*Content Standard: The learners demonstrate

understanding of 20th century music styles and

characteristic features in awareness to the
global music industry.

*Performance Standard: The learners create

musical pieces using particular styles of the
20th century music in awareness to the global
music industry to explore the roles of
musicians in the society.
 Performance Task

The learners recreate a specific 20th century

music style as a musician performer and
composer embodying the style and emotions
associated with the chosen era, to give
excitement and ideas to their school colleagues
about the evolution of music, perform in a
school campus in a live performance bringing
authenticity, emotion, and technical skill to
recreate the essence of the chosen style with a
accuracy, technique, and expression in terms of
performance techniques, and stage presence.
 Learning Competencies:

*Describe the historical and cultural

background of impressionism and
expressionism

*Identify the characteristics of impressionism

and listen perceptively to selected 20th century
music
 Clair de Lune
(moonlight)
by: Claude Debussy
Impressionism and Expressionism
in Music
th
(20 century)
Impressionism in music is a style that
emerged in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, particularly in France. It is
characterized by a focus on creating
musical atmospheres and evoking sensory
experiences through the use of color,
texture, and mood. Just like the visual art
movement of the same name, musical
impressionism seeks to capture the fleeting
and ephemeral qualities of a scene or
emotion rather than providing a detailed,
literal representation.
Key features of impressionism in music include:
Colorful Harmonies: Impressionist composers
often used rich and complex harmonies,
utilizing extended chords and non-traditional
scales to create a sense of lush and evocative
soundscapes.
Timbral Exploration: Composers experimented
with different instrumental colors and
orchestration techniques to achieve specific
tonal colors and textures. They aimed to evoke
emotions and images through the unique
timbres of different instruments.
Fluidity and Atmosphere: Impressionist
compositions tend to be characterized by a
sense of flow and continuity, often avoiding
strong rhythmic patterns or clear melodic
lines. The music may create an overall
atmosphere rather than a clear narrative.
Blurring of Boundaries: Impressionist music
sometimes blurs the boundaries between
harmony and melody, rhythm and texture,
and foreground and background. This
contributes to a sense of ambiguity and
dreaminess.
Evocative Titles: Impressionist
compositions often have evocative titles
that suggest a connection to a particular
scene, emotion, or visual imagery. These
titles help listeners connect the music to
specific sensory experiences.
Influences from Nature and Visual Art:
Impressionist composers drew inspiration
from nature, landscapes, and visual art.
They aimed to capture the essence of these
elements through their music.
Notable composers associated with musical
impressionism include Claude Debussy and
Maurice Ravel. Debussy's "Prelude to the
Afternoon of a Faun" and Ravel's "Daphnis
et Chloé" are often cited as quintessential
examples of impressionist music. These
composers explored new harmonic palettes
and instrumental colors to convey a sense
of atmosphere and emotion.
Expressionism in music is a style or
movement that emerged in the early 20th
century as a reaction against the
romanticism and impressionism that
dominated the late 19th century. It is
characterized by a focus on conveying
intense emotions and inner psychological
experiences through music. Expressionist
composers sought to capture the darker
and more complex aspects of human
emotions, often pushing the boundaries of
traditional tonality, harmony, and form to
achieve their artistic goals.
Key features of expressionism in music include:
Emotional Intensity: Expressionist composers
aimed to evoke strong and often disturbing
emotions in the listener. This could involve
using dissonance, abrupt shifts in dynamics,
and unconventional instrumental techniques to
create a sense of tension and unease.
Atonality: Expressionist music often explored
atonality, which means the absence of a
traditional tonal center or key. Composers
deliberately used dissonant intervals and
avoided traditional harmonic progressions,
creating a sense of instability and
unpredictability.
Expanded Instrumental Techniques:
Composers experimented with
unconventional instrumental techniques to
create unique timbres and textures. This
might involve using extended techniques on
instruments or even incorporating
non-musical sounds.
Fragmentation: Expressionist compositions
frequently employed fragmented melodies
and phrases, reflecting the fractured nature
of human emotions and experiences.
Nonlinear Forms: Traditional musical forms
were often abandoned in favor of more fluid
and non-linear structures. This allowed
composers to convey a sense of
