at the origin O; 2  3 and 3  1 are
straight lines. Find the work done on the gas according to V1, V2, T1 and
T 2.

Figure 3.7
Guide:
Show the cycle in P-V diagram and calculate the work done on the gas by the area
surrounded by the cycle curve.

Answer: Won = (
1 T2 T1
−
2 V2 V1 )
(V 1−V 2 )R

3.8. 20g gas He confined in a closed cylinder follows a quasi-static process (1) 
(2) as show in Fig. 3.8. Assume V 1 = 30 L, P1 = 5 atm; V2 = 10 L, P1 = 15 atm.
Find the work done on the gas from the beginning of process until the gas reaches
its maximum temperature.

(2)
P2

P1 (1)

V2 V1
Figure
3.8
Guide:
2
2(20 P−P )
Show that T = . Then find the value of P at which T is maximum. Finally, calculate
5R
the work based on the P-V diagram.
Answer: Won = 750 J

3.9. (Dịch sang tiếng Anh và giải) Một chất khí ở trạng thái 1 có áp suất P1 = 105
Pa, nhiệt độ 27C và thể tích V1 = 8.31 lít thực hiện một biến đổi đẳng tích đến
trạng thái 2 có P2 = 2P1. Sau đó, chất khí trải qua một quá trình biến đổi đẳng nhiệt
đến trạng thái 3 có thể tích V 3 = 3V1. Từ trạng thái 3, chất khí biến đổi đẳng tích
đến trạng thái 4 có áp suất P 4 = P1. Cuối cùng chất khí biến đổi đẳng áp về lại trạng
thái ban đầu. Cho nhiệt dung mol đẳng tích c 'v =1 , 5 R.
a. Vẽ chu trình biến đổi của chất khí trên giản đồ P-V. Xác định các thông số trạng
thái còn lại.
b. Tính nhiệt và công chất khí nhận, độ biến thiên nội năng trong mỗi quá trình và
cả chu trình trên.
3.10. 1.0 mole of a gas contained in a closed cylinder with a mobile piston
undergoes the following cycle:
- From the state 1 (P1 = 105 Pa, V1 = 8.31 L), the gas undergoes an isometric
process to the state 2 with P2 = 2P1.
- From the state 2, the gas is isobarically expanded to the state 3 with T 3 = 400K.
- From the state 3, the gas undergoes a isothermal process to the state 4. Finally,
from the state 4, the gas undergoes an isobaric process to the initial state 1
a. Show the cycle in the P-V, P-T and V-T diagrams.
b. In each process, find the heat transferred into the gas, the work done on the gas.
Assume the molar specific heat capacity at constant volume of the gas c’V = 1.5R.
c) Find the heat transferred into the gas, the work done on the gas in the cylce.
Guide: By student

3.11. 1.0 mol of a gas obsorbs a heat Q and expands so that V = αP where α is a
constant. The pressure of the gas increases from P 1 to P2. Find the molar specific
heat capacity of the gas.
Guide: By student
QR R
Answer: cv’ = −
α (P 2−P1) 2
2 2

3.12. 1.0 mol of a gas is contained in a cylinder with a mobile piston of the mass m
and cross-section area S. The piston is initially balanced when the gas temperture is
T. The piston is then pulled slowly so that the gas temperature is constant. Find the
work necessary to pull the piston in two cases:
a) The piston moves up a distance h.
b) The gas volume is raised twice.
Assume the piston moves frictionlessly.
Guide:
a) Because the piston moves slowly, we can consider that the piston moves with constant
speed.
 The net force: ⃗
F =⃗
F k+⃗
F gas +⃗
F air + ⃗
P g= ⃗0 Fk = Pg + Fair - Fgas
 The work necessary to pull the piston:
V1
W = Wby gravity + Wby air - Wby gas = Wby gravity + Wby air + Won gas = mgh + PoSh + n RTln
V2
nRT nRT
V 1= , V 2= + Sh
Po +mg/ S Po +mg/ S
W
b) V2 = 2V1  the moving distance of piston h  W
3.13. 1.0 kmol khí thực hiện một chu trình như hình 3.12. Trong đó AB và CD là
hai quá trình đẳng nhiệt ở nhiệt độ T 1 và T2 ; BC và DA là hai quá trình đẳng tích
ứng với thể tích V2 và V1.
a. CMR: PA/PB = PD/PC
b. Tính công và nhiệt nhận vào của chu trình.

