EE-163(C&P) lesson_02 EED MHUH, FR

Basic Math Operations

C++ can be used to perform basic mathematical operations. The following program can be used to
illustrate this.
les_02_code_01.cpp
#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

int number1;
int number2;
int result;

cout<<"Please enter number1 & number2";

cin>>number1>>number2;

result = number1 + number2;

result = number1 - number2;
result = number1 * number2;
result = number1 / number2;
result = number1 % number2;

cout<<result;
return 0;
}

S.No number1 number2 operation result

1 12 8 + 20
2 12 8 - 4
3 12 8 * 96
4 12 8 / 1
5 12 8 % 4

In the above program the variable number1 and number2 are called operands and they are connected via
different operators in expressions given on line numbers 16, 17, 18, 19 20. Response of each operation is
stored in the variable result.
Keep in mind that modulus (%) operator is only defined for the data type integers

It is important to emphasis that result of the division is not as we expect in general. This is because the data
type of number1 and number2 is integer, an integer divided by an integer will give an integer response,
while truncating the decimal part of the value. This makes the order of precedence of arithmetic operators
very significant. Consider the following example.

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_02 EED MHUH, FR

y = 5 / 2 * 5 + 3 * 5 + 7;
cout<<y;

y = 5 * 5 / 2 + 3 * 5 + 7;
cout<<y;

What will be the value of y in above cases?

Case – I y = 32
Case – II y = 34

Precedence of Arithmetic Operators

Operator(s) Operation(s) Order of evaluation (precedence)
() Parentheses Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the
expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first.
[Caution: If you have an
expression such as (a + b) * (c - d) in which two
sets of parentheses are not nested, but appear “on the
same level,” the C++ Standard does not specify the order
in which these parenthesized sub expressions will be
evaluated.]
*, /, % Multiplication, Evaluated second. If there are several, they’re evaluated
Division, left to right.
Modulus
+, - Addition Evaluated last. If there are several, they’re evaluated left
Subtraction to right.

les_02_code_02.cpp
1. #include<iostream>
2.
3. using namespace std;
4.
5. int main()
6. {
7.
8. int number1 = 74, number2 = 82, number3 = 88;
9. double average;
10. average = number1 + number2 + number3 / 3;
11. cout<<average;
12. return 0;
13. }

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_02 EED MHUH, FR

les_02_code_03.cpp
1. #include<iostream>
2.
3. using namespace std;
4.
5. int main()
6. {
7.
8. int number1 = 74, number2 = 82, number3 = 88;
9. double average;
10. average = (number1 + number2 + number3) / 3;
11. cout<<average;
12. return 0;
13. }

Using Constant Variable

les_02_code_04.cpp
1. #include<iostream>
2.
3. using namespace std;
4.
5. int main()
6. {
7.
8. int number1 = 74, number2 = 82, number3 = 88;
9. double average;
10. const int numGrades = 3;
11. average = (number1 + number2 + number3) / numGrades;
12. cout<<average;
13. return 0;
14. }

If the value of constant is tried to be changed during the program the compiler will throw an error

Error: assignment of read only variable

Constants are much helpful in situations when a certain constant is required again and again. For example
value of pi used in a program for different calculations.

Advanced Mathematical Functions

Some very useful and advanced mathematical functions are present in <cmath> library. Which can be
included in a program through preprocessor directive #include<cmath>. Following are the few
functions which are available in this library.

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_02 EED MHUH, FR

Category Function Description

cos Returns the cosine of an angle of x radians.

sin Returns the sine of an angle of x radians.
tan Returns the tangent of an angle of x radians.
acos The acos function computes the principal value of
the arc cosine of x. A domain error occurs
Trigonometry for arguments not in the range [-I. +I].
asin The asin function computes the principal value of the
arc sine of x. A domain error occurs
for arguments not in the range [-I, +I].
atan The atan function returns the arc tangent in the range
[[-pi/2, +pi/2]]
exp Returns the base-e exponential function of x, which
is e raised to the power x: ex.
Exponential and log Returns the natural logarithm of x.
logarithmic If the argument is negative, a domain error occurs.
function log10 Returns the common (base-10) logarithm of x.
If the argument is negative, a domain error occurs.

pow Returns base raised to the power exponent:

e.g. pow(7.0, 3.0); will find 7 ^ 3
Power Functions sqrt Returns the square root of x.
If x is negative, a domain error occurs:
cbrt Returns the cubic root of x.
ceil Rounds x upward, returning the smallest integral
value that is not less than x.

floor Rounds x downward, returning the largest integral

Rounding and value that is not greater than x.
Remainder fmod Returns the floating-point remainder
Functions of numer/denom
trunc Rounds x toward zero, returning the nearest integral
value that is not larger in magnitude than x.
round Returns the integral value that is nearest to x, with
halfway cases rounded away from zero.
fabs Returns the absolute value of x: |x|.
Other Functions
abs Returns the absolute value of x: |x|.