psychological exploration and turmoil.
Subjective Expression: Expressionist
composers aimed to express their own
inner emotional worlds, often drawing
inspiration from personal experiences,
literature, psychology, and visual art.
Some notable composers associated with
expressionism in music include Arnold
Schoenberg, Alban Berg, and Anton
Webern, who were collectively known as
the Second Viennese School. Their music,
especially that of Schoenberg, is often
associated with the development of atonal
and twelve-tone techniques. Other
composers, such as Igor Stravinsky, also
incorporated expressionist elements into
their works, although they were not strictly
part of the expressionist movement.
Arabesque
By: Claude Debussy
Characteristics of Impressionism
and Expressionism
Some key characteristics of
Impressionism include:
Atmosphere and Mood: Impressionist music
aims to evoke specific atmospheres, moods, or
scenes through sound. Composers often
prioritize the creation of a sensory experience,
transporting the listener to a particular place or
moment.
Colorful Harmonies: Just as Impressionist
painters used a wide range of colors to capture
the effects of light, Impressionist composers use
rich and complex harmonies to create a palette of
tonal colors. These harmonies often involve
extended chords and chromaticism.
Whole-Tone Scales: Impressionist
composers frequently employ whole-tone
scales and modes, which lack a clear tonal
center. This contributes to a sense of
ambiguity and ethereality in the music.
Fluidity and Non-Linearity: Impressionist
music often lacks traditional formal
structures and linear progressions. Instead,
it can be more fluid, with themes and
motives intertwining and evolving in a
non-linear manner.
Blurred Rhythms: Rhythmic patterns in
Impressionist music can be less defined
and more flexible, contributing to a sense of
continuity and flow. The music might imitate
the ebb and flow of natural phenomena.
Orchestral Texture: Orchestration is
crucial in Impressionist music, as
composers use various instrumental
timbres to create a rich and evocative sonic
tapestry. Instruments blend together to
produce lush and atmospheric textures.
Inspiration from Nature and Scenes:
Impressionist composers draw inspiration
from nature, visual art, and scenes of
everyday life. They aim to capture the
essence of these experiences rather than
portraying them in a literal or narrative
manner.
Avoidance of Strong Climaxes: Unlike the
dramatic peaks found in Romantic music,
Impressionist compositions often lack
strong climaxes. Instead, they maintain a
sense of restraint and subtlety, emphasizing
the overall atmosphere.
Influence of Visual Arts: Impressionist
composers often shared influences with
visual artists of their time, such as the
paintings of Claude Monet and other
Impressionist painters. This
cross-disciplinary influence is reflected in
their approach to creating music.
Some key characteristics of Expressionism:
Emotional Intensity: Expressionist music
is marked by a heightened emotional
intensity. Composers seek to evoke
powerful feelings and psychological states,
often reflecting anxiety, fear, and inner
turmoil.
Dissonance: Dissonance plays a
significant role in Expressionist music.
Composers deliberately use dissonant
harmonies and unresolved chords to create
a sense of tension and unease.
Atonality: Many Expressionist
compositions feature atonality, which
means they lack a clear tonal center or
traditional key structure. This contributes to
the disorienting and unsettling quality of the
music.
Angular Melodies: Melodies in
Expressionist music often feature angular
and jagged contours, eschewing traditional
smooth and lyrical lines. These melodies
can be fragmented and unpredictable.
Extreme Dynamics: Expressionist
compositions frequently utilize extreme
dynamics, with sudden and dramatic shifts
between loud and soft passages. This adds
to the music's emotional impact and
unpredictability.
Irregular Rhythms: Rhythms in
Expressionist music can be irregular and
asymmetrical, further contributing to the
sense of unease and instability.
Emphasis on Timbre: Composers focus
on exploiting the unique timbral qualities of
instruments to create a wide range of sonic
effects. Unconventional playing techniques
and extended instrumental techniques are
common.
Disruptive Forms: Expressionist music
often breaks away from traditional forms
and structures. It might lack clear thematic
development and progress in a more
episodic or fragmented manner.
Subjective Expression: Composers aim to
convey their own inner emotions and
psychological experiences. The music
becomes a direct outlet for their personal
feelings and anxieties.
Influence of Visual Arts and Literature:
Expressionist composers often drew
inspiration from the visual arts and literature
of the Expressionist movement. The same
themes of inner turmoil, alienation, and
societal critique found in Expressionist
painting and literature are reflected in the
music.
 th
Notable Composers in 20 Century
Music

