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9.4 Practical Circuits

The document describes electric circuits and their components like cells, switches, resistors, ammeters, voltmeters, lamps and buzzers. It explains how changing the resistance of a variable resistor can control the brightness of a lamp or the volume of audio equipment. Circuits used in homes, cars and other devices are also discussed.

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swezinminhtut
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237 views29 pages

9.4 Practical Circuits

The document describes electric circuits and their components like cells, switches, resistors, ammeters, voltmeters, lamps and buzzers. It explains how changing the resistance of a variable resistor can control the brightness of a lamp or the volume of audio equipment. Circuits used in homes, cars and other devices are also discussed.

Uploaded by

swezinminhtut
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tr Astella Physics

Tr Astella Physics

cell lamp
ammeter

switch

voltmeter buzzer
resistor
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cell – to provide electrical energy for the circuit


switch – to start and stop the flow of current
resistor – to resist the flow of current
ammeter – to measure current
voltmeter – to measure voltage
lamp – to emit light
buzzer – to make a sound
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▪ in parallel with the lamp

▪ in series with the resistor


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There are two types of resistors:


(1) Fixed resistor

(2) Variable resistor


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These light switches (called dimmer


switches) contain variable resistors that can
be turned to control the brightness of
In audio equipment, the word volume is
lamps in a room.
used to mean loudness from loudspeakers
or headphones. The sliding controls at the
bottom of this sound recording equipment
are variable resistors for adjust volume.
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▪ This diagram shows how a variable resistor is used to control the


brightness of a lamp.
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▪ As the resistance of the variable resistor is increased, the current


in the circuit decreases.
▪ Eg., A smaller current flowing through the lamp makes the lamp
dimmer.

▪ As the resistance of the variable resistor is decreased, the


current in the circuit increases.
▪ Eg., A larger current flowing through the lamp makes the lamp
brighter.
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▪ Electric circuits are used in many homes, schools, cars, bicycles,


phones, music systems, watches, computers and lots more
things that we use every day.

▪ Scientists are always designing new circuits, many of which


make life easier for us.
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▪ Eg., When opening the door of a refrigerator (fridge), a light


comes on inside. The switch is opened and closed by the
movement of the fridge door.
▪ When the door is open, the switch is closed and when the door
is closed, the switch is open.
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▪ Some equipment is fitted with buzzer to make a warning sound


if something is done incorrectly.
▪ Often, the loudness of the sound can be adjusted.
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▪ Some cars have a buzzer that makes a sound when the driver
opens the door while the headlamps are switched on.
▪ The door of the car controls the switch for the buzzer, but the
buzzer should only operate when the headlamps are on.

S2

S1
Tr Astella Physics

▪ The headlamps are connected in parallel, so they can be


switched on and off together.
▪ The buzzer is part of the same branch of the parallel circuit.
Switch S1 controls the headlamps. Switch S2 is controlled by the
door.
▪ When the door is open, the switch is closed and when the door is
closed, the switch is open.
▪ Current cannot flow to switch S2 unless switch S1 for the
headlamps is closed.
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▪ Equipment that uses 12 V batteries include cars, trucks and some


boats.
▪ These batteries need to be recharged from time to time.
▪ Sometimes, a battery voltage indicator is fitted, so the voltage of
the battery can be measured.
▪ A voltmeter is connected in parallel across the battery, and a
switch is included in this branch of the parallel circuit.
Tr Astella Physics

▪ Sometimes a lamp with a low voltage rating is required in a


circuit with a battery of higher voltage.
▪ Eg., A 6 V lamp can be operated using a 12 V battery. Resistors
are used to produce different voltages.
▪ If two resistors of equal resistance are connected in series with a
battery, then the battery voltage will be shared equally across
each resistor.
▪ A 6 V lamp can then be safely connected in
parallel with one of the resistors.
▪ The lamp will receive a 6 V supply and work
properly.
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9.4 A Variable resistors


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current will decrease

brightness will decrease


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9.4 B Uses of variable resistors

The resistance of a variable resistor can be changed.


The resistance of a fixed resistor cannot be changed.
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9.4 C Comparing circuits


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D
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A, C and D

B and D

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