ANALTYICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLES

A circle is a shape made up of a set of points that are equidistant from its centre. The
circumference is the distance around the whole circle. The distance from the centre to any
point on the circumference of the circle is called the radius of the circle. The equation of a circle
can be found in two different methods depending on whether the centre is the origin or the
centre is any other point in the circle other than the origin.

Circle with center origin 𝐎 (𝟎; 𝟎)

If P(𝑥; 𝑦) is a point on a circle with centre O (0; 0) and radius 𝑟, then the equation of the circle
is:
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓 𝟐

Circle with center (𝒂; 𝒃)

If P(𝑥; 𝑦) is a point on a circle with centre C (𝑎; 𝑏) and radius 𝑟, then the equation of the circle
is:
(𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒃)𝟐 = 𝒓2

1
Completing the square
When given the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑒 = 0, to determine the coordinates of the
centre and the radius of the circle the equation above must be changed to the form :
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2.
This is done by completing the square.
Steps in completing the square
1. Divide every term by the coefficient of 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 2 in order to have an expression where
the coefficient of 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 2 is equal to 1.
2. Take the constant term to the right hand side.
3. Divide the coefficient of the 𝑥 by 2 then square it and add it to both the left hand side
and the right hand side.
4. Divide the coefficient of the 𝑦 by 2 then square it and add it to both the left hand side
and the right hand side.
5. Factorise the resulting expression.

Tangent to a circle
A tangent is a straight line that touches the circumference of a circle at only one place. The
point where the tangent and the circle meet is called a point of contact.

2
The tangent line AB touches the circle at D. The radius of the circle CD is perpendicular to the
tangent AB at the point of contact D.Since CD ⊥ AB then it means that ∠CDA and ∠CDB = 90°.
The product of the gradient of the radius and the gradient of the tangent line is equal to −1
𝐦𝐂𝐃 × 𝐦𝐀𝐁 = −𝟏

How to determine the equation of a tangent:

1. Determine the equation of the circle and write it in the form

(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2
2. From the equation of the circle, write down the coordinates of the centre of the circle i.e.
(𝑎; 𝑏).
3. Determine the gradient of the radius by using the centre coordinates and the point of
contact:
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚𝐶𝐷 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

4. The radius is perpendicular to the tangent of the circle at a point D so:

1
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = −
𝑚𝐶𝐷
5. Find the equation of the tangent by substituting the gradient of AB and the coordinates of D
to find the equation of a straight line using:
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 or 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

Relationship between radii and distance between the centres of circles

The distance between the centres of the circles and the sum of their radii can help determine
the relationship between the circles.

3
 Circles with the same centre (concentric Circles that touch internally at one point
circles)

The distance between the centres is equal to

the difference between their radii
𝒅 = 𝒓𝟐 − 𝒓𝟏
Circles that touch externally at one point Circles that intersect at two points

The distance between the centres is equal to The distance between the centres is less than
the sum of their radii the sum of their radii
𝒅 = 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒓𝟏 𝒅 < 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒓𝟏

Circles that do not touch or intersect

The distance between the centres is greater

than the sum of their radii
𝒅 > 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒓𝟏

4
PAST EXAM PRACTISE QUESTIONS

2008 November Paper 2 Q 2

O is the centre of the circle in the figure below. P(𝑥; 𝑦) and Q (12; 5) are two points on the
circle. POQ is a straight line. The point R (𝑡; −1) lies on the tangent to the circle at Q.

2.1 Determine the equation of the circle. (3)

2.2 Determine the equation of the straight line through P and Q. (2)
2.3 Determine 𝑥 and𝑦, the coordinates of P. (2)
12
2.4 Show that the gradient of QR is − 5 (2)
2.5 Determine the equation of the tangent QR in the form 𝑦 = … (3)
2.6 Calculate the value of 𝑡. (2)
2.7 Determine an equation of the circle with centre Q(12; 5) and passing
through the origin. (3)

2009 March Paper 2 Q 2

A(0; 5) and B(−8; 1) are two points on the circumference of the circle centre M, in a Cartesian
plane. M lies on AB. DA is a tangent to the circle at A. The coordinates of D are (3; −1) and the
coordinates of C are(−12; −1). Points C and D are joined. K is the point (0; −7). CTD is a
straight line.

5
2.1 Show that the coordinates of M, the midpoint of AB, are (−4; 3). (1)
2.2 Determine the equation of the tangent AD. (4)
2.3 Determine the length of AM. (3)
2.4 Determine the equation of circle centre M in the form
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑒 = 0 (4)
2.5 Quadrilateral ACKD is one of the following:
parallelogram; kite; rhombus; rectangle
Which one is it? Justify your answer. (4)

2010 March Paper 2 Q 6

6.1 Determine the centre and radius of the circle with the equation
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 38 = 0 (4)
6.2 A second circle has the equation (𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 6)2 = 26. Calculate the distance
between the centres of the two circles. (2)
6.3 Hence, show that the circles described in QUESTION 6.1 and QUESTION 6.2
intersect each other. (3)
6.4 Show that the two circles intersect along the line 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 4. (4)

2010 November Paper 2 Q 6

Given the diagram below, the line LP, with equation 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0, is a tangent at L to the
circle with centre M(−4; 4).LN is a diameter of the circle. In addition, LP || NQ, where P lies
on the 𝑥 -axis, and Q lies on the 𝑦-axis.

6
6.1 Determine the equation of the diameter LN. (3)
6.2 Calculate the coordinates of L. (2)
6.3 Determine the equation of the circle. (3)
6.4 Write down the coordinates of N. (3)
6.5 Write down the equation of NQ. (3)
6.6 If the length of the diameter is doubled and the circle is translated horizontally
6 units to the right, write down the equation of the new circle. (3)

2011 March Paper 2 Q 5

5.1 The equation of a circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 15

5.1.1 Prove that the point (2; −9) is on the circumference of the circle. (2)
5.1.2 Determine an equation of the tangent to the circle at the point(2; −9). (7)
5.2 Calculate the length of the tangent AB drawn from the point A (6; 4) to the
circle with equation (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 10. (5)

2011 March Paper 2 Q 6

The circle, with centre A and equation (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 25 is given in the following
diagram. B is a 𝑦-intercept of the circle.