Impressionism:
Claude Debussy (1862-1918)
Maurice Ravel (1875-1937)
Erik Satie (1866-1925)
Claude Debussy (1862–1918)- was a
French composer who is considered one of
the most influential figures in the world of
classical music during the late 19th and
early 20th centuries. He is particularly
known for his innovative and impressionistic
style, which sought to capture the moods,
colors, and textures of nature and emotions
through music.
Debussy's compositions often featured
innovative harmonies, non-traditional
scales, and a unique approach to rhythm
and form. He was a central figure in the
Impressionist movement in music, which
aimed to evoke emotions and atmospheres
through suggestive and evocative sounds
rather than traditional structural methods.
Maurice Ravel (1875–1937)- was a French
composer known for his distinctive and often
colorful musical style. He is considered one of
the most prominent composers of the early
20th century and is often associated with the
Impressionist and Neo-Classical movements in
music.
Ravel's compositions are characterized by their
intricate harmonies, refined orchestration, and
attention to detail. Like Claude Debussy, he
was known for his innovative approach to
melody, rhythm, and form, as well as his ability
to create vivid and evocative musical
landscapes.
Ravel's music often exhibits a blend of
influences, including his fascination with
Spanish music, his interest in the Baroque
era, and his engagement with contemporary
artistic trends. His compositions remain
celebrated for their beauty, craftsmanship,
and ability to evoke a wide range of
emotions and imagery.
Erik Satie (1866–1925)- was a French composer
and pianist known for his eccentric and
avant-garde approach to music. He was a highly
influential figure in the early 20th century and is
often associated with the Parisian artistic and
cultural scene of that time.
Satie's music is characterized by its simplicity,
humor, and innovative use of harmony and
structure. He was a pioneer of several musical
movements, including Impressionism,
Surrealism, and Minimalism. His compositions
often had whimsical and evocative titles, and he
developed a unique notation system and
terminology that added to the quirkiness of his
works.
Erik Satie's influence extended beyond
music. He was closely associated with the
artistic circles of Paris, including the
Montmartre and Montparnasse
neighborhoods, and he was a mentor to
younger composers like Claude Debussy
and Francis Poulenc. Satie's music and
artistic philosophy paved the way for future
experimental composers and movements,
and his legacy continues to inspire those
who appreciate unconventional and
imaginative approaches to composition.
 th
Notable Composers in 20 Century
Music

Expressionism:
Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)
Alban Berg (1885-1935)
Anton Webern (1883-1945)
Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951)- was an
Austrian-born composer, conductor, and music
theorist who had a profound impact on the
development of 20th-century music. He is best known
for his role in pioneering new approaches to
composition, particularly his development of the
twelve-tone technique, also known as serialism or
dodecaphony.
Schoenberg's influence extended beyond his
compositions. He was a dedicated teacher and
mentor, and his students included notable composers
such as Anton Webern, Alban Berg, and Hanns
Eisler. The Second Viennese School, a group of
composers centered around Schoenberg and his
disciples, played a pivotal role in shaping the
development of modern music.
Alban Berg (1885–1935)- was an Austrian
composer known for his significant contributions
to the Second Viennese School, a group of
composers that included Arnold Schoenberg and
Anton Webern. He is considered one of the key
figures of 20th-century music and is known for his
innovative use of atonality and later, the
twelve-tone technique.
Berg's music is often characterized by its
emotional depth, complex harmonies, and careful
orchestration. He was able to fuse atonal and
twelve-tone structures with a sense of drama and
lyricism, creating works that resonated with
audiences despite their modernist complexity.
Anton Webern (1883–1945)- was an Austrian
composer and conductor who, along with
Arnold Schoenberg and Alban Berg, was a key
figure in the Second Viennese School. He is
renowned for his contributions to the
development of atonal and twelve-tone music,
as well as for his exploration of concise and
economical musical forms.
Webern's musical style can be characterized by
its extreme brevity, intricate contrapuntal
techniques, and highly organized structures.
His compositions are often notable for their
focus on individual musical moments and their
precision.
Webern's compositions often explore the
interplay of different instrumental timbres,
and his work is characterized by its intricate
textures and use of silence as a significant
compositional element. His music can be
challenging to audiences due to its brevity
and dense musical language, but it also
offers a unique and profound listening
experience.
 Learning Competencies:

❖ Explain the distinctive musical elements

of given pieces in 20th century styles.

