Western Philippines University

Civil Engineering Department

Reinforced Concrete Design
Dr. Cesario A. Bacosa Jr
Civil Engineer (Structural Engineer/ Geotechnical Engineer/ Construction Engineer)
Topic 16. SHEAR Designs
Types of Shear Reinforcement

a) Vertical stirrups
b) Inclined stirrups
c) Longitudinal bent up bars
d) Welded wire fabric
e) Spirals

Shear Strength of Non-Prestressed Menbers (Torsion Neglected)

Vu = Vn (11-1)
Vn = Vc + Vs (11-2)

where: Vu = factored shear force

Vn = nominal shear strength
Vc = nominal shear strength of concrete
Vs = nominal shear strength of reinforcement
 = 0.85, strength reduction factor for shear

For members subjected to shear and flexure only:

1
Vc = f c' bwd (11-3)
6
For members subjected to axial compression:
 N  f 
'
Nu
Vc = 1 + u   c  bwd in MPa (11-4)
 14 Ag   6  Ag
  
Nu = factored axial load occurring with Vu
(+) for compression, (-) for tension
Ag = gross area of section
bw = width of beam web
d = effective depth

For members subjected to significant axial tension,

Neglect Vc: Vn = Vs

Detailed calculation of Vc:

 V d b d
Vc =  f c' + 120  w u  w  0.3 f c' bwd (11-6)
 Mu  7
Vu d
 1.0 Mu = factored moment occurring simultaneously with Vu
Mu
For members subjected to axial compression,
Vd
Substitute Mm for Mu and u not then limited to 1.0.
Mu
(4h − d )
M m = M u − Nu (11-7)
8
where, h = overall thickness of member
0.3N u
however, Vc  0.3 f c' bwd 1 + (11-8)
Ag
when Mm from (11-7) is negative, use (11-8) to compute Vc .
For members subject to significant axial tension,
  0.3N u   f c'  Nu
Vc = 1 +
    bwd in MPa (11-9)
 A  6  Ag
g 
where Nu is negative for tension.

For Shear Reinforcement, f y  414 MPa

Vc
where Vu  , provide minimum Av
2
except: a) slabs and footings
b) concrete joist construction
c) beam with h ≤ 250 mm, 2.5tf, ½bw whichever is greatest.
bw s
min. Av = bw and s (mm) (11-14)
3 fy
when Vu  Vc ,
Av f y d
Vs = (vertical stirrups) (11-17)
s
A f (sin  + cos  )d
Vs = v y (inclined stirrups/series of bent-up bars) (11-18)
s
 = angle of stirrups and longitudinal axis of member
1
Vs = Av f y sin   f c' bwd (single group of parallel bent-up bars) (11-19)
4
For more than one type of shear reinforcement, Vs = Vs (types )
2
In all cases, Vs  f c' bwd
3
Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement,
d 1
max. s = when Vs  f c' bwd
2 3
d 1
max. s = when Vs  f c' bwd
4 3

Guide to Design of Shear Reinforcement: (Simplified Method)

wu kN/m b
L
R1 R2 d
CL
Vmax

Vmax Vu CL
V C
VC /2

d Design minimum stirrups

stirrups
stirrups not

1
Shear capacity of concrete, Vc = f c' bwd  = 0.85
6
a) If Vu  Vc , stirrups theoretically not required
b) If Vu  Vc , design stirrups

Shear to be carried by shear reinforcement,

 Vu
Vu =  (Vc + Vs ) , Vs = − Vc

Av f y d 3 Av f y
required spacing, s = 
Vs d
Spacing limitations
when Vs  2Vc , max. s = d/2 or 300 mm
when Vs  2Vc , max. s = d/4 or 300 mm
when Vs  4Vc , increase section.
for U-stirrups: Av = 2 ( 4 db2 )

At end of beam, place the first stirrup at:

a) 0.50s from face of column support
b) 0.25s from face of beam support
c) 50 mm from face of support

Shear Strength of Beams - Design Examples

Example 1. Design the shear reinforcement for the beam shown if it carries a service dead load of 36 kN/m and a service live
load of 54 kN/m and fc' = 28 MPa and fy = 276 MPa.

