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C Programming
Basic – week 1
For HEDSPI Project

Lecturers :
Cao Tuan Dung
Le Duc Trung
Dept of Software Engineering
Hanoi University of Technology
 Introduction
• C Programming practice in UNIX
environment.
• Programming topics related to [Data
Structures and Algorithms]
• Compiler: gcc
• Editor: Emacs, K-Developper.
 gcc syntax
• Parameter:
-Wall : turn on all alerts
-c: make object file
-o: name of output file
-g: debug information
-l: library
gcc –Wall hello.c –o runhello
./runhello
 This week: Basic Data
Structures and Algorithms
• Topic:
– Array, String, Pointer Review
– Character based File operations in UNIX
– Programming Exercises
 Array
• A block of many variables of the same
type
• Array can be declared for any type
– E.g. int A[10] is an array of 10 integers.
• Examples:
– list of students’ marks
– series of numbers entered by user
– vectors
– matrices
 Arrays in Memory
• Sequence of variables of specified type
• The array variable itself holds the
address in memory of beginning of
sequence
• Example:
double S[10]; … 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 …

• The k-th element of array A is specified

by A[k-1] (0-based)
 Example - reverse
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int i, A[10];

printf("please enter 10 numbers:\n");

for(i=0; i<10; i++)
scanf("%d", &A[i]);

printf("numbers in reversed order:\n");

for(i=9; i>=0; i--)
printf("%d\n", A[i]);

return 0;
}
 Find the median element
• Continue the previous program by
displaying the median element of the
array.
• Median(A) ~ Average(A)
 Exercise
• Write a program that gets an input line
from the user (ends with ‘\n’) and displays
the number of times each letter appears in
it.
The output for the input line: “hello, world!”

The letter 'd' appears 1 time(s).

The letter 'e' appears 1 time(s).
The letter 'h' appears 1 time(s).
The letter 'l' appears 3 time(s).
The letter 'o' appears 2 time(s).
The letter 'r' appears 1 time(s).
The letter 'w' appears 1 time(s).

Assume all inputs are lower-case!

Solution
#define ALPHABET_LEN 26

int main(void)
{
int i = 0,
count[ALPHABET_LEN] = {0};
char c = '\0';

printf("Please enter a line of text: \n");

/* Read in letter by letter and update the count array

*/
c = getchar();
while (c != '\n' && c >= 0)
{
if (c <= 'z' && c >= 'a')
++count[c - 'a'];
if (c <= 'Z' && c >= 'A')
++count[c - 'A'];
c = getchar();
}
Solution
for (i = 0; i < ABC_LEN; ++i) {
if (count[i] > 0)

printf("The letter '%c' appears %d time(s).\n", 'a' + i,

count[i]);

return 0;

}
 Exercise (20 minutes)
• Implement a function that accepts
two integer arrays and returns 1 if
they are equal, -1 if they are
symetric, 0 otherwise
• Write a program that accepts two
arrays of integers from the user and
checks for equality
Solution
#include <stdio.h>

#define SIZE 5

int compare_arrays(int arr1[], int arr2[], int size)

{
int i = 0;

for (i = 0; i < size; ++i)

{
if (arr1[i] != arr2[i])
return 0;
}

/* if we got here, both arrays are identical */

return 1;
}
Solution
int main(void)
{
int input1[SIZE], input2[SIZE], i;

printf("Please enter a list of %d integers:\n",

SIZE);
for (i = 0; i < SIZE; ++i) scanf("%d", &input1[i]);

printf("Please enter another list of %d

integers:\n", SIZE);
for (i = 0; i < SIZE; ++i) scanf("%d", &input2[i]);

if (compare_arrays(input1, input2, SIZE) == 1)

printf("Both lists are identical!\n");
else
printf("The lists are not identical...\n");

return 0;
}
 Home Exercise 1
• Redo the program which compares
two integer array that not use the
size parameter.
 Strings
• An array of characters
• Used to store text
• Another way to initialize:
char str[] = "Text";

