RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

INSTRUCTOR’S MATERIALS
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MULTIMEDIA
Chapter -1

Multimedia – An
RANJAN PAREKH
Overview

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Contents
• Introduction
• Characteristics of a Multimedia Presentation
• Hardware and Software Requirements
• Uses of Multimedia
• Analog and Digital Representation
• Digitization
• Nyquist’s Sampling Theorem
• Quantization Error
• Visual Display System

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Introduction

• Overview
– Term “multimedia” comes from Latin multus meaning “numerous” and media meaning “middle”.
– In modern day context “multimedia” means “multiple means” or “multiple intermediaries”
– Multiple means for conveying information between the source and sink.
– The multiple means are : text, image, graphic, audio, video and animation.

• Multimedia Presentation and Production

– A multimedia presentation is essentially a ‘show’ whose content is expressed by various media types
– The individual or team who creates the show is called the developer or author.
– The end user who executes or runs the presentation is the target audience.
– Each presentation must be made for a specific class of target audience e.g. students, workers etc.
– A presentation must fulfill a set of objectives or goals
– Process of creating the presentation is called production or authoring
– Production work is carried out by a group of professionals called developers or authors

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Characteristics
• Multiple Media
– Text : alpha-numeric characters entered via the keyboard or copied from an existing documents
– Image : real world photographs taken through a camera and subsequently digitized
– Graphics : drawings or sketches drawn by artists usually by using graphic software
– Audio : human speech or music recorded through microphones and subsequently digitized
– Video : real-world motion scenes usually taken through a video camera and subsequently digitized
– Animation : synthetic or artificial motion 2D/3D scenes drawn by artists or animators using software

• Non-linearity
– User is able to navigate to different parts of presentation instantaneously
– Display the sequence of information as per user’s choice, with appreciable delays
– Determined by navigational pathways built by the author within the presentation

• Interactivity
– Enables use of buttons, menus, links for non-linear navigation
– Enables starting and stopping of media elements like audio, video, animation by user
– Enables accepting user’s inputs and provides appropriate responses
– Examples include simulation, games, drill and practice sessions, tutorials etc.

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Characteristics
• Digital Representation
– Represented within a digital computer utilizing random access capabilities
– Each media type needs to be represented in digital form
– Software can be used to improve media quality during editing and authoring
– Compression techniques makes file sizes smaller leading to efficient performances

• Integrity
– Multiple media need to be part of a single framework that is the presentation itself
– The media cannot be played independently but determined by presentation structure
– Capabilities and behaviours determined and controlled by author and developer

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Hardware and Software

• Specifications
– Specifications for multimedia PC (MPC) specified by Multimedia Marketing Council (MMC)
– MPC specifications helps to standardize capabilities of multimedia based computers
– Also provides guidelines for consumers for purchasing them
– MPC-1 specifications published in 1990 and MPC-2 in 1993
– Such specifications are however outdated nowadays due to rapid progress in these fields

• Playback
– Processor : Pentium class
– RAM : 128 MB (min) to 1 GB (recommended)
– Hard disk : 100 GB
– SVGA monitor and adapter supporting 800 by 600 display mode
– CD-ROM drive with speeds of 4X (min) to 36X (recommended)
– Sound card and speakers
– Keyboard and mouse
– Windows OS, drivers, plug-ins, media players etc.

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Hardware and Software

• Production
– Processor : Pentium II or higher
– RAM : 1 GB (min) to 2 GB (recommended)
– Hard disk : 100 GB (min) to 500 GB (recommended)
– SVGA monitor and adapter supporting 800 by 600 display mode
– CD/DVD-Writer with speeds of 4X (min) to 36X (recommended)
– Sound card and speakers
– Keyboard and mouse
– Accessories like scanner, microphone, video capture card, camera etc.
– Windows OS, drivers, plug-ins, media players etc.
– Editing / media processing software, authoring software, 2D/3D animation software.

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Uses of Multimedia
• Home Entertainment
– Games, cartoons, interactive encyclopedias etc.

• Educational
– Learning packages and lab simulation

• Training
– Computer based training packages for professionals

• Information
– Shopping kiosks, railway time tables, digital library

• Corporate
– For company profiles, products, advertisements

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Uses of Multimedia
• Business
– Sales of fragile, industrial, chemical products via simulations

• Tourism
– Tour packages, lodging boarding info, museums, galleries

• Commerce
– E-commerce packages, on-line shopping catalogs

• Communications
– Audio/video conferencing, voice-mail, Video-on-Demand

• Medicine
– Using 3D images of human bodies, tele-medicine

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Uses of Multimedia
• Engineering
– CAD, CAM, architectural drawings

• Database
– Content based search and retrieval systems

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Analog and Digital Representations

• Analog quantities
– Continuously varies over space or time
– Can be represented by mathematical functions of the form S = f(x, y, z, t)
– Measured by instruments called sensors which transform the physical variable to electrical signals
– Electrical signals can be conveniently measured and manipulated
– Example : microphones convert environmental sound into audio signals which can be recorded