7
6.1 Determine the coordinates of B. (4)
6.2 Write down the coordinates of C, if C is the reflection of B in the line 𝑥 = 3. (2)
3
6.3 The circle is enlarged through the origin by a factor of 2.
Write down the equation of the new circle, centre A/, in the form
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2. (2)
6.4 In addition to the circle with centre A and equation (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 25 ,
you are given the circle (𝑥 − 12)2 + (𝑦 − 10)2 = 100 with centre B.
6.4.1 Calculate the distance between the centres A and B. (2)
6.4.2 In how many points do these two circles intersect? Justify your answer. (2)

2011 November Paper 2 Q 5

The circle with centre B (−1; 1)and radius √20 is shown. BC is parallel to the 𝑦-axis and
CB = 5 . The tangent to the circle at A passes through C. ∠ABC = ∠ADO = 𝜃.

8
6.1 Determine the coordinates of C. (2)
6.2 Calculate the length of CA. (3)
6.3 Write down the value of tan 𝜃. (1)
6.4 Show that the gradient of AB is −2. (2)
6.5 Determine the coordinates of A. (5)
6.6 Calculate the ratio of the area of ΔABC to the area of ΔODF. Simplify your answer. (6)

2012 March Paper 2 Q 6

In the figure below, a circle with centre M is drawn. The equation of the circle is
(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 𝑟 2 . S(1; −2) is a point on the circle. SR is a tangent to the circle.

6.1 Write down the coordinates of M and the radius of the circle centre M. (4)
6.2 Determine the equation of the tangent RS in the form𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐. (4)
6.3 The circles having centres P and M touch externally at point S. SR is a tangent to both
these circles. If MS: MP = 1: 3 determine the coordinates (𝑎; 𝑏) of point P. (8)

2012 November Paper 2 Q 6

A circle centred at N (3; 2) touches the 𝑥-axis at point L. The line PQ, defined by the equation
4 4
𝑦 = 3 𝑥 + 3 , is a tangent to the same circle at point.

9
6.1 Why is NL perpendicular to OL? (1)
6.2 Determine the coordinates of L. (1)
6.3 Determine the equation of the circle with centre N in the form
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2. (3)
6.4 Calculate the length of KL.
6.5 Determine the equation of the diameter AB in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 (4)
7 16
6.6 Show that the coordinates of A are (5 ; 5 ) (3)
6.7 Calculate the length of KA. (3)
6.8Why is KLNA a kite ? (2)
6.9 Show that ∠ABK = 45° (3)
6.10 If the given circle is reflected about the 𝑥-axis, give the coordinates of the centre of
the new circle. (1)

2013 March Paper 2 Q 5

Circles C1 and C2 in the figure below have the same centre M. P is a point on C2. PM intersects C1
at D. The tangent DB to C1 intersects C2 at B. The equation of circle C1 is given by
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 2 = 0 and the equation of line PM is 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2.

10
5.1 Determine the following:
5.1.1 The coordinates of centre M (3)
5.1.2 The radius of circle C1 (1)
5.2 Determine the coordinates of D, the point where line PM and circle
C1 intersect. (5)
5.3 If it is given that DB = 4√2 , determine MB, the radius of circle C2 (3)
2 2
5.4 Write down the equation of C2 in the form (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑦 − 𝑏) = 𝑟2 (2)

5.5 Is the point F (2√5; 0) inside circle C2? Support your answer with calculations. (4)

2013 November Paper 2 Q 6

In the diagram below,M is the centre of the circle having the equation
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 8 = 0 . The circle passes through R (0; −4) and N(𝑝; 𝑞). ∠RMN = 90°.
The tangents drawn to the circle at R and N meet at P.

11
6.1 Show that M is the point (3; −1). (4)
6.2 Determine the equation of MR in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐. (3)
6.3 Show that 𝑞 = 2 − 𝑝. (4)
6.4 Determine the values of 𝑝 and 𝑞. (5)
6.5 Determine the equation of the circle having centre O and passing through N. (2)
6.6 Calculate the area of the circle centred at M. (2)
NP
6.7 Calculate the ratio in its simplest form : MP (4)

2009 Standard Grade Paper 2 Q 2.1 – Q 2.4

In the diagram alongside, a circle with

centre O at the origin, cuts straight line TS
at T (2; −3). and S.

2.1 Show that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 13 is the equation of the circle. (3)

2.2. Determine whether point V (−3; −1). lies inside or outside the circle.
Substantiate your answer. (3)
2.3 If 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 1 is the equation of straight line TS, calculate the coordinates of S. (7)
2.4
2.4.1 Determine the gradient of radius OT. (2)
2.4.2 Hence, determine the equation of the tangent to the circle at T. (5)

2011 Standard Grade Paper 2 Q 2.1 – Q 2.3

In the diagram below, the circle with centre O at the origin passes through
A (−2; 4).The tangent to the circle at C (𝑝; −2) cuts the 𝑦-axis at K and the 𝑥-axis at N.

12
2.1 Calculate the length of radius OA. (Leave the answer in surd form.) (3)
2.2 Write down the equation of the circle. (1)
2.3.
2.3.1 Show that 𝑝 = 4 (2)
2.3.2 Hence, determine the following:
a) The gradient of OC (2)
b) The equation of tangent CK (5)
c) The coordinates of N (2)
d) The equation of the diameter which is parallel to tangent CK (3)

2010 Higher Grade Paper 2 Q 2.1 – Q 2.2

In the diagram below, a circle with centre C and with equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0
is given. PR is a tangent to the circle at P.