D
C
Hình 3.12
HD:
a. SV tự chứng minh.
b. W = R(T2 -T1)ln(V2/V1); Q = -W = W’ = R(T1 –T2)ln(V2/V1)

3.14. 1.0 kmol khí N2 ở nhiệt độ 27C giản đoạn nhiệt sao cho thể tích của nó tăng
5 lần. Tìm:
a. Công sinh ra trong quá trình.
b. Độ biến thiên nội năng.
3.15. 10 g khí O2 ở nhiệt độ 10C, áp suất 3105 N/m2. Sau khi hơ nóng đẳng áp thể
tích tăng đến 10 lít. Tìm:
a. Nhiệt mà khí nhận.
b. Độ biến thiên nội năng khối khí trước và sau khi hơ nóng.
c. Công sinh ra khi giãn nở.
 Chapter 4. The second law of thermodynamics

4.1. A certain refrigerator has a COP of 5.00. When the refrigerator is running, its
power input is 500 W. A sample of water of mass 500 g and temperature 20.0°C is
placed in the freezer compartment. How long does it take to freeze the water to ice
at 0°C? Assume all other parts of the refrigerator stay at the same temperature and
there is no leakage of energy from the exterior, so the operation of the refrigerator
results only in energy being extracted from the water.
Answer: 83.3 s

4.2. A particular heat engine has a mechanical power output of 5.00 kW and an
efficiency of 25.0%. The engine expels 8.0 × 10 3 J of exhaust energy in each cycle.
Find (a) the energy taken in during each cycle and (b) the time interval for each
cycle.
Answer: (a) Q1 = 10.7 kJ (b) 0.53 s

4.3. Suppose a heat engine is connected to two energy reservoirs, one a pool of
molten aluminum (660°C) and the other a block of solid mercury (-38.9°C). The
engine runs by freezing 1.00 g of aluminum and melting 15.0 g of mercury during
each cycle. The heat of fusion of aluminum is 3.97 × 10 5 J/kg; the heat of fusion of
mercury is 1.18 × 104 J/kg. What is the efficiency of this engine?
Answer: 55.4 %

4.4A. A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of 3.00. The ice tray

compartment is at 220.0°C, and the room temperature is 22.0°C. The refrigerator
can convert 30.0 g of water at 22.0°C to 30.0 g of ice at -20.0°C each minute. What
input power is required?
Answer: 77.8 W

4.4B. You have half an hour before guests start arriving for your party when you
suddenly realize that you forgot to buy ice for drinks. You quickly put 1.00 L of
water at 10.0C into your ice cube trays and pop them into the freezer. Will you
have ice in time for your guests? The label on your refrigerator states that the
appliance has a coefficient of performance of 5.5 and a power rating P = 550 W.
You estimate that only 10 percent of the electrical power contributes to the cooling
and freezing of the water.
4.5. A freezer has a coefficient of performance of 7.30. It is advertised as using
electricity at a rate of 457 kWh/year. (a) On average, how much energy does it use
in a single day? (b) On average, how much energy does it remove from the
refrigerator in a single day? (c) What maximum mass of water at 20.0°C could the
freezer freeze in a single day? Note: One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is an amount of
energy equal to running a 1-kW appliance for one hour.

Answer: (a) 4.51×106 J (b) 2.84 × 107 J (c) 68.1 kg

4.6. A Carnot engine has a power output P. The engine operates between two
reservoirs at temperature T1 and T2. (a) How much energy enters the engine by heat
in a time interval t? (b) How much energy is exhausted by heat in the time
interval t?.

