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Single Phase Transformer Construction and Working Principle

lkfj bsgilu soi osiu oiioug udoi la hiu aoiu aoi uo iaoi ola jui oajfdlhgli li u lzd jlj ti sl jljl jlud daj ljld d dthh

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521 views4 pages

Single Phase Transformer Construction and Working Principle

lkfj bsgilu soi osiu oiioug udoi la hiu aoiu aoi uo iaoi ola jui oajfdlhgli li u lzd jlj ti sl jljl jlud daj ljld d dthh

Uploaded by

Achinta Malik - EE
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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5/24/23, 11:15 AM Single Phase Transformer � Construction and Working Principle

Single Phase Transformer – Construction and Working


Principle

Construction of Single Phase Transformer


A single phase transformer consists of two windings viz. primary winding and secondary
winding put on a magnetic core. The magnetic core is made from thin sheets (called
laminations) of high graded silicon steel and provides a definite path to the magnetic flux.
These laminations reduce the eddy-current losses while the silicon steel reduces the
hysteresis losses.

The laminations are insulated from each other by enamel insulation coating. The thin
laminations are stacked together to form the core of the transformer. The air-gap between the
laminations should be minimum so that the excitation current being minimum.

For a single phase transformer, there are two types of transformer constructions viz. the core
type and the shell type.

Core Type Transformer Construction


In core type construction of the transformer, the magnetic circuit consists of two vertical lags
(called limbs) and two horizontal sections called yokes. To minimise the effect of leakage flux,
half of each winding is placed on each limb (see the figure).

The low-voltage winding is placed next to the core while the high-voltage winding over the
low-voltage winding to reduce the insulation requirements. Therefore the two windings are
arranged as concentric coils and known as cylindrical winding.

The laminations of the core type transformer are of U-I shape as shown in the figure.

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5/24/23, 11:15 AM Single Phase Transformer � Construction and Working Principle

Shell Type Transformer Construction


In the shell type construction of transformer, the magnetic circuit consists of three limbs, both
the primary and secondary windings are placed on the central limb and the two outer limbs
complete the low reluctance flux path. The each winding is sub-divided into sections viz. the
low voltage (LV) section and the high-voltage (HV) section, which are alternatively put one
over the other in the form of sandwich (see the figure). Therefore, such windings are called
sandwich winding or disc winding.

The core of the shell type transformer is made up either U-T shape or E-I shape (see the
figure).

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5/24/23, 11:15 AM Single Phase Transformer � Construction and Working Principle

Working Principle of Single Phase Transformer


The working of the transformer is based on the principle of mutual inductance between two
coils wound on the same magnetic core.

When an alternating voltage (V1) is applied to the primary winding, an alternating magnetic
flux (Φm) sets up in the core and links with the secondary winding, i.e. the magnetic flux links
both the windings of the transformer magnetically. This magnetic flux induces EMF E1 in the
primary winding and E2 in the secondary winding according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction.

According to Lenz’ law,

$$\mathrm{Primary\:EMF,E_{1}=-N_{1}\frac{d\phi_{m}}{dt}\:\:\:\:\:...(1)}

dϕm
Secondary EMF, E 2 = −N2 . . . (2)
dt

Therefore,

E2 N2
= . . . (3)
E1 N1

From the above equations, it is clear that the induced EMFs in the primary and secondary
windings depends upon the number of turn of the winding.

If 𝑁1 > 𝑁2, then 𝐸1 > 𝐸2 i.e. the primary EMF is greater than the secondary EMF, the
transformer is called as step-down transformer.

If 𝑁2 > 𝑁1, then 𝐸2 > 𝐸1 i.e. the primary EMF is less than the secondary EMF, the transformer is
called as step-up transformer.

If a load is connected across the terminals of the secondary winding, the secondary EMF causes
a current I2 to flow through the load. In this way, a transformer transfers AC power from one
circuit to another circuit with a change in voltage level without any electrical connection

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5/24/23, 11:15 AM Single Phase Transformer � Construction and Working Principle

between both the circuits i.e. the power from input circuit to output circuit transfers
magnetically. During this transfer of electrical power, the frequency does not change.

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