❖Explain the importance of knowing the

historical background of music.
Distinctive Musical Elements of
th
20 Century Music
Impressionism:
Distinctive Elements:
•Use of non-traditional scales and modes.
•Emphasis on timbre and color through
orchestration.
•Fluid, dreamlike, and atmospheric textures.
•Exploration of ambiguity and blurring of
tonal centers.
•Example: Claude Debussy's "Clair de
Lune."
Expressionism:
Distinctive Elements:
•Dissonant harmonies and intense
chromaticism.
•Emotional intensity and raw, often
disturbing subject matter.
•Abrupt changes in dynamics and mood.
•Frequent use of extreme registers in
instruments.
•Example: Arnold Schoenberg's "Pierrot
Lunaire."
 In your Journal
(notebook)

Explain the importance of knowing the

historical background of music.
ELECTRONIC and CHANCE
th
MUSIC IN 20 CENTURY
Electronic Music: Electronic music
emerged with the advent of electronic
instruments and technologies. Composers
like Karlheinz Stockhausen and Pierre
Schaeffer explored new sound possibilities
by manipulating electronic sounds and
recordings. Stockhausen's "Gesang der
Jünglinge" is a groundbreaking work that
blends electronic sounds with vocal
elements, creating a surreal and
otherworldly experience.
 th
Notable Composers in 20 Century
Music
Electronic Music:
Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928-2007)
Brian Eno (1948)
Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928–2007)- was a
German composer and one of the most influential
figures in the field of electronic and avant-garde
music during the 20th century. He is known for his
groundbreaking contributions to electronic music,
serialism, and aleatoric (chance) composition
techniques.
Stockhausen's music often pushed the boundaries of
traditional composition and challenged audiences'
perceptions of sound and space. He embraced a
wide range of influences, from scientific concepts to
spiritual and metaphysical ideas. While his work
could be controversial and difficult to grasp, his
influence on modern music and his groundbreaking
approach to composition and sound continue to
inspire composers, performers, and listeners alike.
Brian Eno- born Brian Peter George St John le
Baptiste de la Salle Eno, on May 15, 1948, is an
English musician, composer, record producer, visual
artist, and theorist. He is widely regarded as one of
the most innovative and influential figures in
contemporary music, particularly in the realms of
ambient music, electronic music, and experimental
sound.
Brian Eno's impact on music extends beyond his own
compositions. His innovative techniques, creative
approaches to sound, and philosophical ideas about
creativity have left a lasting imprint on the music
industry and have inspired countless artists across
genres. He remains a central figure in the world of
experimental music and multimedia art.
Chance Music (Aleatory): Chance music
involves introducing an element of
randomness or unpredictability into the
composition or performance. John Cage is
a key figure in this style. His piece "4'33""
challenges conventional ideas of music by
having the performer(s) remain silent,
allowing the ambient sounds of the
environment to shape the musical
experience.
How the composer make a tone according to
the presentation?
 th
Notable Composers in 20 Century
Music
Chance Music:
John Cage (1912-1992)
Morton Feldman (1926-1987)
John Cage (1912–1992)- was an American
composer, philosopher, music theorist, writer, and
artist known for his profound influence on
20th-century music and his groundbreaking
exploration of unconventional approaches to
composition and sound. He is considered one of the
most important figures in the development of
experimental and avant-garde music.
Cage's ideas challenged traditional notions of music
and the role of the composer, and his work continues
to inspire artists across disciplines. He was a central
figure in the avant-garde movement, and his
innovative and thought-provoking approach to
composition and sound has left an indelible mark on
the world of music and beyond.
Morton Feldman (1926–1987)- was an American
composer known for his distinctive contributions to
the world of contemporary classical music. He is
associated with the New York School of composers,
along with figures like John Cage and Earle Brown.
Feldman's music is characterized by its use of quiet,
delicate textures, slow tempos, and extended
durations.
Notable works by Morton Feldman include "Rothko
Chapel," "For Philip Guston," and "String Quartet No.
2." His music has had a lasting impact on the
contemporary classical music scene, and his unique
approach to composition has inspired generations of
composers and performers to explore new sonic
possibilities and modes of expression.
Distinctive Musical Elements of
Electronic and Chance Music
Chance music:
Distinctive Elements:
•Embrace of unconventional and
experimental techniques.
•Disruption of traditional musical
conventions.
•Exploration of noise, extended techniques,
and indeterminacy.
•Conceptual and intellectual approaches to
composition.
•Example: John Cage's "4'33''."
Electronic music:
Distinctive elements:
•Use of synthesizers, electronic
instruments, and computer-generated
sounds.
•Manipulation of sound through effects,