Answer: (a) (b)

4.7. One of the most efficient heat engines ever built is a coal-fired steam turbine
in the Ohio River valley, operating between 1870°C and 430°C. (a) What is its
maxi- mum theoretical efficiency? (b) The actual efficiency of the engine is 42.0%.
How much mechanical power does the engine deliver if it absorbs 1.40 × 10 5 J of
energy each second from its hot reservoir?
Answer: (a) 67.2% (b) 58.8 kW

4.8. At point A in a Carnot cycle, 2.34 mol of a monatomic ideal gas has a pressure
of 1400 kPa, a volume of 10.0 L, and a temperature of 720 K. The gas expands
isothermally to point B and then expands adiabatically to point C, where its
volume is 24.0 L. An isothermal compression brings it to point D, where its
volume is 15.0 L. An adiabatic process returns the gas to point A. (a) Determine all
the unknown pressures, volumes, and temperatures as you fill in the following
table:
(b) Find the energy added by heat, the work done by the engine, and the change in
internal energy for each of the steps A  B, B  C, C  D, and D  A. (c)
Calculate the efficiency of the engine. (d) Show that the efficiency is equal to 1 –
TC/TA, the Carnot efficiency.
Answer: (a) and (b)

(c) 0,237 (d) 0.237

4.9. An electric generating station is designed to have an electric output power of

1.40 MW using a turbine with two-thirds the efficiency of a Carnot engine. The
exhaust energy is transferred by heat into a cooling tower at 110°C. (a) Find the
rate at which the station exhausts energy by heat as a function of the fuel
combustion temperature T1. (b) If the firebox is modified to run hotter by using
more advanced combustion technology, how does the amount of energy exhaust
change? (c) Find the exhaust power for T1 = 800°C. (d) Find the value of T1 for
which the exhaust power would be only half as large as in part (c). (e) Find the
value of T1 for which the exhaust power would be one-fourth as large as in part (c).
Guide
(a)
W W 2 T2
= = (1− )  Q2/Δt (9)
Q1 W +Q2 3 T1
Note W/Δt = P = 1.40 MW
(b) From Eq. 9 
(c) By student (Answer: 1.87 MW)
(d) By student (Answer: 3.84 ×103 K)
(e) No answer exists
4.10. A heat pump used for heating shown in Fig. 4.10 is essentially an air
conditioner installed backward. It extracts energy from colder air outside and
deposits it in a warmer room. Suppose the ratio of the actual energy entering the
room to the work done by the device’s motor is 10.0% of the theoretical maximum
ratio. Determine the energy entering the room per joule of work done by the motor
given that the inside temperature is 20.0°C and the outside temperature is -5.0°C.
Guide: By student
Answer: 1.17 J

Figure 4.10 Figure 4.11

4.11. An idealized diesel engine operates in a cycle known as the air-standard

diesel cycle shown in Fig. 4.11. Fuel is sprayed into the cylinder at the point of
maximum compression, B. Combustion occurs during the expansion B  C, which
is modeled as an isobaric process. Show that the efficiency of an engine operating
in this idealized diesel cycle is:

Guide: By student

4.12. In 1816, Robert Stirling, a Scottish clergyman, patented the Stirling engine,
which has found a wide variety of applications ever since, including current use in
solar energy collectors to transform sunlight into electricity. Fuel is burned
externally to warm one of the engine’s two cylinders. A fixed quantity of inert gas
moves cyclically between the cylinders, expanding in the hot one and contracting
in the cold one. Fig. 4.12 represents a model for its thermodynamic cycle. Consider
n moles of an ideal monoatomic gas being taken once through the cycle,
consisting of two isothermal processes at temperatures 3Ti and Ti and two constant-
volume processes. Let us find the efficiency of this engine. (a) Find the energy
transferred by heat into the gas during the isovolumetric process AB. (b) Find the
energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isothermal process BC. (c) Find
the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isovolumetric process CD.
(d) Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isothermal process
DA. (e) Identify which of the results from parts (a) through (d) are positive and
evaluate the energy input to the engine by heat. (f) From the first law of
thermodynamics, find the work done by the engine. (g) From the results of parts
(e) and (f), evaluate the efficiency of the engine. A Stirling engine is easier to
manufacture than an internal combustion engine or a turbine. It can run on burning
garbage. It can run on the energy transferred by sunlight and produce no material
exhaust. Stirling engines are not currently used in automobiles due to long startup
times and poor acceleration response.

Figure 4.12 Figure 4.13

Guide: By student
Answer: ε = 0.273.