…. 's'
'H' '#'
'e' ''l'' 'f'
'l' 'd'
'o' 'y'
'' '4'
'w' '7'
'o' '$'
'r' '_'
'l' 'e'
'd' 'g'
'\0' 'd' '.' 'p' 'v' ….

str

Terminator
 String
• In order to hold a string of N
characters we need an array of
length N + 1
• So the previous initialization is
equivalent to
char str[] = {'b', 'l', 'a', 'b', 'l',
'a', '\0'};
String and character related
function
• getchar()
– c = getchar()
• scanf
– scanf("%s", str);
• gets()
– gets(str);
String and character related
function
– strlen(const char s[])
returns the length of s
– strcmp(const char s1[],
const char s2[])
compares s1 with s2
– strcpy(char s1[],
const char s2[])
copies to contents of s2 to s1
– strcat(char s1[], char s2[])
concatenate to contents of s2 to s1, then store at s1
 Exercise
• write a function that:
– gets a string and two chars
– the functions scans the string and replaces
every occurrence of the first char with the
second one.
• write a program to test the above function
– the program should read a string from the
user (no spaces) and two characters, then call
the function with the input, and print the
result.
• example
– input: “papa”, ‘p’, ‘m’
– output: “mama”
 Homework K60
• Extend the function in previous
exercise by replacing two characters
by two string
• replace(“papa”, “pa”, “ba”) return
“baba”.
Solution
void replace(char str[], char replace_what,
char replace_with)
{
int i;

for (i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; ++i)

{
if (str[i] == replace_what)
str[i] = replace_with;
}
}
Solution
#define STRING_LEN 100

int main(void)
{
char str[STRING_LEN + 1];
char replace_what, replace_with, tmp;

printf("Please enter a string (no spaces)\n");

scanf("%100s", str);

printf("Letter to replace: ");

scanf(" %c", &replace_what);
do {tmp=getchar();} while (tmp!='\n');

printf("Letter to replace with: ");

scanf(" %c", &replace_with);

replace(str, replace_what, replace_with);

printf("The result: %s\n", str);
return 0;
}
 Execise: Tokenizer
• Write a program reading a sentence from
users. Then display each word in the
sentence in a line. A word is defined as a
sequence of characters without space. For
example:
• « The house nextdoor is very old. »
• The
• house
• ….
 Pointer - Declaration
type *variable_name;

• A pointer is declared by adding a

* before the variable name.
• Pointer is a variable that contains
an address in memory.
• The address should be the
address of a variable or an array
that we defined.
 Pointers
– Here ptr is said to point to the address
of variable c
C
… 7 3 4 …
172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181

Ptr
17
… 3 4 …
4
832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841
 Referencing and
Dereferencing
int n;
int *iptr; /* Declare P as a pointer to int */
n = 7;
iptr = &n;

printf(“%d”, *iptr); /* Prints out ‘7’*/

*iptr = 177;
printf(“%d”, n); /* Prints out ‘177’ */
iptr = 177; /* This is unadvisable!! */
 Exercises
Write a function that accepts a double
parameter and returns its integer
and fraction parts.

Write a program that accepts a

number from the user and prints out
its integer and fraction parts, using
this function.
Solution
void split(double num, int *int_part, double *frac_part)
{
*int_part = (int)num;
*frac_part = num - *int_part;
}

int main(void)
{
double num, fraction;
int integer;

printf("Please enter a real number: ");

scanf("%f", &num);

split(num, &integer, &fraction);

printf("The integer part is %d\n", integer);
printf("The remaining fraction is %f\n", fraction);

