MATH 1O1 AUGUST 21,

2020
LECTURE 1
TOPIC: REVIEW OF JHS/SHS MATHEMATICS
I – REAL NUMBERS AND ITS PROPERTIES
In Calculus, we are going to deal most of the time with real numbers. All the coordinates of the points,
written in pairs say (x, y), on the Cartesian plane, are real numbers. Below is a tree diagram from one HS class:

We can say therefore that:

 all natural numbers are whole numbers;

 all whole are integers;
 all integers are rational numbers; and
 all rational numbers and irrational numbers are real numbers
The formal definition of a rational number is:” A rational number is any number that can be expressed as a
quotient of 2 integers .” If it is not a rational number, then it is an irrational number, a number that cannot be
expressed as a quotient of 2 integers, like 𝜋 or √2 . Most of the time it is easier for us to use decimals, instead of
fractions and radicals, in plotting point on the Cartesian plane.
Review - The most common properties of real numbers are:

 CLOSURE PROPERTY – The result of any operation on real numbers is a real number.
Example: Real number + Real number = Real number. (“ikanga kapamilya, kahit wala ng ABS/CBN)
 COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY – This is your A + B = B + A ( kumbaga, ang distansyang Daraga to
Legazpi and Legazpi to Daraga parehas lang, pati pamasahe na pang social distancing. Kaya nga ang
tawag COMMUTE.). Changing the order, does not change the value.
 ASSOCIATVE PROPERTY – This is your parentheses at work with addition or multiplication.
So, we say for addition, (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
 DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY – This one works with parentheses, and multiplication before addition.
So, we say “distributive property on multiplication over addition, A (B + C) = AB + AC
 AT MARAMI PANG IBA, REFLEXIVE, TRANSITIVE,…
The important part for you to understand about properties of real numbers is: when they can be used for
certain math operations and when these properties are not applicable. If they are not applicable, then there must be
conditions or restrictions why it is not. Or if it is applicable what are the restrictions and conditions, too? Numbers
never lie (except Statistics, joke) provided we follow the rules and conditions. Your Calculus will have lots of rules
and conditions. The difficulty for non-STEM tracking is the PRE(parathion for)CALCULUS.

NOTE: Please just read more on real numbers, and add to your search, COMPLEX NUMBERS.
II – FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTION NOTATIONS
In Math, what is a function? We’ll first we look at the statement below (and assume that we have an idea of
what a function is):
𝐹 (𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥.
The left side of the equality looks like 𝐹 times 𝑥. But 𝐹 is not a variable and there is no multiplication
involved. The statement: 𝐹(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 is called a FUNCTION DEFINITION. The following is what we need to know
about the statement:

 the letter 𝐹 is the name of the function

 𝐹 (𝑥) has nothing to do about 𝐹 multiplied to x. (very much misinterpretation)
 𝑥 is the argument variable
 both sides of the function definition are referred to as the value of F at x.
 the right side of the function definition can be any expression whatsoever: it may
or may not include an instance of the variable x
 the function definition F(x) = 12 − x is a special kind of identity
 the Fundamental Substitution Principle remains true: If E is number, say 3, then substituting E for x
in the identity F(x) = 12 − x produces a new identity F((E)) = 12 − (E) , which can be rewritten as
F(E) = 12 − (E) , therefore F(3) = 12 – 3 or performing addition, F(3) = 9.
The INTERNET definition of a function is: “A function is a relation for which each value from the set of the
first components of the ordered pairs is associated with exactly one value from the set of second components of the
ordered pair.” (Lalim, di ba?).
Let’s do away with the word “relation” replace it with set, and say:

 “A function is a set of ordered pairs, say (x, y), such that (eto yong kundisyon) no first element (“x”)
is repeated. (implies that pwede mag-ulit si “y”).
 The first element, “x”, is called the independent variable and the second element, “y”, is the
dependent variable.
 The set of all possible values of the independent variable is called the DOMAIN (eto yong tanong sa
HS: “Ano ang Domain ng function? normal na sagot: “x!!!”. Kaya pag di na x, di na alam kung ano
nang gagawin.).
 The set of all possible values of the dependent variable (“y” naman) is called the RANGE.
 We can also refer to the values of the domain as the INPUT and the values of the range as the
OUTPUT.

The following sets are examples of a probable function:

 {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 5)} – no first element is repeated
 {(1, 1), (−1,1), (2, 4), (-2, 4)} – still no first element is repeated even if there is a repetition
in the second element.
For finding the domain of a function, we try to determine all possible REAL NUMBER values of the
independent variable that will result to a REAL NUMBER value for the dependent variable, the range. Most of the
time it is more efficient if we think of the EXCLUDED not the INCLUDED real numbers in the domain or range.

“ANO BA ANG HINDI REAL NUMBER?”

 division by zero (remember, division by zero is not possible) or the undefined or the
indeterminate
 square root of a negative number ( the complex number or to many the imaginary number
𝑖 = √−1 will be involved

Example: What is the domain of the POLYNOMIAL function: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟑?

answer: All real numbers because any real number value of x will give a real number value of f(x).
𝟏
What is the domain of the function: 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐−𝒙?

answer: All real numbers except 𝑥 = 2 because division by zero is not possible (when x=2, then
2- x = 0), thus there would be no value for f(x).

To solve for the range of a function,

 let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) for notation purposes (mas madali magsulat ng “y” kesa f(x))
  then, solve for “x” in terms of “y”.
Example: What is the range of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐⁄𝒙?
answer: let y = f(x); so y = 2/x and xy = 2, hence x =2/y. (again, di pwede division by zero), so the
range of f(x) is all real numbers except y = 0 (take note, the range and the domain are the same)

The above discussion is a very small part (miniscule part) of PreCalculus to prepare you for Calculus. The
bigger parts are the different functions like polynomials, power, exponential, rational, trigonometric, inverse
trigonometric, polar and other functions.

Basic info on function notation (pampuno ng page, sayang)

“Function notation is the way a function is written. It is meant to be a precise way of giving information
about the function without a rather lengthy written explanation. The most popular function notation is f (x) which
is read "f of x".” (https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra1/Functions/). Refer to the image below the specifics:

Here’s another one.

The notation f : X → Y tells us that the function's name is "f " and its ordered pairs are formed by an
element x from the set X, and by an element y from the set Y; i.e., (x, y) is the ordered pair. (The arrow → is read "is
mapped to".)

Sometimes we write equations like 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 with the assumption that the isolated variable (the left side
of the equation, yong nag-iisa lang) is supposedly the dependent variable. Thus, we say “y in terms of x” or y is
dependent on the values of x. Also, y is the (easy way to write) replacement notation of the function notation f(x).

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