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    Bricks

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    Bricks

    Uploaded by

    s4kc5nhd8v
    12 views4 pages

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    12 views4 pages

    Bricks

    Uploaded by

    s4kc5nhd8v

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 4

    Bricks and brick tests

    Brick: is a word given to a regular building unit in shape and dimensions used in
    construction. Bricks are manufactured from clay or lime and sand or any other material
    which can resist loads and external environmental effects.
    Classification of bricks:
    1- According to the used material in manufacturing as clay, sand or concrete.. etc.
    2- According to the manufacturing method as mechanical, semi-mechanical, or
    traditional.
    3- According to its type as stony, yellow, white or red.
    4- According to its bearing capacity as class A, B, or C. Endurance

    Clay bricks are commonly used since the availability of raw material, its low production
    cost, and its construction properties as bearing capacity, thermal insulation, fire
    resistance, and weathering effects.

    1. Clay Bricks:
    Appearance: The shape, dimensions, and type: A good brick is should be
    rectangular with smooth plain faces and straight, normal, and unbroken edges. The
    brick must have a uniform section, quiet burned did not include any stone, rock, or
    any lime points with 90% of unbroken edges. A good brick, according to the Iraqi
    standard No.25 – 88, shall have dimensions of (7.5x11.5x24) cm with a tolerance of
    3% for length and width and 4% for thickness.

    1.1 Raw materials:


    a. Clay or Alumina
    Alumina is the main constituent of every clay. Loam soil (adhesive soil) form a good
    clay. In absence of sand, pure clay will develop cracks due to shrinkage on drying and
    burning. A good clay brick should contain about 20% of alumina.
    b. Silica
    Free silica (sand), if added to clay in suitable proportion makes the brick hard and
    prevents it from warping and shrinkage on drying. Silica, if present in greater proportion,
    makes a brick brittle.
    C. Lime
    This also should be present in small quantities in the brick earth. It should be in a finely
    produced condition and it should not be in the form of lamps or clods ‫كتل الطين‬. Lime
    prevents the shrinkage of raw bricks. It helps fusion ‫ صهر‬of sand at the kiln temperature.
    This fused sand will bind the brick particles fast.
    d. Iron oxide
    A small quantity of oxide of iron (5-6%) is desirable. It helps the fusion of sand-like lime.
    It gives red colure to burned bricks. Iron oxide makes the bricks hard and strong.
    e. Magnesia
    A small amount of magnesia helps to decrease the shrinkage of bricks. This gives a
    yellow tint to the bricks. But excess of magnesia is not desirable as it tends to produce
    the decay ‫ تعفن‬of bricks.
    1.2 Composition of good clay brick: A good clay brick should contain the following:
    1. Clay or alumina – Al2O3 – 20%
    2. Sand or silica – SiO2 – 60%
    3- Remaining ingredients, such as - Lime - Iron oxide - Magnesia - Manganese 20%.

    1.4 Manufacture of bricks:


    Manufacture of clay bricks involves the following operation:
    1.4.1 Preparation of clay:
    a. Removal of loose soil: The top layer of loose disintegrated soil up to about 20 cm
    depth has to be removed as this contains a lot of impurities ‫مواد قذرة‬.
    b. Digging ‫حفر‬, spreading, and cleaning: Next, the earth has to be dug up. For small
    quantities, digging may be done manually. For large scale work, it may be done by
    machine.
    c. Weathering: The earth is left to weather for a few weeks, this is necessary to increase
    the plasticity of soil and improves its quality.
    d. Blending ‫مزج‬: This refers to mixing the clay, after making it loos and adding any
    required ingredients to the top of the heap ‫كومة‬.
    e. Tempering: This is necessary to make the clay fully consistent, and fit for molding into
    raw bricks, by adding the required amount of water to make it plastic.
    1.4.2 Molding: Molds required for making the bricks are made of rectangular blocks
    slightly larger in size (10% larger than the burnt bricks). It is done to allow for the
    shrinkage of the molded brick on drying and burning. The molding is improved by the
    following process:
    a. Dry press process: In this method, clay is not made sufficiently plastic, but only a
    small amount of water is mixed with clay to form a damp powder. With plunger
    machines, this powder is compressed in the mold, in the form of bricks. Such bricks are
    directly burned, no drying is needed, but care is to be taken during burning where the
    temperature should be raised gradually.
    b. Stiff mud process: In this process, the clay is only sufficiently moist to process the
    required coherence ‫ تماسك‬under moderate pressure, which results in economy of time in
    drying and fuel in burning. Such clay is forced to come out of any opening having
    dimensions equal to the length of bricks, by utilizing a wire. Hence these are also known
    as wire cut bricks.
    c. Soft mud process: This process is used where the clay is too wet, therefore, it must
    be dried before molding. Bricks are molded under pressure in a soft mud brick machine,
    which tempers the clay in its chamber, sands or wets the molds, presses the clay into 4
    to 9 molds at a time, strikes off the excess clay, bumps ‫ يضرب‬the molds uniformly, and
    dumps the bricks into a pallet‫قطعة خشبية للنقل‬. The pallets of bricks are carried away to the
    dryer as fast as made.
    1.4.3 Drying: As wet clay bricks they contain from 7-50% moisture depending on
    whether dry press, stiff mud, or soft mud process has been used. Moisture in clay may
    be classified as:
    - Equilibrium moisture: is that moisture in the material exerts a vapor pressure equal to
    that exerted by the surrounding air of a given temperature and humidity.
    - Free moisture: is held strongly in the pore spaces. Most of the free water is removed in
    the drying process and the remaining moisture during the burning process. Mechanical
    dryers, who permit automatic control of temperature, humidity, and air velocity, have
    come into general use. If the drying is carried on too rapidly the surface will harden and
    cracking occur. The average time necessary for drying clay brick is about 3 days, and
    the temperature required is from 38 ºC to 149 ºC.
    1.4.4 Burning: The burning of clay in a kiln requires an average time of 3 to 4 days.
    The process of burning may be divided into the following stages:
    a. Water smoking: During this period which removes most of the water in the clay under
    temperature ranging from 125 ºC to 175 ºC.
    b. Dehydration: Dehydration consists of expelling ‫ يفصل ويطرد‬chemically combined water
    by breaking down the clay molecules. It begins at about 425 ºC and completes at about
    750 ºC.
    c. Oxidation: Oxidation begins during the dehydration stage. All combustible matter is
    consumed ‫يلتهم اويحترق‬, carbon is eliminated, the fluxing ‫ ذوبان‬materials are changed to
    oxides, and sulfur is removed.

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