return 0;
}
 Exercise ICT54.2
• Write a program that uses random number generation to create
sentences. The program should use four arrays of
strings called article, noun, verb and preposition. The program
should create a sentence by selecting a word at random from each
array in the following order: article, noun, verb, preposition,
article and noun. As each word is picked, it should be
concatenated to the previous words in an array that is large
enough to hold the entire sentence. The words should be
separated by spaces. When the final sentence is output, it should
start with a capital letter and end with a period. The program
should generate 10 such sentences.
• The article array should contain the articles "the", "a", "one",
"some" and "any";
• the noun array should contain the nouns "boy", "girl", "dog",
"town" and "car";
• the verb array should contain the
verbs "drove", "jumped", "ran", "walked" and "skipped";
• the preposition array should contain the
prepositions "to", "from", "over", "under" and "on".
 Exercise
• Write a function with the prototype:
void replace_char(char *str,
char c1,
char c2);
• It replaces each appearance of c1 by
c2 in the string str.
Do not use the [] operator!
• Demonstrate your function with a
program that uses it
Solution
void replace_char(char *str, char c1, char c2)
{
if (str == NULL)
return;

while (*str != '\0')

{
if (*str == c1)
*str = c2;

++str;
}
}
 Command line arguments
• Command line arguments are
arguments for the main function
– Recall that main is basically a function
– It can receive arguments like other
functions
– The ‘calling function’ in this case is the
operating system, or another program
 ‘main’ prototype
int main(int argc, char* argv[])

• When we want main to accept

command line arguments, we must
define it like this
– argc holds the number of arguments that
were entered by the caller
– argv is an array of pointers to char – an
array of strings – holding the text values of
the arguments
• The first argument is always the
program’s name
 ‘main’ prototype
int main(int argc, char* argv[])

argc :
3
argv
:
p t 1
r e 7
o x 8
g t 0\
n \0
a
m
e
\0
 Exercise
• Write a program that accepts two
numbers as command line
arguments, representing a
rectangle’s height and width (as
floating-point numbers).
• The program should display the
rectangle’s area and perimeter
 Solution
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
double width, height;

if (argc != 3)
{
printf("Wrong number of arguments!\n");
return 1;
}

width = atof(argv[1]);
height = atof(argv[2]);

printf("The rectangle's area is %f\n", width * height);

printf("The rectangle's perimeter is %f\n",
2 * (width + height));

return 0;
}
Homework: WordReplication
• Write a command line program that
replicates a word for n time. For
example
• replicate go 7 →gogogogogogogo
Exercise: Sentence Inverter
• Write a program that take a
sentences as a sequence of word in
command line and print them in
inverse order.
 Homework
• Write a command line program that
calculates ex with two optional
syntax:
• E 50
• Or
• E 50 0.0003
 Home work
• Write a command line program that
solve the second degree equation ax2
+ bx +c =0 with the following
syntax: sde a b c
• Example sde 1 2 1 return: x1=x2 =-
1
 Homework
• Improve exercise from week 1 that it
can take command line arguments.

• replace bachkhoahoabinh oa ii
 File Handling
• C communicates with files using a
new datatype called a file pointer.

• File pointer:
– references a disk file.
– used by a stream to conduct the operation
of the I/O functions.

• FILE *fptr;
 4 major operations
• Open the file

• Read from a file → program

• Write to a file: Program → file

• Close the file.

 Opening a file
• fopen() function.
• FILE *fopen(const char *filename, const
char *mode);

FILE *fptr;
if ((fptr = fopen("test.txt", "r")) ==
NULL){
printf("Cannot open test.txt file.\n");
exit(1);
}
 Opening a file
• filename: name of the file.
– It can be a string literal: “data.txt”
– It may contain the full path of the file:
“/root/hedspi/CProgrammingBasic/Lab1/da
ta.txt”
– It may be a character array that contains the file name:
char file_name[] = “junk.txt”;

• NOTE: If the file path is not specified, the file is

located in the same folder as the C program.
 Mode for text file
mode Description

"r" opens an existing text file for reading.

"w" creates a text file for writing.

"a" opens an existing text file for appending.

"r+" opens an existing text file for reading or writing.

"w+" creates a text file for reading or writing.

"a+" opens or create an existing text file for appending.

 Mode for binary file
mode Description

"rb" opens an existing binary file for reading.

"wb" creates a binary file for writing.

"ab" opens an existing binary file for appending.

"r+b" opens an existing binary file for reading or writing.