4.13. A 1.00-mol sample of an ideal monatomic gas is taken through the cycle
shown in Fig. 4.13. The process A  B is a reversible isothermal expansion.
Calculate (a) the net work done by the gas, (b) the energy added to the gas by heat,
(c) the energy exhausted from the gas by heat, and (d) the efficiency of the cycle.
(e) Explain how the efficiency compares with that of a Carnot engine operating
between the same temperature extremes.
Guide: By student
Answer: (a) 4.10 kJ (b) 1.42 × 104 J (c) 1.01 × 104 J (d) 0.289

4.14. A 1.00-mol sample of a monoatomic ideal gas is taken through the

cycle shown in Fig. 4.14. At point A, the pressure, volume, and
temperature are Pi, Vi, and Ti, respectively. In terms of R and Ti, find (a)
the total energy entering the system by heat per cycle, (b) the total
energy leaving the system by heat per cycle, and (c) the efficiency of an
engine operating in this cycle. (d) Explain how the efficiency compares
with that of an engine operating in a Carnot cycle between the same
temperature extremes.
Guide: By student
Answer: (a) 10.5nRTi (b) 8.50nRTi (c) 0.190

4.15. A 1.0-mol sample of an ideal gas (γ = 1.40) is carried through the Carnot
cycle described in Fig. 4.15. At point A, the pressure is 25.0 atm and the
temperature is 600 K. At point C, the pressure is 1.0 atm and the temperature is
400 K. (a) Determine the pressures and volumes at points A, B, C, and D. (b)
Calculate the net work done per cycle.

Guide: By student
Answer: (a) VA = 1.97 L, VB = 11.9 L, VC = 32.8 L, VD = 5.44 L; PA = 25.0 atm, PB
= 4.14 atm, PC = 1.0 atm, PD = 7.03 atm. (b) 2.99 kJ

Figure 4.14 Figure 4.15

4.16. The compression ratio of an Otto cycle as shown in Fig 4.16 is

VA/VB = 8.00. At the beginning A of the compression process, 500 cm of
gas is at 100 kPa and 20.0°C. At the beginning of the adiabatic
expansion, the temperature is TC = 750°C. Model the working fluid as an
ideal gas with γ = 1.40. (a) Fill in this table to follow the states of the
gas:
(b) Fill in this table to follow the process

Figure 4.16

Identify (c) the energy input, (d) the energy exhaust and (e) the net
output work. (f) Calculate the thermal efficiency. (g) Find the number of
crankshaft revolutions per minute required for a one-cylinder engine to
have an output power of 1.00 kW. Note: The thermodynamic cycle
involves four piston strokes.
Guide: By student
Answer:

(a)
(b)
(c) 149 J (d) 65.0 J (e) 84.3 J (f) 0.565
(g) Let f (rev/s) represents the angular speed of the crankshaft.
 The frequency at which we obtain work in the amount of 84.3 J/cycle: f/2
 1000 = (f/2)84.3  f = 23.7 (rev/s)

4.17. Consider an Otto cycle, as shown in Fig. 10.3, with

VA/VB = 4.00. At the beginning of the compression process
(state A), 0.02 moles of gas is at 1atm and 20.0°C. At the
beginning of the adiabatic expansion (state C), the
temperature is TC = 500°C. Model the working fluid as an
ideal gas with γ = 1.40. Find:
a. State parameters (P, V, T) of the gas at each state in the
Otto cycle. Fig. 10.3
b. The work done by the gas, the heat obsorbed by the gas and
the change in the internal energy of the gas in each process of
the cycle.
c. Identify the energy input, the energy exhaust and the net
output work.
d. Calculate the thermal efficiency.

4.18. A Carnot engine has a cycle as shown in Fig. 4.17. If W and W’ represent
work done by 1 mole of monatomic and diatomic gas, respectively, calculate
W/W’.
 Figure 4.17