4-20 mm 

650 mm 562.5 mm

7.20 m clear
7.50 m c to c 8-28 mm 
350 mm

Solution:
wD = 36 kN/m
Loading due
L = 7.50 m to dead load
R1 = 135 kN R2 = 135 kN
wL = 54 kN/m
Live load loading
L = 7.50 m for max shear at
R1 = 202.5 kN R2 = 202.5 kN supports

wL = 54 kN/m
Live load loading
L = 7.50 m for max shear at
R1 = 50.625 kN R2 = 151.875 kN midspan

CL of supports True envelope for max Vu

Straight line approximation for max Vu
533.25 kN Shear diagram for Vu with full
dead plus live on entire span
86.06 kN
 At supports: Vu = 1.4(135) + 1.7(202.5) = 533.25 kN
At midspan: Vu = 1.4(0) + 1.7(50.625) = 86.06 kN

The critical section for determining the closest stirrup spacing may be taken at a distance "d" from face of support,
Distance from centerline, x = 0.5625 + (7.50 − 7.20) / 2 = 0.7125 m
533.25 − 86.06
Slope of shear line, m = = 119.25 kN/m
3.75
Shear equation, Vu = 533.25 − 119.25 x
At "d" distance from face of support, Vu = 533.25 − 119.25(0.7125) = 448.28 kN

Using the simplified formula, the design shear strength of concrete is

Vc =  (16 ) f c' bw d = 0.85(16 ) 28 (350)(562.5)10 −3 = 147.58 kN
Vc 147.58
= = 73.79 kN
2 2
Since the factored shear is everywhere greater than Vc/2, shear reinforcement is needed throughout the entire span.
Vc = 147.58 / 0.85 = 173.62 kN
since Vu  Vc provide shear reinforcement.
Vu 448.28
Vu =  (Vc + V s ) : Vs = − Vc = − 173.62 = 353.77 kN
 0.85
 d
max Vs for  s =  = 2Vc = 2(173.62) = 347.24 kN
 2
 d
max Vs for  s =  = 4Vc = 4(173.62) = 694.48 kN
 4
d 562.5
since 2Vc  V s  4Vc , max s = = = 140 mm
4 4
using 10 mm  stirrups, Av = 2 ( 4 ) (10) 2 = 157 mm2
Av f y d 157(276)(562.5)
required spacing at critical section, s = = = 68 mm < 75 mm (too close)
Vs 353770
try 12 mm  stirrups, Av = 2 ( 4 ) (12) 2 = 226 mm2
Av f y d 226(276)(562.5)
required spacing at critical section, s = = = 99.2 mm, say 100 mm
Vs 353770

For the region where minimum stirrups are required, the spacing permitted will the lesser of d / 2 = 280 mm and
3 Av f y 3(226)( 276)
max s = = = 535 mm
bw 350
The 280 mm restriction controls!

Example 2. For the beam designed in Example 1, determine the required spacing at the critical section by applying the more
detailed procedure for Vc.

Solution. Compute Vc . In general, this is not constant along the span because  wVu d / M u varies along the span.
At the critical section,
Vu = 533.25 − 119.25(0.7125) = 448.28 kN
1  V d Vu d
Vc =  f c' + 120 w u bw d  0.3 f c' bw d  1.0 (411-5)
7  M u  Mu
 As 8(615)
w = = = 0.0250
bw d 350(562.5)
wu = 1.4(36) + 1.7(54) = 142.2 kN/m
 x  142.2(0.7125)
wu L(x ) − wu x  = (7.50 − 0.7125) = 343.85 kN-m
1
Mu =
2 2 2
Vu d 448.28(0.5625)
= = 0.733  1.0
Mu 343.85

Vc =
1
7
( 28 + 120(0.025)(0.733))(350)(562.5)10 −3

Vc = 210.67 kN   0.3 f c' bw d = 312.53 kN 

 
Vc = 0.85(210.67) = 179.07 kN
Vc = 179.07 / 0.85 = 210.67 kN
V 448.28
Vs = u − Vc = − 210.67 = 316.72 kN
 0.85
Av f y d 226(276)(562.5)
s= = = 110.8 mm
Vs 316720

Example 3. Design economical spacing of 10 mm diameter stirrups for the beam which carries the factored loads shown. Use
fc' = 21 MPa and fy = 276 MPa.

