ELECTRICITY

ELECTRIC CHARGE
 The intrinsic property of electrons and protons is called an electric
charge.
 The SI unit of electric charge is Coulomb (C), in the memory of
French Scientist Charles Coulomb
 The proton is considered a positive charge
 The electron is considered a negative charge
 Charge on proton = 1.6 x 10-19 C
 Charge on electron = —1.6 x 10-19 C

CONDUCTOR
 The material which can pass the electricity is called a Conductor.
 Eg: Copper, Silver, Gold, etc…
 Silver is the best conductor of Electricity.
INSULATOR
 The material which cannot pass the electricity is called an
Insulator.
 Eg: Rubber, Plastic, Wood, Mica, etc…

FREE ELECTRONS

 The electrons were discovered by J.J Thomson

 There is a random motion of electrons in a conducting wire.
 The motion of electrons is uniform in all directions
 When energy is provided to the conducting wire through a
battery,
 The electrons will move from the negative terminal to the
positive terminal of the battery
ELECTRIC CURRENT
 The net quantity of electric charge flowing through any cross-
section of a conductor in unit time is called an electric current
 Electric current (I) = Quantity of Electric charge (Q)
Time (t)
 Therefore, I =_Q_
t
 The SI unit of electric current is Coulomb/Second (C/s)
 It is also represented as Ampere (A), In the memory of French
Scientist Andre Ampere
 The small units of Electric Current are milliampere(mA)
 And other is microampere (μA)
 1mA = 10-3 A
 1μA = 10-6 A
 The instrument used for measuring an electric current is called
the Ammeter
 1A = 1000 mA
 1A = 10,00,000 μA
 The flow of electrons from a negative terminal to a positive
terminal is called Electric Current
 The flow of electrons from the positive terminal to the
negative terminal is called Conventional Electric current.

Q-How is 1A formed?
A-The net quantity of electric charge 1 Coulomb flowing through any
cross-section of a conductor in unit time 1 Second forms a 1 Ampere.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
 The work required to bring the unit positive charge from infinity
to any point against the electric force is known as electric
potential.
 Electric Potential (V) = Work Done (W)
Electric charge (Q)
 Electric potential is represented in voltage in the memory of an
Italian scientist named Alexandro Volta.
 Its symbol is V
 Therefore, V = W
Q
 The SI unit of Electric potential is joule/coulomb or Volt (V)
 The device used to measure electric potential is Voltmeter.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

 The work done to bring the unit positive charge from point A to B
against the electrical force is known as an electric potential
difference
 Electric Potential Difference (V) = Work Done (W)
Electric charge (Q)
 Therefore, V = W
Q
 The SI unit of Electric potential difference is joule/coulomb or
Volt (V)
 Electric potential difference is represented in voltage in the
memory of an Italian scientist named Alexandro Volta.
 The device used to measure electric potential difference is
Voltmeter.
 For example Pencil Cell
Q-HOW IS 1 VOLT FORMED?
Ans-The work done to bring 1-coulomb electric charge from one point to the other is 1
joule the potential difference between these two points from 1Volt
IMP NOTE:- VOLTA’S CELL CONVERTS CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT AND SYMBOLS

 When electrical components like batteries, Key, Bulb, etc… are
connected through conducting wire it is called Electric Circuit
Useful symbols of electric circuit

The galvanometer also detects the direction

OHM’S LAW [2Marks IMP]
 The German scientist named George Simon Ohm derived the
relation between electric current and Voltage.
 This relationship is also known as Ohm’s law.

OHM’S LAW: “In the definite physical situation the electric current
flowing through the conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference applied across it”

 That means, I ∝ V
 Also written as V ∝ I
 V= IR
 Where the proportionality constant R represents the Resistance
of the circuit
 Resistance (R) = ____Voltage____
Electric current
 The SI unit of resistance is volt/ampere, also known as 'ohm'.
 Its symbol is Ω(Omega)

RESISTIVITY
 Factors affecting resistance are
1. Temperature
2. Nature
3. Length
4. Area
 Resistance is directly proportional to temperature.
 The resistance is high in insulators
 The resistance is low in conductors
 The resistance of alloys is higher than conductor and lower than
an insulator
  “The resistance of any conductor is directly proportional to the
length and inversely proportional to the area of a cross-section
of the substance.”

 R ∝l
 R ∝ 1
A
 Therefore, R ∝ _l_
A
 R= p l_
A. _____(1)
 Where p is a proportionality constant called resistivity

 The unit of p = Unit of resistance x Unit of area

Unit of length
= Ω x m2
m
=Ω m

COMBINATION OF RESISTANCE

[1] SERIES CONNECTION ( 3 Marks

IMP)
 The resistors are connected across two points in the circuit in such
a way that the current flowing through each resistor is the same
and only one path is available for it to flow, then the resistors are
said to be connected in series.
[IN SERIES CONNECTION ELECTRIC CURRENT IS SAME AND
VOLTAGE IS DIFFERENT]
 Make a series arrangement of three resistors having resistance
R1, R2, and R3, all resistors having different voltages V1, V2, and V3
respectively
 Connect it with an electric cell and a key
 If the voltage drops across R1, R2, and R3 are V1, V2, and V3
respectively
 We can say from the figure,
 V = V1 + V2 + V3. _________(1)
 Let Req be the equivalent resistance
 By applying Ohm’s Law….
 V = IR
 I = V_
Req. __________(2)
 By applying Ohm’s Law to each resistor
 V1 = IR1
 V2 = IR2
 V3= IR3 __________(3)
 From equations (1),(2), and (3)
 IReq = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
 Req = R1 + R2 + R3
 Therefore, We can say that the resistors are connected in a series
 SOME IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT SERIES CONNECTION
1. In this type of connection, the current flowing through each
resistance is the same.
2. The total voltage drops across all the resistors connected in series
are equal to the sum of voltage drops across each resistor.
3. The magnitude of equivalent resistance is always Larger than the
largest resistance.