Entropy
4.19. Suppose a 1.0-kg sample of water at temperature T 1 = 30.0°C is added to a
2.0-kg sample of water at T2 = 90.0°C in an insulated calorimeter of negligible heat
capacity at a constant pressure of 1.00 atm. (a) Find the change in entropy of the
system. (b) Find the change in entropy of the universe.
Guide:
If a substance is heated from temperature T1 to temperature T2 at constant
pressure, the heat absorbed 𝛿Q is related to its temperature change dT by:
𝛿Q = CPdT
We can approximate reversible heat transfer if we have a large number of heat
reservoirs with temperatures ranging from just slightly greater than T 1 to T2 in
very small steps. We could place the substance, with initial temperature T 1, in
contact with the first reservoir at a temperature just slightly greater than T 1 and let
the substance absorb a small amount of heat. Because the heat transfer from each
reservoir is approximately isothermal, the process will be approximately
reversible. We then place the substance in contact with the next reservoir at a
slightly higher temperature, and so on, until the final temperature T 2 is reached. If
heat dQ is absorbed reversibly, the entropy change of the substance is
δQ C P dT
dS= =
T T
Integrating from T1 to T2 , we obtain the total entropy change of the substance:
T2
dT T
∆ S=∫ C P =C P ln 2
T1
T T1

This result gives the entropy change of a substance that is heated from T 1 to T2 by
any process, reversible or irreversible, as long as the final pressure equals the
initial pressure and CP is constant. It also gives the entropy change of a substance
that is cooled. In the case of cooling, T 2 is less than T1, and entropy change is
negative.
(a) Find the final temperature Tf = 343 K.
Calculate the entropy changes of 1 kg water and 2 kg water:
S1 = 0.52 kJ/K
S2 = -0.47 kJ/K
 The Entropy change of the system: S = 0.05 kJ/K
The calorimeter is insulated  The Entropy change of the surroundings:
Ssurroundings = 0 J/K.  The Entropy change of the universe: Su = 0.05 kJ/K
4.20. During each cycle, a Carnot engine absorbs 100 J from a reservoir at 400 K,
does work, and releases heat to a reservoir at 300 K. Compute the entropy change
of each reservoir for each cycle, and show explicitly that the entropy change of the
universe is zero for this reversible process.
Guide:
The entropy change of the universe equals the sum of the entropy changes of the
reservoirs: Su = S300 + S400
S400 = - Qh/Th = -0.250 J/K
S300 = Qc/Tc = (Qh – W)/Tc
W = εQh = (1-TC/Th)Qh  S300 = Qh/Th = 0.25 J/K
…
4.21. A solid that has a latent heat of fusion Lf melts at a temperature Tf . Calculate
the change in entropy of this substance when a mass m of the substance melts.

Guide: We can choose any convenient reversible path to follow that connects the
initial and final states. It is not necessary to identify the process or the path
because, whatever it is, the effect is the same: energy enters the substance by heat
and the substance melts. Because the melting takes place at a fixed temperature,
we categorize the process as isothermal.
δQ 1 m Lf
∆ S=∫ = ∫ δQ=
T Tf Tf
4.22. Find the entropy change for the free expansion of 0.75 mol of an ideal gas
from V1 = 1.5 L to V2 = 3.0 L.

Guide: For a free expansion of an ideal gas the initial and final temperatures are
the same. Thus, the entropy change S for a free expansion from V1 to V2 is the
same as S for an isothermal process from V1 to V2. For the isothermal process
U = 0  Q = Wby. We first calculate Q, then  S = Q/T = 4.3 J/K
4.23. A body of constant heat capacity C, and a temperature T 1 is put into contact
with a reservoir at temperature T f. Equilibrium between the body and the reservoir
is established at constant pressure. Determine the total entropy change.

Guide: Assume the temperature of the reservior does not change.

The temperature of body changes at constant pressure.

Tf
dT T
 ∆ S 1=∫ C T =Cln T f
T1 1

The entropy change of the reservior:

δQ −1 1
∆ S 2=−∫ = ∫ δQ=¿− C (T f −T 1) ¿
T Tf Tf
…
4.24. Calculate the change of entropy involved in heating a gram-atomic weight of
silver at constant volume from 0 to 30°C. The value of c’v, over this temperature
may be taken as a constant equal to 5.85 cal/K.mole.
Answer:

4.25. 1 kg of H2O at 0°C is brought in contact with a heat reservoir at 100C. When
the water has reached 100°C, (a) what is the change in entropy of the water? (b)
what is the change in entropy of the universe? (c) how could you heat the water to
100°C so the change in entropy of the universe is zero?