"w+b" creates a binary file for reading or writing.

"a+b" opens or create an existing binary file for

appending.
 Closing a file
• The fclose command can be used to
disconnect a file pointer from a file.

• int fclose(FILE *stream);

 Example: File Open and Close
1: /* Opening and closing a file */
2: #include <stdio.h>
3:
4: enum {SUCCESS, FAIL};
5:
6: main(void)
7: {
8: FILE *fptr;
9: char filename[]= "haiku.txt";
10: int reval = SUCCESS;
11:
12: if ((fptr = fopen(filename, "r")) == NULL){
13: printf("Cannot open %s.\n", filename);
14: reval = FAIL;
15: } else {
16: printf("The value of fptr: 0x%p\n", fptr);
17: printf("Ready to close the file.");
18: fclose(fptr);
19: }
20:
21: return reval;
22: }
 Reading and Writing Disk
Files
• In C, you can perform I/O operations in
the following ways:
– Read or write one character at a time.

– Read or write one line of text (that is, one

character line) at a time.

– Read or write one block of characters at a

time.
 Character based file
operations in UNIX
• Read or write one character at a time.

• Character input and output

– fgetc() and fputc()

• int fgetc(FILE *stream);

• int fputc(int c , FILE *stream);

 Exercise F1
• Create a text file name lab1.txt with
the content as you want.
• Write a program to read from a text
file one character at a time, then
write it to a new file with the name
lab1w.txt
Solution
#include <stdio.h>
enum {SUCCESS, FAIL};

void CharReadWrite(FILE *fin, FILE *fout)

{
int c;
while ((c=fgetc(fin)) != EOF){
fputc(c, fout); /* write to a file */
putchar(c);
/* display character on the screen */
}
}
Solution
enum {SUCCESS, FAIL};

main(void) {
FILE *fptr1, *fptr2;
char filename1[]= "lab1a.txt";
char filename2[]= "lab1.txt";
int reval = SUCCESS;

if ((fptr1 = fopen(filename1, "w")) == NULL){

printf("Cannot open %s.\n", filename1);
reval = FAIL;
} else if ((fptr2 = fopen(filename2, "r")) == NULL){
printf("Cannot open %s.\n", filename2);
reval = FAIL;
} else {
CharReadWrite(fptr2, fptr1);
fclose(fptr1);
fclose(fptr2);
}
return reval;
}
 Home work 3
• Write the command cp by your self
to copy a text file to another
• Attention: Check syntax – help user..

• mycp a1.txt a2.txt

 Bài tập bổ sung
week 2
• Viết chương trình tên là statsfile nhận 1
tham số dòng lệnh là tên 1 file văn bản.
• Sau đó in ra thống kê số lần xuất hiện của
các ký tự (không phân biệt chữ hoa chữ
thường) có trong nội dung file (In kết quả
ra màn hình)
• Dùng chương trình đã dịch để thống kê
chương trình nguồn.
• Ghi kết quả vào file sourcestats.txt
 Exercise (cont)
• Write a program to read sentences from a
specified file one character at a time.
• Each capital letter is converted into a
lower-case letter, and each lower-case
letter is converted into a capital letter. The
new sentence is then written into another
file.
• Note that you must output numbers, the
signs as they are.
Solution
• Just modify the function CharReadWrite and
character manipulate functions in <ctype.h>

void CharReadWrite(FILE *fin, FILE *fout)

{
int c;
while ((c=fgetc(fin)) != EOF){
if islower(c) c=toupper(c);
else if isupper(c) c=tolower(c);
fputc(c, fout); /* write to a file */
putchar(c);
/* display character on the screen */
}
}
 Exercise
• Given a text file call class1EF.txt.
Write a program to insert a space
line between each line in file's
content.
 Solution for homework
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

void double_space(FILE *, FILE *);

void prn_info(char *);

int main(int argc, char **argv)