2] PARALLEL CONNECTION (3MARKS)

 When more than one resistance is connected across two points
in the circuit such that more than one path is available for the
current to flow and the voltage drops across two ends of each
resistor are the same, then the resistors are said to be
connected in parallel.
[IN PARALLEL CONNECTION VOLTAGE IS SAME AND ELECTRIC
CURRENT IS DIFFERENT]

 Make a parallel arrangement of three resistors having

resistance R1, R2, R3
 Connect it with a battery, a plug, a key, and an ammeter
  Plug the key and ammeter
 Also, connect a voltmeter in a parallel connection
 We can say from the figure,
 I = I 1 + I2 + I3 _________(1)
 Let Req be the equivalent resistance
 By applying Ohm’s Law….
 V = IR
 I = V_
Req. __________(2)
 By applying Ohm’s Law to each resistor
 I1 = V/R1
 I2 = V/R2
 I3= V/R3 __________(3)
 From equations (1),(2), and (3)
 _V_ = _V_ + _V_ + _V_
Req R1 R2 R3
 _1_ = _1_ + _1_ + _1_
Req R1 R2 R3
 _1_ = _1_ + _1_ + _1_ …..
Req R1 R2 R3

 SOME IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT PARALLEL CONNECTION

1. The reciprocal of equivalent resistance R is equal to the sum

of the reciprocal of individual resistors.
2. The voltage drop across each resistor remains the same.
3. The sum of the current flowing through each resistor equals
the total current flowing through the circuit.
4. The magnitude of equivalent resistance is always smaller
than the smallest
MERITS AND DEMERITS OF SERIES CONNECTION

 MERITS OF SERIES CONNECTION

 The total resistance in the circuit can be increased by
connecting the resistors in series. This decreases the current in
the circuit. Thus to control the current in a circuit series
connection is useful.
 Whenever a short circuit occurs in any electrical appliance,
the fuse wire melts and stops the electric current. So, damage
to the electrical appliances can be prevented.

 DEMERITS OF SERIES CONNECTION

 If electrical appliances are connected in series, the applied
Voltage is divided across each appliance
 In a series connection, If a fault occurs in one appliance or the
circuit breaks all the appliances stop working.

 MERITS OF PARALLEL CONNECTION

 If three bulbs are connected in parallel. and one of the bulbs
gets fused, then the current continues to flow through the
other bulbs and they continue to emit light.
That is why,In our houses, the electrical appliances are
connected in parallel with the main line.
 More current can be obtained by connecting resistors in
parallel.

 DEMERITS OF PARALLEL CONNECTION

 Electric current cannot be controlled in the circuit.
 If the bulbs working on different voltages are connected in
parallel with the given voltage source then each bulb cannot
light up with complete efficiency.
HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT [JOULE’S LAW]
 When we pass electric current in bulb it becomes hot after a
while. This type of heat energy is not useful at all.
 By flowing electric current to appliances like iron and heater, the
heat is produced. Here electrical energy is converted into heat
energy which is known as the heating effect of electric current.
 Suppose the electric current is flowing through some resistor To
flow this current continuously the battery has to provide energy.
The work required to keep the charge Q in motion by the battery
of voltage V is,
 W=VQ
 We know that,
 I = Q/t
 Q=It
 Therefore,
 W=VIt
 According to ohm’s law, V = I R
 W=IxRXIxt
 W = I2 Rt
 Thus, the electrical energy is converted into heat energy,
 Heat energy (H) = I2 Rt
 This is also known as joule’s law.
 The SI unit of heat energy is the joule (J)

Thus the energy produced in the resistor is,

 Directly proportional to the square of current passing through it
 Directly proportional to the resistance to the current
 Directly proportional to time for given current and resistance

ELECTRICAL POWER
  Electrical Power means the rate of electric energy.
 Here the meaning of rate is time
 It is denoted as “P”.
 P = Electrical energy consumed
Time
 = W = I2 Rt
t t
 P=I R
2

 P=IV ( from Ohm’s law)

 P = V2 (I=V)
R R
 The SI unit of power is joule/second or watt (W)

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF HEATING EFFECT OF

ELECTRIC CURRENT

 The heating effect of current is used in:-

 The working of electrical heating devices such as an iron, toaster,
oven, kettle, and heater.
 An electric bulb for producing light by heating its filament
 An electric fuse for protecting household wiring and electrical
appliances

 OHM’S EXPERIMENT
Aim: To verify ohm’s law and hence determine the resistance of the
given material.

Materials:Nichrome wire, four to five batteries of 1.5 V, Voltmeter,

Ammeter and a key.

Diagram:

Procedure:
 First connect nichrome wire with 1.5V battery and ammeter.
 Now connect the voltmeter between its two ends
 Now, when the key is on the electric current will flow through
the wire
 Measure the magnitude of current in ammeter and the
potential difference In voltmeter
 Now connect two batteries instead of one and note the
magnitudes of current and voltage.
 In this way, repeat the experiment by connecting three
batteries and thereafter four batteries.
Observation:
Number of Voltage (V) Current flowing V/ I
batteries
1 1 0.1 10
2 2 0.2 10
3 3 0.3 10
4 4 0.4 10

 Now, from observations, Draw a graph of electric current and

voltage
 The graph will be a straight light passing through the origin

Conclusion:The following points are concluded from graph:

 The electric current in conductor increases in same proportion
with increase in voltage.
 The graph is of straight line
 The ratio of V and I remains constant every time.