filters, and modulation.
•Exploration of new timbres and textures.
•Experimentation with spatial and
immersive soundscapes.
 th
Performance Practice of 20
Century Music
Setting: The settings for 20th-century music
performances varied widely, reflecting the
diversity of musical styles and the evolving
cultural landscape. Performances took place in
traditional concert halls, but also expanded to
include unconventional venues such as art
galleries, clubs, outdoor spaces, and even
experimental multimedia environments. This
shift in settings reflected the desire of many
composers to break free from traditional
constraints and engage with audiences in new
and dynamic ways
Composition: Composers of the 20th
century exhibited a wide range of
approaches to composition, often
pushing the boundaries of traditional
techniques and forms.
Some key characteristics of composition in this
era include:
*Exploration of New Sounds: Composers sought
to expand the sonic palette by incorporating
unconventional instruments, electronic
elements, and extended techniques to create
unique timbres and textures.
*Innovative Notation: Many composers
experimented with non-traditional notation
systems, graphic notation, and unconventional
symbols to convey specific sounds and effects.
This required performers to develop new skills
in deciphering and interpreting these
notations.
*Aleatory and Indeterminacy: Some composers
introduced elements of chance and
unpredictability into their compositions,
allowing performers to make spontaneous
choices during the performance. This required
performers to be highly attuned to each other
and their surroundings.
*Interdisciplinary Approaches: Collaboration
with other art forms, such as dance, theater,
and visual arts, resulted in compositions that
blurred the lines between disciplines, often
requiring performers to engage in multi-modal
artistic expressions.
Roles of Composers and Performers:
*Composers as Innovators: Composers were at
the forefront of innovation, experimenting with
new techniques, sounds, and structures. They
often worked closely with performers to refine
their compositions and to ensure that their
ideas were accurately realized.
*Performers as Collaborators: Performers
frequently collaborated with composers in
bringing new works to life. Their input was
valued, and they sometimes played a role in
shaping the final composition through their
interpretations and feedback.
Interpretive Flexibility: Due to the
experimental nature of many compositions,
performers were encouraged to bring their own
creativity and personal interpretation to the
music. This allowed for a range of valid
performances that reflected individual artistic
perspectives.
Audience:
*Diverse Audiences: As different styles and
movements emerged, audiences became more
diverse in terms of age, background, and
musical preferences. Some works were
appreciated by traditional classical music
enthusiasts, while others attracted fans of
avant-garde and experimental art.
*Active Engagement: Some 20th-century
compositions required audiences to actively
engage with the music, whether by decoding
abstract notations, reflecting on conceptual
themes, or participating in interactive
installations.
Shifting Expectations: Audiences often
had to adjust their expectations, as
20th-century music challenged established
norms. This led to a broader range of
reactions, from excitement and fascination
to confusion and controversy.
 th
Other Arts And Media That Portray 20
Century Elements In Music
•Jazz
•Classical
•Rock
•hip-hop
Jazz- is a genre of music that originated in
the United States in the late 19th and early
20th centuries. It is characterized by its
improvisational and syncopated rhythms, as
well as its fusion of various musical
traditions, including African rhythms,
European harmonies, and American folk
traditions. Jazz has evolved over time and
has given rise to numerous subgenres and
styles.
Classical music- refers to a genre of
Western art music that spans several
centuries and encompasses a wide range
of styles and compositions. It is
characterized by its intricate compositions,
formal structures, and emphasis on
instrumental and vocal compositions.
Classical music has its roots in the
European music tradition and has evolved
through various periods, each marked by
distinct stylistic characteristics.
Rock music- is a genre of popular music
that originated in the United States in the
late 1940s and early 1950s. It has since
become one of the most influential and
enduring genres in the world. Rock music is
characterized by its emphasis on amplified
instruments, strong rhythms, and often the
use of electric guitars. It has gone through
various stylistic shifts and subgenres over
the years, reflecting cultural changes and
technological advancements.
Hip-hop- music is a genre that originated in
African American and Latinx communities in
the Bronx, New York City, during the 1970s.
It has since become a global cultural
phenomenon, encompassing not only music
but also elements like rap, DJing,
breakdancing, and graffiti art. Hip-hop
music is characterized by its rhythmic and
rhyming vocal style, often delivered over a
beat, and its lyrics that reflect a wide range
of social, political, and personal themes.