Pu = 150 kN
wu = 80 kN/m 3.00 m 536 mm

L = 6.00 m
64 mm
R1 =315 kN R2 = 315 kN
300 mm

Solution: Simplified Method

315 272.12
Vc= 104.39
7 Shear Diagram due to factored
5 load about the centerline, kN
d x1

The critical section for determining the closest stirrup spacing may be taken at a distance "d" from face of support,
315 − 75
Slope of shear line, m = = 80 kN/m
3.00
Shear equation, Vu = 315 − 80 x
At "d" distance from face of support, Vu = 315 − 80(0.536) = 272.12 kN
Using the simplified formula, the design shear strength of concrete is
Vc =  ( 16 ) fc' bwd = 0.85 ( 16 ) 21(300)(536)10−3 = 104.39 kN
Vc 104.39
= = 52.20 kN
2 2
Since the factored shear is everywhere greater than Vc/2, shear reinforcement is needed throughout the entire span.
Vc = 104.39/ 0.85 = 122.81 kN
 2Vc = 2(122.81) = 245.62 kN
4Vc = 4(122.81) = 491.25 kN
since Vu  Vc provide shear reinforcement.
Vu 272.12
Vs = − Vc = − 122.81 = 197.33 kN
 0.85
d 536
since Vc  Vs  2Vc , max s = = = 268 mm
2 2
using 10 mm  stirrups, Av = 2 ( 4 ) (10) 2 = 157 mm2
Av f y d
157(276)(536)
required spacing at critical section, s = = = 117 mm, say 100 mm
Vs 197330
locate section beyond which minimum stirrups are required, Vu = Vc
104.39 = 315 − 80x1 x1 = 2.63 m
The first stirrup at 0.25s = 0.25(100) = 25 mm

The required spacing at other locations is computed in the Table below.

x Vu = 315 − 80 x Vs = Vu /  − Vc s = Av f y d / Vs xi − xi −1
(m) n=
kN kN mm si −1
0.536 272.12 197.33 117 < 268, say 100 5.11, say 5 @ 100
1.00 235.00 153.66 151 < 268, say 150 4.64, say 5 @ 100
1.50 195.00 106.60 217 < 268, say 200 3.33, say 4 @ 150
2.00 155.00 59.54 390 > 268, say 250 2.50, say 3 @ 200

Therefore, use 10 mm  U-stirrups, 1 @ 25, 10 @ 100, 4 @ 150, 3 @ 200, rest @ 250 mm o.c. to CL

Girder 10 @ 100 4 @ 150 3 @ 200 rest @ 250

1 @ 25
support Spacing of 10 mm  stirrups, mm

(Symmetric with respect to beam centerline)

Problem activities:1
Example 1. Design the shear reinforcement for the beam shown if it carries a service dead load of 46 kN/m and a service live
load of 64 kN/m and fc' = 21 MPa and fy = 276 MPa.

4-25 mm 

600 mm 500 mm

6.00 m clear
6.50 m c to c 8-28 mm 
375 mm

Problem 2. For the beam designed in problem 1, determine the required spacing at the critical section by applying the more
detailed procedure for Vc.
Problem 3. Design economical spacing of 10 mm diameter stirrups for the beam which carries the factored loads shown. Use fc'
= 21 MPa and fy = 414 MPa.

Pu = 100 kN
wu = 70 kN/m 2.50.0 500 mm

L = 5.00 m
64 mm
R1 = kN R2 = kN
325 mm