2.1.1 Determine the coordinates of centre C and the length of the radius (5)
2.1.2 The length of a tangent from point R(𝑘; 7) to point P is 2√13 units. If 𝑘 > 0 show
that 𝑘 = 8. (6)
2.2 B (−2; 3) is the centre of a circle and A(1; 1) is a point on the circle.
Calculate:

13
2.2.1 The length of the diameter of the circle (4)
2.2.2 The equation of the tangent to the circle at A (4)

2011 Higher Grade Paper 2 Q 2.1

In the diagram alongside, the circle with

centre M (−1; 1) intersects the 𝑥-axis
at K (−3; 0) and N.

2.1.1 Determine:
(a) The equation of the circle (3)
(b) The equation of the tangent at K (5)
(c) The 𝑥-coordinate of point N (3)
2.1.2 (a) The straight line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 1 intersects the circle at N and H.
Determine the coordinates of H. (6)
(b) Hence, show that NH is a diameter of the circle. (3)

2012 Higher Grade Paper 2 Q 2.1

In the diagram alongside,

diameter AB of circle ACB
in a Cartesian plane is given.
The coordinates of A and B
are (−1; 8)and (5; 0)
respectively. C is a point on the 𝑥-axis.

2.1.1 Determine:
(a) The equation of circle ACB (5)
(b) The coordinates of C (3)

14
(c) The equation of the tangent to the circle at C (5)
2.1.2 Another circle with equation 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 − 29 = 0 is given.
(a) Determine whether the two circles are concentric. (4)
(b) Determine, with reasons, whether this circle lies inside or outside
circle ACB (2)

2013 Higher Grade Paper 2 Q 2

In the diagram alongside, diameter AB of a

circle in a Cartesian plane is given.

The coordinates of A and B are (6; 3)

and (−8; 1) respectively. C is the point
where the circle cuts the 𝑦-axis.

2.1.1 Determine the equation of the circle. (5)

2.1.2 Calculate the coordinates of point C. (5)
2.1.3 Hence, determine the equation of the tangent to the circle at point C. (5)
2.2 Given the points R (−3; 2) , S (1; 𝑘) and T(5; −4).
2.2.1 Calculate the numerical value of 𝑘 if R, S and T are collinear. (4)

2014 Higher Grade Paper 2 Q 2.1

In the diagram alongside, a circle with centre

C is given. The equation of the circle is :

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 0

Points A and B are the intercepts on the

𝑥- and 𝑦-axis, respectively.
D has coordinates (−8; 2)
AD, AC and DC are drawn.

15
2.1.1 Determine the coordinates of centre C. (3)
2.1.2 Calculate the coordinates of A. (3)
2.1.3 Determine the length of AD, leaving the answer in surd form. (2)
2.1.4 What type of triangle is ΔADC? Give a reason for your answer. (2)
2.1.5 Determine the equation of the tangent to the circle at B. (6)
2.1.6 Show by calculation, whether points B, C and D are collinear. (3)

2012 IEB November Paper 2 Q 6 (a), (b)

In the diagram below, the circle centre M with equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 27 = 0
is drawn. The tangent to the circle at B has equation 3𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 5 = 0 .

(1) Determine the equation of BM. (6)

(2) Determine the co-ordinates of B. (3)

b) In the diagram below, two circles with equations (𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 6)2 = 25 are drawn.
CD is a common tangent to the circles with centres A and B at C and D respectively. C is a
point on the 𝑦-axis.

16
(1) Determine the co-ordinates of C. (4)
(2) Determine the length of the common tangent CD. Leave your answer in surd form. (5)

2013 IEB November Paper 2 Q 8 (a), (b) and (c)

a) In the diagram below, a circle has a diameter with equation. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 . The tangent at
point E on the circle cuts the 𝑥-axis at F (12; 0).

Determine the co-ordinates of E (6)

b) In the diagram below, two circles are drawn. Circle centre O touches circle centre B
externally.
The equation of the circle centre the origin is given by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 45
The equation of the circle centre B is given by (𝑥 − 2𝑝)2 + (𝑦 + 𝑝)2 = 20

Determine the value of 𝑝 (5)

c) Prove that the radius of the circle having equation

17
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥cos𝜃 + 8𝑦sin𝜃 + 3 = 0 can never exceed √13 for any value 𝜃 (5)

2014 IEB Exemplar Paper 2 Q 9 (b) and (c)

Refer to the given sketch.
The circle, centred at C (𝑝; 𝑞), cuts the 𝑦-axis at A (0; 7) and B (0; 1) respectively. A tangent
is drawn to the circle, touching the circle at D. The equation of this tangent is 𝑥 = 10.

(b) Determine the co-ordinates of the centre of the circle, correct to two decimal
digits. (6)
(c) The circle, with equation, is given. A point P (𝑥; 𝑦)on the circumference of a NEW
circle, is such that it is always 2 units from the circumference of the original circle, and
outside the original circle. Determine the equation of this new circle. (3)

2014 IEB Preliminary Paper 2 Q 7 (a)

In the diagram circle A and circle B touch each other at a common point K. EF is
the common tangent to the circles at K.

18
 (1) Complete the following table:

(2) Determine the coordinates of the point K. (7)

7 4
(3) Hence, if the coordinates of K are (− 5 ; − 5 ) are find the equation of the
tangent EF. (3)

2014 IEB November Paper 2 Q 6 (a)

In the Cartesian plane below, a circle passing through A (−1; 6) and C (−1; −1) is
drawn. The tangent to the circle at A is drawn and passes through the point Q (−3; 2).

1) Determine the co-ordinates of M, the midpoint of AC. (2)

2) Determine the co-ordinates of the centre of the circle. (5)

2015 IEB March Paper 2 Q 1 (b)

(b) In the diagram below, a circle with equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 is drawn is the midpoint
of PR. R is a point on the 𝑥-axis. T (4; −6) is the midpoint of PR. R is a point on the 𝑥 -axis.
19
 (1) Write down the size of ∠OTR , giving reasons. (2)
(2) Show that the equation of PR is 3𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 26. (3)
(3) Determine the radius of the circle. (3)

2015 IEB November Paper 2 Q 2

In the diagram below, circle centre N is drawn. The equation of OD is 7𝑦 = 10𝑥.