• Waves
– Analog quantities are usually represented by waves
– Waves are conceived as energy propagations from one place to another
– Associated with oscillatory or vibrational forces
– Depicted as graphs to depict behaviour of particles in the path of a wave
– Usually represented by sinusoidal functions : y = Acos(x) + Bsin(x)

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Analog and Digital Representations

• Fundamental properties of waves
– Amplitude (A) is the largest displacement of a particle in the path of a wave from its mean position
– Represents the intensity of the wave energy
– Frequency (f) indicates how fast the particle is oscillating in unit time
– Represents the pitch of sound or color of light. Measured in a unit called Hertz
– A wave of 1 Hz completes one oscillation or cycle in 1 second
– Time period (T) is the time taken to complete 1 cycle i.e. T = 1/f
– Waveform indicates pictorial shape of a wave.
– Represents the tonal quality i.e. nature of elementary components making up the wave

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Analog and Digital Representations

• Elementary and composite Waves
– Sinusoidal waves are regarded as elementary waves.
– Two or more such waves can be combined together to form composite waves
– The actual shape of a composite wave may be non-sinusoidal
– Depends on relative amplitudes, frequencies and phase-differences of elementary components

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Analog and Digital Representations

• Temporal and spatial waves
– Temporal waves depict the state of a single particle in the path of a wave over time.
– Points A and A’ are said to be in the same phase
– Corresponding time difference is called the time period T of the wave

– Spatial waves depict the states of several particles in the path of a wave at an instant of time.
– Points C and C’ are said to be in the same phase
– Corresponding distance between them is called wavelength λ of the wave

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Analog and Digital Representations

• Digital quantities
– Discrete in nature and they exist only at certain points in space or time.
– Typically represented by a set of values x at corresponding time instants t
– Represented inside a digital computer by a string of binary digits (bits) e.g. 110001 represents ‘a’
– Mapping table exists between alphanumeric chracaters and their binary codes
– Table called ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Digitization
• Sampling
– Involves examining values of a wave at certain points or instants and discarding other values
– Sampling rate is number of samples per unit space/time
– A sample-and-hold operation holds current sample value until the next sample is obtained
– This gives the digital wave a staircase look and helps to bridge between the discrete values

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Digitization
• Quantization
– Involves specifying number of amplitude levels to be used in the system.
– Determines the bit-depth parameter
– For a bit depth of n, a total of 2n levels can be accommodated.
– The entire peak to peak amplitude is discretized to that many levels.
– Figure below shows four amplitude levels for a 2-bit representation : 0, M/3, 2M/3, M

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Digitization
• Code-word generation
– Involves allotting code-words to the quantized amplitude levels
– Four levels 0, M/3, 2M/3, M can be represented by a two bit code
– Figure shows code-words 00, 01, 10, 11 for a 2-bit representation

• Quality
– Quality of output signal is determined both by sampling rate and bit depth
– Increasing sampling rate generates more information about analog wave
– A high bit-depth provides for accomodating large number of samples
– Better quality however implies larger storage requirements and more processing costs

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Nyquist’s Theorem
• Overview
– Specifies a lower limit of sampling rate
below which the quality of the digital output
becomes unacceptable for practical
purposes
– It states : During digitization the sampling
rate (F) should be at least twice frequency (f)
of the input analog wave for faithful
reproduction i.e. F ≥ 2f
– If sampling rate falls below the above limit,
then large parts of the analog input cannot
be reproduced in the digital output, and
associated distortion produced is called
aliasing
– This is because if sampling occurs less than
two times per cycle of the input, then either
the positive or the negative cycles can be
sampled, but not both

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Quantization Error
• Overview
– During quantization only some of the signal levels are
retained using discrete values.
– This leads to an error in the output referred to as
quantization error e
– Error is approximated by height of each step of digital
output.
– If S be peak-to-peak height of wave, and n be the bit-
depth, then height of each step is e = S/2n
– Signal to noise ratio (SNR) is given by SNR = AS/AN
– SNR in decibels (SNRdB) is proportional to bit-depth n

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Visual Display Systems

• Cathode ray tube (CRT)
– A vacuum sealed glass tube containing a cathode and anode maintained at high potential difference
– An electron beam emitted from cathode is made to fall on a phosphor coated screen.
– Phosphors hit by electrons emit a glow of light, called pixel (picture element)
– Additional grids help to control , manipulate and focus electron beam.
– Deflection coils on neck of CRT help to deflect the beam in horizontal and vertical directions
– Movement of electron beam left to right, top to bottom is called raster scanning
– Lighted (ON) pixels over a background of OFF pixels help to display image on the screen
– Rate of 50-60 frames/sec enables persistence of vision (PoV) to perceive steady non-flickering
image