Guide: The process is irreversible. In order to calculate the change of entropy of

the water and of the whole system, we must construct a reversible process which
has the same initial and final states as the process in this problem.
(a) We assume the process is a reversible process of constant pressure. Apply the
entropy chang of a reversible process of constant pressure. The change in entropy
of the water is SH2O:= … = 1305 J/K. Here, we use m = lkg, and CH2O = 4.18 J/g.

(b) The change in entropy of the heat source is:Ssource = -Q/T = mCH2OT/T = … =
-11121 J/K

Therefore the change of entropy of the universe is: …

(c) We can imagine infinitely many heat sources which have infinitesimal
temperature difference between two adjacent sources from O°C to 100°C. The
water comes in contact with the infinitely many heat sources in turn in the order of
increasing temperature. This process which allows the temperature of the water to
increase from 0°C to 100°C is reversible; therefore S = 0.

4.26. Compute the difference in entropy between 1 g of nitrogen gas at a

temperature of 20°C and under a pressure of 1 atm, and 1 of nitrogen liquid at a
temperature -196C, which is the boiling point of nitrogen, under the same
pressure of 1atm. The latent heat of vaporization of nitrogen is 47.6 cal/gm. Regard
nitrogen as an ideal gas with molecular weight 28, and with a temperature-
independent molar specific heat at constant pressure equal to 7.0 cal/mol.K.

Guide:
The entropy difference of an ideal gas at 20°C and at -196°C is
S = nc’pln(T1/T2) = ?
The entropy change at phase transition is S’ = nL/T2 = ?
Therefore: S = S + S’ = 0.97 cal/K.

4.27. n = 0.081 kmol of He gas initially at 27°C and pressure = 2 × 10 5 N/m2 is

taken over the path A  B  C as shown in Fig. 4.27. For He c’ v = 3R/2 , c’p =
5R/2. Assume the ideal gas law. (a) How much work does the gas do in expanding
at constant pressure from A  B? (b) What is the change in internal energy of the
helium from A  B? (c) How much heat is absorbed in going from A  B? (d) If
B  C is adiabatic, what is the entropy change and what is the final pressure?

By student
 Fig. 4.26

4.28. A mole of an ideal gas undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion from

volume V1 to 2V1. (a) What is the change in entropy of the gas? (b) What is the
change in entropy of the universe?
Suppose the same expansion takes place as a free expansion: (a) What is the
change in entropy of the gas? (b) What is the change in the entropy of the
universe?
Guide
In a reversible isothermal expansion: by student
As its final state is the same as for the isothermal process, the change in entropy of
the system is also the same. In this case, the state of the heat source does not
change, neither does its entropy. Therefore the change in entropy of the universe is
Rln2.

4.29. A thermally insulated box is separated into two compartments (volumes V l

and V2) by a membrane. One of the compartments contains an ideal gas at
temperature T; the other is empty (vacuum). The membrane is suddenly removed,
and the gas fills up the two comparments and reaches equilibrium. (a) What is the
final temperature of the gas? (b) Show that the gas expansion process is
irreversible.

Guide
(a) Show that dU = 0  T = const
(b) Show S > 0
4.30. One kilogram of water is heated by an electrical resistor from 20°C to 99°C
at constant (atmospheric) pressure. Estimate: (a) The change in internal energy of
the water. (b) The entropy change of the water.
4.31. A cylindrical container is initially separated by a clamped piston into two
compartments of equal volume. The left compartment is filled with one mole of
neon gas at a pressure of 4 atmospheres and the right with argon gas at one
atmosphere. The gases may be considered as ideal. The whole system is initially at
temperature T = 300 K, and is thermally insulated from the outside world.
The piston is now unclamped and released to move freely without friction.
Eventually, it comes to rest in an equilibrium position. Calculate: (a) The new
temperature of the system (b) The ratio of final neon to argon volumes. (c) The
total entropy change of the system. (d) The additional entropy change which would
be produced if the piston were removed.
(e) If, in the initial state, the gas in the left compartment were a mole of argon
instead of a mole of neon, which, if any, of the answers to (a), (b) and (c) would be
different?
Guide
(a) Show that the internal energy of the total system does not change.
(b) Show that the volume ratio is the ratio of molecular numbers, and is also the
ratio of initial pressures.
VNe :VAr = 1: n = 4: 1  the mole number of the argon gas is n = 1/4.
(c)

(d)