1
The equation of ON is 𝑦 = 𝑥. The equation of EF is 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 4. OABC is a square that
touches the circle at four points on the circumference.

(a) Show that N (8; 8). (3)

(b) Write down the coordinates of B. (1)
(c) Determine the length of DB. (3)

20
2015 IEB November Paper 2 Q 12

In the diagram below, P and Q are the centres of circles having equations:
(𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 49 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 30.

(a) Determine the radius of the circle having centre Q. (4)

(b) Calculate the length of PQ. (3)
(c) Show that the equation of PQ is 5𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 11. (4)
(d) Determine the coordinates of A. (5)
(e) Determine the equation of chord CD. (3)
(f) Prove that CD ⊥ PQ. (2)

2016 IEB March Paper 2 Q 8

The diagram represents a model of a steel arch which is an arc of a circle centre C. The
width, AB, of the arch is 16 metres and its maximum height, EO, is 2 metres. One of the
vertical pillars that supports the arch is at a point P, the midpoint of AO. O (0; 0).

21
 (a) Determine the equation of the circle with centre C in the form:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑒 = 0 (8)
(b) Determine the height of the vertical pillar PQ to one decimal digit given that Q is a
point on the arc. (3)

2016 IEB November Paper 2 Q 8

In the diagram below, circle centre T touches the 𝑥-axis at R. AO is a tangent to the circle
at P . OT = 5 and TP = 3.

(a) Determine the coordinates of T. (5)

(b) Determine ∠TOR. (2)
(c) Determine 𝑦𝑝 the y-coordinate of point P. (3)

2017 1EB March Paper 2 Q 12 (a) , (b), (c)

In the diagram below, circle centre P touches the 𝑥-axis.

• BO = 2OE
• A (10; √5 − 1) is on the circle
• The radius of the circle is √5 units
• BAE is the tangent at A, with E on the 𝑥-axis.

22
 a) Determine the equation of the straight line going through A and P. (4)
b) Hence, calculate the coordinates of P. (3)
c) Determine the size of ∠ABP (8)

2017 IEB November Paper 2 Q 4

In the Cartesian plane below, circle centre M is drawn.

• A is a point on the 𝑥-axis.
• Point B lies on the circle and the 𝑥-axis.
• Point C lies on the circle and the 𝑦-axis.
• The equation of the circle is (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 25.
• Line AC is a tangent to the circle at C.

23
(a) Write down the coordinates of M. (1)
(b) Determine the coordinates of point C (3)
(c) Determine the equation of the tangent AC. (3)
(d) Determine the length of AB. Leave your answer correct to one decimal place. (4)

2018 IEB March Paper 2 Q 7

In the Cartesian plane below:
• Line ON is a tangent to the circle at M.
• The equation of line ON is 𝑦 = 2𝑥.
• The equation of the circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 20𝑥 + 𝑝 where 𝑝 is a constant.
• K is the centre of the circle.

Determine the coordinates of point M. (8)

2018 IEB March Paper 2 Q 11

Two circles are given:

Circle A: (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 9.
Circle B: (𝑥 − 9)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 9.
Show that the circles do not intersect. (5)

2018 IEB March Paper 2 Q 12

Two different circles pass through the point T (−2; 4) and both circles touch the 𝑥-axis
and the 𝑦-axis. Determine the equations of the two circles. (8)

24
2018 IEB November Paper 2 Q 2

In the diagram below, circle centre O is drawn in the Cartesian plane.

• MN is a tangent to the circle at M.
• N is a point outside the circle with co-ordinates N (11; −5)

(a) Write down the size of ∠OMN .Give a reason for your answer. (2)
(b) If the equation of the circle above is 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + (𝑦 + 4)2 = 9 then:
(1) Determine the coordinates of O. (2)
(2) Determine the length of OM. (2)
(c) Calculate the length of MN. (4)

2014 March Paper 2 Q 5

In the diagram below, the equation of the circle with centre M is(𝑥 − 8)2 + (𝑦 + 4)2 = 45.
PT is a tangent to this circle at T and PT is parallel to OM. Another circle, having centre O,
touches the circle having centre M at N.

25
5.1 Write down the coordinates of M. (1)
5.2 Calculate the length of OM. Leave your answer in simplest surd form. (2)
5.3 Calculate the length of ON. Leave your answer in simplest surd form. (3)
5.4 Calculate the size of ∠OMT (2)
5.5 Determine the equation of MT in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 (5)
5.6 Calculate the coordinates of T. (6)

2014 Exemplar Paper 2 Q 4

In the diagram below, the equation of the circle having centre M is (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 9 .
R is a point on chord AB such that MR bisects AB. ABT is a tangent to the circle having centre
N (3; 2) at point T(4; 1).

4.1 Write down the coordinates of M. (1)

4.2 Determine the equation of AT in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐. (5)
√10
4.3 If it is further given that, MR = 2 calculate the length of AB. Leave your answer in
simplest surd form (4)
4.4 Calculate the length of MN. (2)
4.5 Another circle having centre N touches the circle having centre M at point K.
Determine the equation of the new circle. Write your answer in the form
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0 (3)

2014 Eastern Cape Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4

The length of the radius of the circle with equation: 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 = 𝑎 is 5 units.

26
4.1 Show by means of calculations that 𝑎 = 20 units. (4)
4.2 Write down the coordinates of the centre M of the circle. (1)
4.3 A(𝑥; 𝑦), with 𝑦 > 0, is one of the points of intersection of the circle and the
straight line 𝑥 = 4. Determine the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦. (4)
4.4 Determine the equation of the tangent to the circle at the point A. (4)
4.5 Determine whether the point T(−1; −2) lies inside or outside the circle. (3)
4.6 If the circle is translated 3 units to the left and 1 unit up, determine the equation
of the new circle. (3)

2014 Gauteng Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4

The points P (−3; 2), Q(9; 10) and R (𝑎; 4) lie on the circumference of the circle, as shown in
the figure below. PR is a diameter of the circle with centre C.