{
FILE *ifp, *ofp;

if (argc != 3) {
prn_info(argv[0]);
exit(1);
}
ifp = fopen(argv[1], "r"); /* open for reading */
ofp = fopen(argv[2], "w"); /* open for writing */
double_space(ifp, ofp);
fclose(ifp);
fclose(ofp);
return 0;
}
 Solution for homework
void double_space(FILE *ifp, FILE *ofp)
{
int c;

while ((c = fgetc(ifp)) != EOF) {

fputc(c, ofp);
if (c == '\n')
fputc('\n', ofp); /* found a newline -
duplicate it */
}
}

void prn_info(char *pgm_name)

{
printf("\n%s%s%s\n\n%s%s\n\n",
"Usage: ", pgm_name, " infile outfile",
"The contents of infile will be double-spaced
",
"and written to outfile.");
}
 Bài tập về nhà: Mã hóa
cộng (tuần 2)
• Viết chương trình mã hóa file văn bản theo thuật toán
mã hóa cộng nhận hai tham số:
– tên file
– độ lệch cộng
• Thuật toán đơn giản như sau: nếu độ lệch cộng là 3:
thì các ký tự sẽ được mã hóa thành ký tự đứng sau nó
3 vị trí trong bảng mã ASCII.
• Ví dụ A→D, B→ E
• Sau đó viết chương trình tương tự nhưng có tác dụng
giải mã (decode)

• B. Cải tiến để việc mã hóa là vòng tròn trong bảng

chữ cái. Ví dụ A-> D,…, Z ->C
• Kết quả mã hóa, giải mã đều thực hiện trực tiếp trên
file nguồn.
 BTVN ICT56
• Viết chương trình tham số dòng lệnh
là đường dẫn đến một file văn bản
(kích thước <80 dòng). Chương trình
thêm một dòng mới vào cuối file với
nội dung chứa các ký tự đầu tiên của
các dòng trong file ban đầu.
 Read or write one line at a
time.
• Two functions: fgets() and fputs()
• char *fgets(char *s, int n, FILE *stream);
– s references an array that is used to store
characters
– n specifies the maximum number of array
elements.
• fgets() function can read up to n-1
characters, and can append a null
character after the last character fetched,
until a newline or an EOF is encountered.
 Read or write one line at a
time.
• int fputs(const char *s, FILE
*stream);
• s: array that contains the characters
to be written to a file
• return value
– 0 for success
– non zero in case of fail.
 Exercise
• Redo the exercise F1 but the
program will read and write one
character line at a time.
Solution
#include <stdio.h>
enum {SUCCESS, FAIL, MAX_LEN = 81 };

void LineReadWrite(FILE *fin, FILE

*fout)
{
char buff[MAX_LEN];
while (fgets(buff, MAX_LEN, fin) !=
NULL) {
fputs(buff, fout);
printf("%s", buff);
}
}
Solution
main(void) {
FILE *fptr1, *fptr2;
char filename1[]= "lab1a.txt";
char filename2[]= "lab1.txt";
int reval = SUCCESS;

if ((fptr1 = fopen(filename1, "w")) == NULL){

printf("Cannot open %s.\n", filename1);
reval = FAIL;
} else if ((fptr2 = fopen(filename2, "r")) == NULL){
printf("Cannot open %s.\n", filename2);
reval = FAIL;
} else {
LineReadWrite(fptr2, fptr1);
fclose(fptr1);
fclose(fptr2);
}
return reval;
}
 New Exercise (ICT54)
• Write a program named mycat that
read and display on the screen the
content of a given file. The command
can take 1 or 2 arguments
• cat <filename> : display content to
the end
• cat <filename> -p : view page by
page.
 Read and write formated
text
• int fscanf( FILE *stream, const char
*format, ...);
– This function works like scanf except that it
read from a file stream.

• int fprintf(FILE *stream, const char

*format, ...);
– The only difference between fprintf and printf
is that fprintf can redirect output to a particular
stream.
 Exercise
Write a program to read two or more lines into an
array of character strings one by one from a
specified file and find the length of each line. You
must write the length of each line and character
string in the file.

For example, one line in an input file

The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

should be output as follows.