(e) If initially the gas on the left is a mole of argon, the answers to (a), (b) and (c)
will not change. As for (d), we now have S' = 0.
 Chapter 5. Real gases
5.1. Calculate the Van der Waals constants for carbon dioxide if its critical
temperature TC = 304 K and critical pressure PC = 73 atm.
By student
5.2. Find the specific volume of benzene (C 6H6) in critical state if its critical
temperature TC = 562 K and critical pressure PC = 47 atm.
By Student
5.3. Determine the pressure in atm exerted by 1 mole of methane placed into a bulb
with a volume of 244.6 mL at 25° C. Assume that methane behaves as a real gas
and obeys the van der Waals equation and for methane a = 2.303 L2.atm.mol-2 and
b = 0.0431 L/mol.
By student
5.4. Determine the molar volume of propane at 660 K and 91 atm using the Van
Der Waals equation. The van der Waals constants of propane are a =9.39
L2.atm.mol-2 and b = 0.0905 L/mol.
By student
5.5. 0.6 kmol of CO2 in a rigid container of volume V = 0,5 m 3. If the pressure of
gas is doubled, how does the gas temperature change? Assume the initial pressure
of the gas is 3.106 N/m2 and the gas obeys the Van Der Waals equation with a =
3.64 ×105 J.m3/kmol2.
By student
5.6. Find the relation between temperature T and volume V of a gas obeying the
Van Der Waals equation in an adiabatic process.
Answer:
 Chapter 7. Liquid
7.1. Find the coefficient of surface tension of a liquid if it rises to a height h = 32.6
mm in a capillary of diameter d = 1 mm. The edge angle of meniscus is zero. The
density of the liquid is 𝜌 = 1 g/cm3.
7.2. The surface tension of a liquid can be determined by weighing a drop when it
breaks from a capillary and measuring the neck of the drop at the instant of
breaking off. It is found that 318 drops weigh 5 g, and d = 0.7 mm. Find the
surface tension.
7.3. A vertical glass capillary is attached to one arm of a balance and kept in
equilibrium by weights on the other arm. What happens to the balance if a vessel
containing water is carefully brought up below the capillary so that its end touches
the water surface?
7.4. What is the difference in the levels of a liquid in two communicating
capillaries of diameters d and D? The surface tension of the liquid is σ. The edge
angles of the menisci are zero. The density of the liquid is 𝜌.
7.5. What is the change in the level difference of water in two communicating
capillaries of diameters d = 0.1 mm and D = 0.3 mm on heating from 20° to 70°, if
the surface tension of water at these respective temperatures are 73 and 64 dyne/cm
of water.
7.6. What is the extra pressure in a mercury droplet of diameter d = 1 m at 15°C,
if the surface tension of mercury at this temperature is σ = 487 dyne/cm?
7.7. What is the extra pressure inside a soap bubble of diameter d = 0.8 cm if the
surface tension of the soap solution is 40 dyne/cm?
7.8. There is a crack of width a = 0.02 mm in the bottom of a vessel. To what
height h can the vessel be filled with mercury before any flows out through the
crack? The density of mercury is 𝜌 = 13.6 g/cm3. The surface tension (at 15°) is σ =
487 dyne/cm.
7.9. Gas bubbles of diameter d = 0.05 mm separate at the bottom of a pond of
depth h = 2 m. What will be the diameter D of the bubbles when they rise to the
surface? σ = 73 dyne/cm.
Guide: Consider the gas in a bubble as an ideal gas. When the gas bubble rises to
the surface, the gas undergoes an isothermal process.
 P1V1 = P2V2
P1 and P2 are the pressures of gas inside the bubble when the bubble is at the
bottom and the surface, respectively.
We assume that P1 and P2 equal to extermal pressurees acting on the bubble when
the bubble is at the bottom and the surface, respectively.