4.1.1 Show that 𝑎 = 13. (3)

27
4.1.2 Determine the equation of the circle in the form:
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2 (4)
4.2 Two circles with centres A and B are given below.
Circle A : (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 9.
Circle B : (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 16.
Without solving for 𝑥 and 𝑦, determine if the circles
• intersect each other at 2 points.
• touch each other.
• do not intersect each other.
Show all your calculations (6)

2014 November Paper 2 Q 3

In the diagram below, a circle with centre M (5; 4) touches the 𝑦-axis at N and intersects the
𝑥-axis at A and B. PBL and SKL are tangents to the circle where SKL is parallel to the 𝑥-axis and
P and S are points on the 𝑦-axis. LM is drawn.

3.1 Write down the length of the radius of the circle having centre M (1)
3.2 Write down the equation of the circle having centre M, in the form
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2. (1)
3.3 Calculate the coordinates of A. (3)
3.4 If the coordinates of B are (8; 0), calculate
3.4.1 The gradient of MB (2)
3.4.2 The equation of the tangent PB in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 (3)
3.5 Write down the equation of tangent SKL (2)
3.6 Show that L is the point (20; 9). (2)
3.7 Calculate the length of ML in surd form (2)
3.8 Determine the equation of the circle passing through the points K, L and M in the form
(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑞)2 = 𝑐 2 (5)

28
2015 March Paper 2 Q 4
4.1 In the diagram below, the circle centred at M(2; 4) passes through C (−1; 2) and cuts
the 𝑦-axis at E. The diameter CMD is drawn and ACB is a tangent to the circle.

4.1.1 Determine the equation of the circle in the form (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2 (3)
4.1.2 Write down the coordinates of D. (2)
4.1.3 Determine the equation of AB in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐. (5)
4.1.4 Calculate the coordinates of E. (4)
4.1.5 Show that EM is parallel to AB. (2)
4.2 Determine whether or not the circles having equation (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 25 and
(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 9 will intersect. Show ALL calculations. (6)

2015 Western Cape June Paper 2 Q 4

In the diagram alongside a circle

with diameter, HG is given with
H (−2; 3) and G (4; −7).

4.1 Calculate the coordinates of M, the midpoint of the circle. (2)

4.2 Determine the equation of the circle in the form (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2 (3)
4.3 Calculate the equation of the tangent to the circle at H. (6)
29
4.4 The size of JĜH if J (4; 3) is a point on the circle, rounded off to the nearest
degree. (4)
4.5Determine the equation of the new circle if the circle with midpoint M is shifted
3 units to the left. (2)

2015 Gauteng June Paper 2 Q 4

A farmer owns two big dogs. He has to leave them alone for the day, but cannot leave
them roaming free, because they might fight. He temporarily ties the one dog, with a
6m long chain, to corner (3; 2) of a Wendy house, with its four corners at (0; 2) (0; 6),(3; 6)
and (3; 2). This dog is now restricted to the shaded region in the following sketch:
(The units on the axes are metres.)

The large circle, on which part B of the curve by which the dog is bounded lies, has
equation (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 36.
4.1 Write down the equations of the two smaller circles, on which parts A and C of the
curve by which the dog is bounded, lie. (4)
4.2 If the dog’s bowl is placed at the point (−2; −1), will the dog be able to access its
bowl? Motivate by calculation. (3)
4.3 The second dog is tied, with a chain, to a pole, so that it is restricted to the circle
(𝑥 − 9)2 + (𝑦 − 10)2 = 9.
4.3.1 At what point is the pole situated? (2)
4.3.2 Will the dogs be able to reach each other? Motivate by calculation. (3)

30
2015 Senior Certificate Paper 2 Q 4
The diagram below shows a circle with centre O at the origin. AB is a diameter of the circle.
The straight line ACD meets the tangent EBD to the circle at D. The coordinates of B and E are
1
(3; −4) and (−3; −8 2 ) respectively.

4.1 Determine the coordinates of A. (2)

4.2 Determine the equation of the circle passing through A, B and C. (3)
4.3 Write down the length of AB. (2)
4.4 If it is given that AD is √125 units, calculate the length of BD. Give reasons. (3)
4.5 Calculate the area of ΔABD. (3)
4.6 Another circle passes through A, B and E. Determine, with reasons, the equation of this circle.
Write the answer in the form (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2. (6

2015 Gauteng Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4

4.1 Given: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 0.
4.1.1 Determine the coordinates of the centre of the circle and the length of the radius of the
circle. (4)
4.1.2 Determine the equation of the tangent to the circle at (−2; −4). (4)
4.2 Points A (2; 3) and B(−1; 6) lie on the circumference of the given circle.
R (𝑝; 𝑞) is the centre of the circle and lies on the equation 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 1 = 0.

31
4.2.1 Show that 𝑝 − 𝑞 = −4. (4)
4.2.2. Hence, determine the equation of the circle. (7)

2015 Mpumalanga Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4

In the diagram below, BD is a tangent to the circle at point B, which lies on the 𝑦-axis. The
center of the circle is C (3; 2). The equation BD is given by 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 8 = 0 . ∠BDC = 45°.

4.1 Determine the coordinates of B (2)

4.2 Show that 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 is the equation of the circle (4)
4.3 Determine the value(s) of t if 𝑥 + 𝑡 = 0 is the equation of a tangent to the circle (4)
4.4.1 Write down the length of BD (1)
4.4.2 Hence, calculate the coordinates of D (6)
4.5 Determine whether points E (2; −9). C and D collinear (3)

32
2015 North West Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4
In the diagram below, M is the center of the circle 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 − 5 = 0. Line AB passes
through M, the centre of the circle. The equation of radius PM is 3𝑦 − 𝑥 + 7 = 0 . PT is a
tangent to the circle at P and PT ∥ AB.