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Visual Display Systems

• Color CRT
– Contains three electron beams falling on three colored phosphor dots
– Generates three colored lights, called primary colors : red (R), green (G), blue (B)
– All other colors can be formed as combinations of RGB in various proportions.
– Equal proportions of RGB produce secondary colors : cyan (B & G), yellow (R & G), magenta (R & B)
– RGB in equal proportions produce gray while their absence produces black
– Perforated screen called shadow mask prevents electron beam to strike between phosphor dots

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Visual Display Systems

• Interlacing
– A technique to produce a flicker free image on screen at relatively low refresh rates.
– Single frame is split into odd and even fields
– Two fields are drawn one after another
– Persistence of Vision (PoV) fuses them into a single frame
– Notations i and p are used to distinguish interlaced and progressive modes e.g. 720p and 1080i

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Visual Display Systems

• Monitor specifications
– Vertical scan rate : number of frames displayed by monitor per second
– Horizontal scan rate : number of horizontal lines displayed by monitor per second
– Dot pitch : shortest distance between two neighbouring pixels
– Pixel addressability : number of pixels that can be addressed on screen
– Aspect ratio : ratio between the horizontal to vertical number of pixels
– Monitor size : diagonal length between opposite corners of the screen
– Resolution : number of pixels per unit length of the monitor
– Color depth : total number of colors that can be displayed on screen

– If w and h be width and height of monitor in pixels, P be pixel addressability, b the color-depth, C
the total number of colors, M the memory required, D the monitor size, W and H the dimensions of
monitor in inches, R the resolution, m:n the aspect ratio, d the dot pitch then we have following
relations :

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Visual Display Systems

• Video adapter card
– An expansion card which converts digital signals from CPU to analog signals
– Analog signals are transmitted to monitor via video cable
– VRAM : set of DRAM modules, stores pixel data needed to display image on screen
– Graphics controller : manipulates image data independent of CPU
– The controller also generates sync pulses to control movement of electron gun
– DAC : converts digital data from CPU and analog signals to feed to monitor

– Earlier standards : MDA, CGA, HGA, EGA

– Intermediate standards : VGA , SVGA
– Newer standards : XGA and its derivatives

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Visual Display Systems

• Video connector and cable
– Video adapter card connected to monitor via the cable.
– Two variants : 15-pin and 9-pin connectors
– Used to carry color signals and synchronization pulses from adapter to monitor
– Color signals produce image on screen and sync pulses control movement of electron guns

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Visual Display Systems

• Accelerated graphics port (AGP)
– Provides a new high-speed data bus running at 500 MB/s to combat saturation of PCI bus
– Accessible by an AGP slot on motherboard
– Allows a portion of the main memory to be used for storing video data

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Visual Display Systems

• Liquid crystal display (LCD)
– LC is a liquid transparent organic substance
– Molecules in nematic state capable of manipulating direction of light rays flowing through
– A polarizing filter isolates a single plane of light from a collection
– Two polarizing filters perpendicular to each other can block all of the polarized light
– Layer of LC material in container with perpendicular grooves results in twisted nematic state
– Enables the molecules to twist the plane of light rays by 90 degrees
– Allows the light to come out of the second polarizer and results in a lighted pixel
– Current through LC material disturbs the molecular alignment and results in a dark pixel

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Visual Display Systems

• Categories of LCD devices
– Passive matrix : one electrode per column and one electrode per row of
LCD cells, cheaper version with lower quality
– Active matrix : one electrode per LCD cell, improved version with better
quality but more costly

• Comparisons between CRT and LCD

– CRT monitors are more bulky and heavy compared to LCD monitors
– To accommodate electron gun, CRT monitors have more depth while LCD
flat panels is suitable for portable devices
– LCD fabrication more costly than CRT
– CRT pixels emit light and hence more bright than LCD elements that can
only block light
– Light emitted from LCD panels are polarized and viewable over small
viewing angle than CRT

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Visual Display Systems

• Plasma display panel (PDP)
– A flat panel display using plasma (ionized gas) to excite phosphors
– Mixture of neon and xenon enclosed in sealed glass containers with phosphor coated surfaces
– Electric discharge within container ionizes gas mixture causing it to emit UV light
– UV light excites phosphor coating which emits visible light
– Advantages : very bright light produced hence used for glow signs
– Disadvantage : high power consumption

• Other flat panel displays

– LED : Uses discrete RGB diodes as pixel elements
– ELD : Uses electroluminescent material which emit light when current is passed through it
– SED : Uses grid of microscopic electron emitters for each sub-pixel

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Visual Display Systems

• Multiple monitors
– Involves more than one monitor to increase available viewing area
– Clone mode duplicates same video buffer to each monitor
– Span mode splits video buffer across multiple monitors
– Video adapter cards have two or more output ports
– Advantages : increases viewing space and amount of information that can be projected at once
– Disadvantage : resources of adapter divided across monitors, can degrade performance

• 3D monitor
– Displays two images of same object slightly offset from each other
– Involves an arrangement such that left eye sees one image and right eye the other image
– This imparts perception of depth to the viewer
– 3D image a misnomer, more accurate term is ‘stereo-vision’

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