( 3 2σ
) (
 P0 + ρgh+ R d = P0 + R D
1
3 2σ
2
)
Here, R! =d∧R 2=D
7.10. A vertically mounted glass capillary of length l and radius r is closed at the
top. To what height h does water rise in the capillary when its lower end is brought
into contact with the surface of water?
Guide: The final pressure P of gas inside the closed capillary when the water
rises:
P0 l=P ( l−h ) P=…
Consoder two points M and N:
P M =P0

2σ
P N =P+ ρgh−
r

PM = P N

h=
( P0 + ρgl +
2σ
r) √(
− P 0+ ρgl+
r)
2 σ 2 8 σρgl
−
r
2 ρg

7.11. A soap bubble of radius r, filled with air, is contained in a cylinder with a
movable piston. The air pressure outside the bubble is at first equal to the
atmospheric pressure Po. On moving the piston slowly the bubble is compressed
until its radius is halved. Find the pressure of the outer air in the cylinder at this
instant.
Guide:
4σ
The initial pressure of gas in the bubble of radius r: P1=P0 + r
The final pressure of gas in the bubble of radius r/2 (isothermal process):
3
r
P1 r =P2
3
 P2=8 P1
8
4σ
P2=P out +
On the other hand, r
2

 The pressure of the outer air in the cylinder when the bubble radius is halved:

(
Pout =8 P0 +
r )
4 σ 8σ
− =8 P O +
r
24 σ
r

7.12. To what height h does the water rise between two vertical glass plates
partially submerged in water, if the distance between them is d = 0.5 mm? For
water, σ = 73 dyne/cm. The edge angle can be taken as zero in this case.
Answer:
2 σcosθ 2 σ
h= = =3 cm
ρgd ρgd
 CHAPTER 8. SOLID
8.1. Calculate the equilibrium separation ro for NaCl from the measured density of
NaCl, which is 𝜌 = 2.16 g/cm3.
8.2. A segment of steel railroad track has a length of 30.000 m when the
temperature is 0.0C.
a. What is its length when the temperature is 40.0C?
b. Suppose the ends of the rail are rigidly clamped at 0.0C so that expansion is
prevented. What is the thermal stress set up in the rail if its temperature is raised to
40.0C? (Young’s modulus of steel is 20 × 1010 N/m2).
8.3. Assume Young’s modulus for bone is 1.50 × 1010 N/m. The bone breaks if
stress greater than 1.50 × 1010 N/m is imposed on it. (a) What is the maximum force
that can be exerted on the femur bone in the leg if it has a minimum effective
diameter of 2.50 cm? (b) If this much force is applied compressively, by how much
does the 25.0-cm-long bone shorten?
8.4. Assume if the shear stress in steel exceeds about 4.00 × 108 N/m2, the steel
ruptures. Determine the shearing force necessary to shear a steel bolt 1.00 cm in
diameter.
8.5. A 200 -kg load is hung on a wire of length 4.00 m, cross-sectional area 0.200
× 10-4 m2, and Young’s modulus 8.00 × 1010 N/m2. What is its increase in length?
8.6. On a day that the temperature is 20.0C, a concrete walk is poured in such a
way that the ends of the walk are unable to move. Take Young’s modulus for
concrete to be 7.00 × 109 N/m2 and the compressive strength to be 2.00 × 109 N/m2.
(a) What is the stress in the cement on a hot day of 50.0C? (b) Does the con- crete
fracture?
8.7. A sample of lead has a mass of 20.0 kg and a density of 11.3 × 10 3 kg/m3 at
0C. (a) What is the density of lead at 90.0C? (b) What is the mass of the sample
of lead at 90.0C?
8.8. A hollow aluminum cylinder has an internal capacity of 2.000 L at 20.0C. It
is completely filled with turpentine at 20.0C. The turpentine and the aluminum
cylinder are then slowly warmed together to 80.0C. (a) How much turpentine
overflows? (b) What is the volume of turpentine remaining in the cylinder at
80.0C?
8.9. At 20.0C, an aluminum ring has an inner diameter of W 5.000 cm and a brass
rod has a diameter of 5.050 cm. (a) If only the ring is warmed, what temperature
must it reach so that it will just slip over the rod? (b) What If? If both the ring and
the rod are warmed together, what temperature must they both reach so that the
ring barely slips over the rod? (c) Would this latter process work? Explain. For
aluminum, its melting point is 660C.
8.10. A square hole 8.00 cm along each side is cut in a sheet of copper. (a)
Calculate the change in the area of this hole resulting when the temperature of the
sheet is increased by 50.0K. (b) Does this change represent an increase or a
decrease in the area enclosed by the hole?