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Lecture 1-2 Aug 21, 2020

The document discusses solving various types of equations including linear, quadratic, trigonometric and logarithmic equations. Examples of each type are provided along with step-by-step solutions. Common solution methods mentioned include using inverse operations and applying logarithms or inverse trigonometric functions to isolate the variable.

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Adrian Jones Abache
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22 views2 pages

Lecture 1-2 Aug 21, 2020

The document discusses solving various types of equations including linear, quadratic, trigonometric and logarithmic equations. Examples of each type are provided along with step-by-step solutions. Common solution methods mentioned include using inverse operations and applying logarithms or inverse trigonometric functions to isolate the variable.

Uploaded by

Adrian Jones Abache
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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III - SOLVING EQUALITIES

An equation is a mathematical statement with an equality symbol, like 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏. The presence of the
equality symbol,“=”, makes it an equation. So, its absence in a math statement, the statement becomes an
expression, like 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏.

Here are examples of how we solve equations: (all of these can be done by any solver app/software)

Example 1: What is the value of x to make the equality 2𝑥 + 4 = 0 true? (in short, solve for x)
Let’s be specific on the solution, (the Grade school way):
 2𝑥 + 4 = 0
 2𝑥 + 4 + (−4) = 0 + (−4) adding the ADDITIVE INVERSE of 4 which is (−4)
to both sides of the equation, then
 2𝑥 = −4
2𝑥 −4
 =
2 2
dividing both sides of the equation by 2 will give us
 𝑥 = −2
NOTE: One rule should stand out from the solution above (before you do the expert way:
2𝑥 + 4 = 0; 2𝑥 = −4; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = −2 ). “DO UNTO OTHERS WHAT YOU LIKE OTHERS
DO UNTO YOU.” Meaning whatever math operation we do on one side of the equation, we
also do on the other side of the equation (sorry for the redundancy and my konting flaw ang
statement na eto. We will deal with the flaw weeks later. Remember, conditions and
exemptions!).

Example 2: Solve for 𝑥 in the following equations:

Problems:
a. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0
b. 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0; where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 are constants
c. √𝑥 − 1 = 2
d. 2𝑥 = 5
e. 1 + sin 𝑥 = 0.5

Solutions:

a. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0 is a quadratic equation ( you can use the quadratic formula)

(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 since the equation can be expressed as the product of these two
linear factors (x is of the first degree)

𝑥 − 3 = 0 and why? Algebra rule: 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 0 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑎 = 0, 𝑜𝑟 𝑏 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 0.


𝑥+2 =0
hence, answer: 𝑥 = −2 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 = 3

b. 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 is your quadratic equation (learned in HS)


we will solve using this system: “completing the square” (to make a
non-perfect square trinomial into the sum of a perfect square
trinomial and a constant; tanong na lang kayo sa baba ng post ng
lecture na to)
𝑎𝑥 2 𝑏𝑥 𝑐 0
𝑎
+ 𝑎
+𝑎 = 𝑎 dividing every term by 𝑎, therefore
2 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
𝑥 + 𝑥+ =0 let’s call the term with the variable “𝑥", the term 𝑥, as the middle
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
term; to use “completing the square” we group the first 2 terms and
add to both sides of the equation “the coefficient of the middle term
divided by 2 and squaring the result; (magulo, no?);
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏2
eto yan: 𝑎
÷ 2 = 2𝑎; squaring the result, we have 4𝑎2; eto yong i-add
to both sides of the equation, thus we have
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏2 𝑏2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + + 2 = 2 (anong nangyari? lalong gumulo?) trinomial meaning, 3
𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎 4𝑎
terms; so, we add the new term we created to the term in the
parentheses (next page please…)
𝑏 𝑏2 𝑐 𝑏2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2) + = 2 etong result: the trinomial inside the parentheses is now a
𝑎 4𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
PERFECT SQUARE TRIOMIAL; (how do we know it is? )
because we created this from the process discussed above; it
can now be rewritten as:
𝑏 2 𝑏2 𝑐 𝑐
(𝑥 +
2𝑎
) = 2−
4𝑎 𝑎
adding (− 𝑎) to both sides of the equation. (if di mo
𝑏 2
maintindihan, try mo i-expand yong (𝑥 + 2𝑎) .;pag di mo
nakuha, di ka marunong mag expand o mag multiply);
perform indicated operation (subtraction) on the fractions
on the right side of the equation,
𝑏 2 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
(𝑥 + ) = to solve now for 𝑥, take the square root of both sides of the
2𝑎 4𝑎 2
equation;
𝑏 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 𝑏 √𝑏 2−4𝑎𝑐
𝑥+ = ±√ or 𝑥 + =± (tanong na lang kayo later. comment)
2𝑎 4𝑎 2 2𝑎 2𝑎

𝑏 √𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
therefore, 𝑥 = − ± adding the 2 fractions of the same denominator;
2𝑎 2𝑎
here’s our answer:
−𝑏±√𝑏 2−4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= 2𝑎
this is your quadratic formula; completing the square is an
alternative solution for solving quadratic equations

c. √𝑥 − 1 = 2 squaring both sides of the equation

(√𝑥 − 1)2 = (2)2 ; or 𝑥 − 1 = 4 solving for 𝑥, therefore


answer: 𝑥 = 5

d. 2𝑥 = 5 by this time you may notice that we have been using inverse
operations to solve for “x”; subtraction is the inverse
operation of addition, division is the inverse operation of
multiplication, and extracting roots is the inverse operation
of raising to powers; for this example we can use logarithm
(log) or the natural logarithm (ln) to solve for x

ln(2𝑥 ) = ln 5 applying the natural logarithm on both sides (we can also
use log base 10 or simply, log)

𝑥𝑙𝑛 2 = 𝑙𝑛5 by law of logarithm, ln 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑛𝑙𝑛𝑀, therefore

𝑙𝑛5
answer: 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛2 by dividing both sides of the equation by 𝑙𝑛2; "𝑙𝑛" is a math
operation symbol telling us that we are using natural
logarithm

e. 1 + sin 𝑥 = 0.5 this is a trigonometric equation;


to solve for x, we apply the operation inverse trigonometry;
x here is an angle (we can choose for it to either in radians or
degrees)
sin 𝑥 = 0.5 − 1
sin 𝑥 = − 0.5 therefore,

answer: 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 (−0.5) this is actually an acceptable answer in the absence of a


calculator; the smallest angle “x” for this problem is
𝑥 = 210 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

NOTE: Just in case hirap na hirap ka talaga mag-solve at maintindihan ang mga nakasulat sa taas,
heto ang para saiyo: https://www.symbolab.com/solver

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