44 The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
Solution
Just Modify the function LineReadWrite
using strlen and fprintf

void LineReadWrite(FILE *fin, FILE *fout)

{
char buff[MAX_LEN];
int len;
while (fgets(buff, MAX_LEN, fin) != NULL)
{
len = strlen(buff)-1;
fprintf(fout, "%d %s", len, buff);
printf("%s", buff);
}
}
 Bài tập về nhà (tuần 2)
• Tạo một file văn bản nội dung là danh
sách lớp của sinh viên. Mỗi dòng gồm 4
trường sau:
• STT Mã số SV Họ Và Tên Số ĐT
• Sau đó đọc các thông tin này từ file vào
một mảng cấu trúc.
• Yêu cầu nhập điểm cho mỗi SV
• Ghi lại kết quả vào file bangdiem.txt có
thêm trường điểm tương ứng mỗi SV
 Exercise: Hòa trộn theo
dòng
• Viết chương trình nhận tham số từ
dòng lệnh
– merge file1 file2 file3
• Chương trình sẽ đọc file1 file2 vào
tạo ra file 3 với nội dung xen kẽ 1
dòng từ file1 sẽ đến 1 dòng từ file2.
Chú ý là số dòng của file1 file2 khác
nhau – khi không thể copy xen kẽ thì
việc copy thực hiện bình thường.
Solution
void LineMerge(FILE *f1, FILE *f2, FILE *f3)
{
char buff1[MAX_LEN], buff2[MAX_LEN];
int len;
while ((fgets(buff1, MAX_LEN, f1) != NULL)&&
(fgets(buff2, MAX_LEN, f2) != NULL)) {
fputs(buff1,f3);
fputs(buff2,f3);
}
if (buff1!= NULL) fputs(buff1,f3);

while (fgets(buff1, MAX_LEN, f1) != NULL {

fputs(buff1,f3);
}
while (fgets(buff2, MAX_LEN, f2) != NULL {
fputs(buff2,f3);
}
}
 Source code with line
number
• Write a program that convert your
source code C to a file that indicate
the line number at the beginning of
each line of code.
 Homework
• Write a program to read a text file created with
emacs. Put a line number to the head of the line
and output the contents of the file to the
standard output. A text file name can be specified
as the argument to the program.

• For example, the following content of a text file

This is sample file.
Hello!
• is output as follows.
1 This is sample file.
2 Hello!
 Bài tập về nhà 3: File
compare
Write a program to compare two files
given as the command parameters
and indicates:
• the first line where they differ(line
numbers).
• all lines where they differ.
 BTVN ICT58 – Bộ lọc nội
dung
• Tưởng tượng các bạn phải viết một chương
trình lọc các nội dung in ra màn hình.
Chương trình thay tất cả các từ nhạy cảm
bằng xâu gồm các ký tự đặc biệt (ví dụ *,#)
có độ dài tương ứng. Viết chương trình có
tham số dòng lệnh là một file và ký tự dùng
để thay thế. Chú ý ký tự trắng không cần
thay thế.
• Ví dụ: ./filter myfile.txt # sẽ in ra màn hình:
• Cam ## ## #### khong dung noi quy
dinh
See you next time
 Copy a File
• Write a program that copy one text
file to another.
#include <stdio.h>

main() /* FILE_COPY.C */
{
char in_name[25], out_name[25];
FILE *in_file, *out_file, *fopen ();
int c;

printf("File to be copied:\n");
scanf("%24s", in_name);
printf("Output filename:\n");
scanf("%24s", out_name);

in_file = fopen ( in_name, "r");

…
if( in_file == NULL )
printf("Cannot open %s for reading.\n",
in_name);
else {
out_file = fopen (out_name, "w");
if( out_file == NULL )
printf("Can't open %s for
writing.\n",out_name);
else {
while( (c = getc( in_file)) != EOF )
putc (c, out_file);
putc (c, out_file); /* copy EOF */
printf("File has been copied.\n");
fclose (out_file);
}
fclose (in_file);
}
}
…