4.1 Determine the coordinates of M (4)

4.2 Write down, with reasons, the size of ∠PMB (3)
4.3 Determine the equation of line AB (4)
4.4 Determine the coordinates of A (2)
4.5 If TM = √80, determine the length of the tangent PT (3)

2015 Western Cape Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4

In the diagram, the circle with centre M and equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 is
drawn. C is the 𝑥-intrecept of the circle. The tangent AB touches the circle at A (−6; 4) and
cuts the 𝑥-axis at B.

4.1 Calculate the :

33
4.1.1 coordinates of M (2)
4.1.2 coordinates of C (3)
4.2 Determine, giving reasons, the equation of the tangent AB in the form
1
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 if it is given that the gradient of MC is − 2 . (4)
4.3 Calculate the area of ΔABC. (5)
4.4 Determine for which values of 𝑘 the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑘 will intersect the circle at two
points. (5)

2015 Free State Preliminary Paper 2 Q 5

In the diagram below, the circle with centre O(0; 0) cuts the straight line with equation
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1 at points C and D(−3; 𝑎)

5.1 Determine the numerical value of 𝑎. (2)

5.2 Hence, show that the equation of the circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25. (3)
5.3 Determine the coordinates of C. Show all working. (6)
5.4 Determine using D(−3; 4):
5.4.1 the gradient of OD. (2)
5.4.2 the equation of the tangent to the circle at D. (3)

2015 Eastern Cape Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4

In the diagram below, M (3; 1) , Q and N lie on the circumference of circle with centre
P (−1; 4) and form ΔMQN. NPM is a straight line.

34
4.1 Determine the equation of the circle. (4)
4.2 Why is ∠NQM = 90°. (1)
4.3 Show that the co-ordinates of Q are (4; 0). (3)
4.4 Calculate the gradient of MN. (2)
4.5 Hence, calculate the size of 𝛼. (5)
4.6 Determine the equation of a tangent to the circle at M. (5)

2015 November Paper 2 Q 4

In the diagram below, Q (5; 2) is the centre of a circle that intersects the 𝑦-axis at P (0; 6) and
S. The tangent APB at P intersects the 𝑥-axis at B and makes the angle 𝑎 with the positive 𝑥-axis.
R is a point on the circle and ∠PRS = 𝜃.

35
4.1 Determine the equation of the circle in the form (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2 (3)
4.2 Calculate the coordinates of S (3)
4.3 Determine the equation of the tangent APB in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 (3)
4.4 Calculate the size of 𝑎 (2)
4.5 Calculate, with reasons the size of 𝜃. (4)
4.6 Calculate the area of ΔPQS (4)

2016 March Paper 2 Q 4

In the diagram below, the equation of the circle with centre O is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 20. The tangent
1
PRS to the circle at R has the equation 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 𝑘. PRS cuts the 𝑦-axis at T and the 𝑥-axis
at S.

4.1 Determine, giving reasons the equation of OR in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐. (3)

4.2 Determine the coordinates of R. (4)
4.3 Determine the area of ΔOTS, given that R(2; −4). (6)
4.4 Calculate the length of VT. (4)

2016 Eastern Cape June Paper 2 Q 4

In the diagram, the two circles of equal radii touch each other at point D (𝑝; 𝑝). Centre A
of the one circle lies on the 𝑦-axis. Point B (8; 7) is the centre of the other circle. FDE is a
common tangent to both circles.

36
4.1 Determine the coordinates of point D. (2)
4.2 Hence, show that the equation of the circle with centre A is given by
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 24 = 0. (5)
4.3 Determine the equation of the common tangent FDE. (5)
4.4 Point B (8; 7) lies on the circumference of a circle with the origin as centre.
Determine the equation of the circle with centre O. (2)

2016 Gauteng June Paper 2 Q 4.2

In the diagram below, PQRS is a rectangle with Q (3; 5), S (−5; 3) and SR parallel to the 𝑥-axis.

4.2.1 Write down the coordinates of R. (2)

4.2.2 Show that OQ is perpendicular to OS. (3)
4.2.3 Explain why Q, R, O, and S lie on the same circle. (3)
4.2.4 Determine the coordinates of the centre of this circle. (3)

2016 Senior Certificate Paper 2 Q 4

A circle having C (3; −1), as the centre and a radius of 10 units is drawn. PTR is a tangent to
this circle at T. R (𝑘; 21), C and P are the vertices of a triangle. TR = 20 units.

37
4.1 Give a reason why TC ⊥ TR. (1)
4.2 Calculate the length of RC. Leave your answer in surd form. (2)
4.3 Calculate the value of 𝑘 if R lies in the first quadrant. (4)
4.4 Determine the equation of the circle having centre C and passing through T. Write
your answer in the form (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2 (2)
4.5 PS, a tangent to the circle at S, is parallel to the 𝑥-axis. Determine the equation of
PS. (2)
4.6 The equation of PTR is 3𝑦 − 4𝑥 = 35
4.6.1 Calculate the coordinates of P. (2)
4.6.2 Calculate, giving a reason the length of PT. (3)
2 2
4.7 Consider another circle with equation (𝑥 − 3) + (𝑦 + 16 ) = 16 having centre M.
4.7.1 Write down the coordinates of centre M. (1)
4.7.2 Write down the length of the radius of this circle. (1)
4.7.3 Prove that the circle with centre C and the circle with centre M do not intersect
or touch. (3)

2016 Eastern Cape Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 − 6𝑦 = −5 is the equation of the circle with centre M. UE is a tangent to

the circle at Q. QMD, DA, AU and UQE are straight lines. DU is parallel to the 𝑥-axis.

38
4.1 Determine the coordinates of M, the centre of the circle. (4)
4.2 Calculate the coordinates of Q, if 𝑦 < 2. (3)
4.3 Calculate the equation of tangent UE. (4)
4.4 Write down the equation of DU. (1)
4.5 Calculate the coordinates of U. (2)
4.6 Prove that QUAD is a cyclic quadrilateral. (6)

2016 Mpumalanga Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4

In the figure, M is the centre of two concentric circles (i.e. the circles have a common centre).
The larger circle has equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 44 = 0 . The line 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 5 = 0 is the
tangent to the smaller circle at A. K is the 𝑥-intercept of the tangent AK. B is a point on the
larger circle such that MAB is a straight line.

4.1 Determine the coordinates of M. (3)

4.2 Show that the coordinates of A are (1; 4). (3)
4.3 Determine the equation of the smaller circle. (3)
4.4 Calculate the length of AB. (2)
4.5 The straight line 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 5 = 0 meets the straight line 𝑦 = 0 at point K.
Calculate the area of ΔAMK. (5)

39
2016 Overberg District Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4
In the diagram, the circle, having centre at C, passes through the origin, O, and intersects the
𝑥-axis at F and the 𝑦-axis at E. The tangent to the circle at (−4; −6) intersects the 𝑥-axis at K
and the 𝑦-axis at L.

4.1 Calculate the coordinates of C. (2)

4.2 Calculate the length of the radius of the circle. (2)
4.3 Determine the equation of the circle in the form (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2 (2)
4.4 Why is ΔOBL a right-angled triangle? (1)
4.5 Determine the equation of the tangent KL in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 (4)
4.6 Calculate the coordinates of E. (4)
4.7 Determine the ratio of the following in its simplest form:
area of ΔOBE
(4)
area of ΔOBL

2016 North West Preliminary Paper 2 Q 3

In the diagram below, O (0; 0) and N (2; 𝑦) are two points on the circumference of a circle
with centre M(4; 2).The tangents at O and N meet at R.

40
4.1 Determine the equation of the circle. (3)
4.2 Calculate the value of 𝑦 (4)
4.3 Determine equation of OR (3)
4.4 Calculate the coordinates of R (6)
4.5 Determine, with a reason, the type of quadrilateral represented by MNRO (2)

2016 Western Cape Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4

The diagram below consists of two circles, which touch each other externally at C (1; −2).
The smaller circle has its centre O at the origin. The other circle has centre D (𝑡; −6). CA is a
common tangent which intersects the 𝑥-axis at A. CDE is the diameter of the larger circle.

4.1 Give a reason why the points O, C and D lie on a straight line. (2)
4.2 Calculate the gradient of OC. (2)
4.3 Hence, show that the value of 𝑡 = 3. (2)
4.4 Determine the equation of the tangent AC in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 (3)
4.5 Calculate the coordinates of E. (2)
4.6 Determine the equation of a circle passing through the points A (5; 0), C and

41
E in the form (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2 (6)
4.7 If a circle centre D with equation (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 6)2 = 𝑟2 has to cut the circle
centre O twice, give all possible values of 𝑟. (4)

2016 Gauteng Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4

The diagram below shows circle centre A with equation (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 4 and a
circle with centre B with equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑝 = 0. The two circles touch
2 4
externally at T (5 ; − 5) .

4.1 Write down the coordinates of the centre of circle A. (1)

4.2 Calculate:
4.2.1 The coordinates of the centre of circle B (2)
4.2.2 The radius of circle B (in terms of 𝑝) (2)
4.2.3 The length of AB (2)
4.2.4 The value of 𝑝. (3)
2 4
4.3 If the two circles touch at the point T ( ; − ) , determine the equation of the tangent
5 5
in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐. (5)

2016 November Paper 2 Q 4

In the diagram, M is the centre of the circle passing through T(3; 7), R and S(5; 2). RT is
diameter of the circle. K(a; b) is a point in the 4th quadrant such that KTL is tangent to the
circle at T.

42
4.1 Give a reason why ∠TRS = 90°. (1)
4.2 Calculate the gradient of TS. (2)
4.3 Determine the equation of the line SR in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐. (3)
1 1
4.4 The equation of the circle above is (𝑥 − 9)2 + (𝑦 − 6 2 )2 = 36 4.
4.4.1 Calculate the length of TR in surd form. (2)
4.4.2 Calculate the coordinates of R. (3)
4.4.3 Calculate sin R. (3)
4.4.4 Show that 𝑏 = 12𝑎 − 29. (3)
4.4.5 If TK = TR, calculate the coordinates of K. (6)

2017 March Paper 2 Q 4

In the diagram, the circle, having centre T (0; 5), cuts the 𝑦-axis at P and R. The line through
P and S (−3; 8) intersects the circle at N and the 𝑥-axis at M. NS = PS. MT is drawn.

4.1 Give a reason why TS ⊥ NP (1)

4.2 Determine the equation of the line passing through N and P in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 (5)
43
4.3 Determine the equations of the tangents to the circle that are parallel to the 𝑥-axis (4)
4.4 Determine the length of MT. (4)
4.5 Another circle is drawn through the points S, T and M. Determine, with reasons the
equation of this circle STM in the form (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2 (5)

2017 Eastern Cape June Paper 2 Q 4

Quadrilateral ABED, with vertices A (0; 2), B (7; 1), D (−1; −5) and E is given below.
Diagonals AE and BD intersect at C.

4.1 Calculate the coordinates of C, the midpoint of BD. (2)

4.2 Show that CA = CB if the coordinates of C are (3; −2). (3)
4.3 Why is ∠DAB = 90°.? (5)
4.4 Hence, write the equation of the circle with centre C which is passing through A, B, E
and D. (2)
4.5 Calculate the gradient of BC, the radius of the circle. (2)
4.6 Determine the equation of the tangent to the circle at B in the form 𝑦 = … (3)
4.7 Explain why ABED is a rectangle. (3)

2017 Senior Certificate Paper 2 Q 4

In the diagram, N is the centre of the circle. M(−3; −2) and P (1; 4) are points on the circle.
MNP is the diameter of the circle. Tangents drawn to circle N from point R, outside the circle,
meet the circle at S and M respectively.

44
4.1 Determine the coordinates of N. (3)
4.2 Determine the equation of the circle in the form (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 . (4)
4.3 Determine the equation of the tangent RM in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐. (5)
4.4 If it is given that the line joining S to M is perpendicular to the 𝑥-axis, determine the
coordinates of S. (2)
4.5 Determine the coordinates of R, the common external point from which both
tangents to the circle are drawn. (4)
4.6 Calculate the area of RSNM. (4)

2017 Gauteng Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4

The figure below shows circle O with a radius of 8 units. Tangent AB touches the circle at B and
cuts the negative 𝑥-axis at A such that the inclination of the tangent is 147,77 °

4.1.1 Write down the equation of the circle. (1)

4.1.2 Calculate the coordinates of A (4)

45
A is the centre of a circle having equation 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 + 31 = 0. E (2; −3), a
point on the circle, is also the midpoint of AB. BEA is produced to D (11; −6). C is a point
such that BC ⊥ DC.

4.2.1 Write the equation of the circle in the form, (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2 (3)
4.2.2 Write down the coordinates of A, the centre of the circle (1)
4.2.3 Write down the length of the radius of the circle in surd form (1)
4.2.4 Calculate the coordinates of B (3)
4.2.5 If 𝑥 = 𝑘 is a tangent to circle A, determine the value(s) of 𝑘
(Leave your answer in surd form) (3)
4.2.6 DF is a tangent to the circle at F. Calculate the length of DF in surd form. (4)

2018 March Paper 2 Q 4

In the diagram, PKT is a common tangent to both circles at K (𝑎; 𝑏). The centres of both circles
1
lie on the line 𝑦 = 2 𝑥.The equation of the circle centered at O is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 180.The radius of
the circle is three times that of the circle centered at M.

4.1 Write down the length of OK in surd form. (1)

4.2 Show that K is the point K (−12; −6). (4)

46
4.3 Determine:
4.3.1 The equation of the common tangent, PKT in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 (3)
4.3.2 The coordinates of M (6)
4.3.3 The equation of the smaller circle in the form (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2 (2)
4.4 For which value(s) of 𝑟 will another circle, with equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟2,
intersect the circle centred at M at two distinct points? (3)
4.5 Another circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 32𝑥 + 16𝑦 + 240 = 0 is drawn. Prove by a
calculation that this circle does NOT cut the circle with centre M(−16; −8). (5)

2018 Overberg District Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4

1
In the diagram the graphs of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑥 − 4 and 𝑔 are represented. C is the point of
intersection of 𝑓 and 𝑔. C is also the 𝑦- intercept of both graphs. A (−2; 0) and B are points
on the 𝑥-axis.

4.1.1 Prove that BC ⊥ AC (2)

4.1.2 Determine the equation of the circle passing through A, B and C. (4)
4.1.3 Determine the equation of the tangent to the circle through A, B and
C, in 4.1.2, at C. (3)
2 2
4.2 Determine the value of 𝑘 if 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 8𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0 is the equation of a
circle with radius 7 units. (5)
4.3 An ant walks along a path keeping a fixed distance of 3 units from the point Q (−1; 2)
4.3.1 Draw a rough sketch on a Cartesian Plane, showing Q and the path
the ant follows. (no 𝑥- or 𝑦-intercepts need to be calculated). (2)
4.3.2 Write down the equation of the path followed by the ant. (2)

2018 Kwazulu Natal Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4

In the figure, the straight line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4 and the circle (𝑥 − 6)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 25 intersect

47
at A and B (3; 2). P is the centre of the circle and APC is the diameter. Also R is the 𝑥-intercept
of line BC and S is the 𝑥-intercept of AB.

4.1 Write down the coordinates of the centre of the circle, P. (2)
4.2 Calculate the coordinates of S. (2)
4.3 Determine the equation of the line BC. (4)
4.4 Determine the equation of the circle with centre R and passing through B and C. (5)
4.5 Show that AC // SR. (5)

2018 Gauteng Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4

In the diagram below, AB is a chord of the circle with centre C. D (−1; −2) is the midpoint
of AB. DC ⊥ AB. The equation of the circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 12 .

4.1 Determine the coordinates of C. (3)

4.2 Determine the radius of the circle. (1)

48
4.3 Calculate the length of AB. (5)
4.4 Calculate the area of ΔABC. (3)

2018 Eastern Cape Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4

In the diagram below P (0; −3),Q (9; −6) and R (8; −9) are the vertices of a triangle in
the Cartesian plane.

4.1 Determine the length of PR (2)

4.2 Determine the co-ordinates of the midpoint of PR (2)
4.3 Show that ∠PQR = 90°. (4)
4.4 Determine the equation of the circle passing through P, Q and R (2)
4.5 Determine the equation of the tangent to the circle P, Q and R passing through
point P. (5)
4.6 T is a point with co-ordinates T (cos𝜃; 𝑠in𝜃) and the distance between T and R is
√146 units, determine the value of tan𝜃. (5)

2018 North West Preliminary Paper 2 Q 4

4.1 Determine the equation of a circle with its centre at the origin in the Cartesian
plane and with radius of 2√3 units. (2)
4.2 A circle is defined by the equation 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 6.
4.2.1 Rewrite the equation of the circle in the form (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2 (2)
4.2.2 Write down the coordinates of M, the centre of the circle. (2)
4.2.3 Write down the length of the radius of the circle (1)
4.2.4 A tangent PQ is drawn from the point P (6; −2) to the circle, with Q the point of
contact.
Calculate the length of the tangent PQ. (4)
4.3 In the diagram below are two circles that touch each other externally on the point

49
 20 95
C (13 ; 13 ).
The radius of circle A with centre A (−𝑘; 5) is 6 units.
The radius of circle B with centre B (2𝑘; 10) is 7 units.
ACB is a straight line.

5
4.3.1 If 𝑘 > 0, prove that the gradient of AB is 12 (5)
4.3.2 Hence, or otherwise, determine the equation of the common tangent to the
circles A and B. (3)

50