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_02 EED MHUH, FR

How to use trigonometric functions

les_02_code_05.cpp
1. #include<iostream>
2. #include<cmath>
3.
4. using namespace std;
5.
6. int main()
7. {
8.
9. const double pi = 3.141592;
10. double angle = pi/6;
11. cout<<endl<<"******** Calculating Trigonometric Ratios
********"<<endl;
12. cout<<endl<<"All calculations on Angle "<<angle<<"
Radians"<<endl;
13. cout<<endl<<"cos("<<angle<<") "<<"= "<<cos(angle)<<endl;
14. cout<<endl<<"sin("<<angle<<") "<<"= "<<sin(angle)<<endl;
15. cout<<endl<<"tan("<<angle<<") "<<"= "<<tan(angle)<<endl;
16. cout<<endl<<"******** Calculations Terminated ********"<<endl;
17.
18. return 0;
19. }

Output

Task: Write a program that takes the angle input from the user in degrees and find its
cos, sin and tan.

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_02 EED MHUH, FR

How to use exponential and logarithmic functions

les_02_code_06.cpp
1. #include<iostream>
2. #include<cmath>
3.
4. using namespace std;
5.
6. int main()
7. {
8. double num = 10.3;
9. cout<<endl<<"exp("<<num<<") "<<"= "<<exp(num)<<endl;
10. cout<<endl<<"log("<<num<<") "<<"= "<<log(num)<<endl;
11. cout<<endl<<"log10("<<num<<") "<<"= "<<log10(num)<<endl;
12.
13. return 0;
14. }

Output

How to use power functions

1. #include<iostream>
2. #include<cmath>
3.
4. using namespace std;
5.
6. int main()
7. {
8. double num1 = 10.3, num2 = 2.0;
9. cout<<endl<<"pow("<<num1<<","<<num2<<") "<<"=
"<<pow(num1,num2)<<endl;
10. cout<<endl<<"sqrt("<<num1<<") "<<"= "<<sqrt(num1)<<endl;
11. cout<<endl<<"cbrt("<<num1<<") "<<"= "<<cbrt(num1)<<endl;
12.
13. return 0;
14. }

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Output

How to use rounding and remainder functions

les_02_code_08.cpp
1. #include<iostream>
2. #include<cmath>
3.
4. using namespace std;
5.
6. int main()
7. {
8. double num1 = 2.3,num2 = 3.8,num3 = 5.5,num4 = -2.3,num5 = -3.8,num6 =
-5.5;
9. cout<<"value\tround\tfloor\tceil\ttrunc\n";
10. cout<<"-----\t-----\t-----\t----\t-----\n";
11. cout<<num1<<"\t"<<round(num1)<<"\t"<<floor(num1)<<"\t"<<ceil(num1
)<<"\t"<<trunc(num1)<<"\n";
12. cout<<num2<<"\t"<<round(num2)<<"\t"<<floor(num2)<<"\t"<<ceil(num2
)<<"\t"<<trunc(num2)<<"\n";
13. cout<<num3<<"\t"<<round(num3)<<"\t"<<floor(num3)<<"\t"<<ceil(num3
)<<"\t"<<trunc(num3)<<"\n";
14. cout<<num4<<"\t"<<round(num4)<<"\t"<<floor(num4)<<"\t"<<ceil(num4
)<<"\t"<<trunc(num4)<<"\n";
15. cout<<num5<<"\t"<<round(num5)<<"\t"<<floor(num5)<<"\t"<<ceil(num5
)<<"\t"<<trunc(num5)<<"\n";
16. cout<<num6<<"\t"<<round(num6)<<"\t"<<floor(num6)<<"\t"<<ceil(num6
)<<"\t"<<trunc(num6)<<"\n";
17.
18. return 0;
19. }

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_02 EED MHUH, FR

Output

les_02_code_09.cpp
1. #include<iostream>
2. #include<cmath>
3.
4. using namespace std;
5.
6. int main ()
7. {
8. cout<<"fmod(5.3, 2.0) = "<<fmod(5.3,2)<<endl;
9. cout<<"fmod(18.5, 4.2) = "<<fmod (18.5,4.2)<<endl;
10. return 0;
11. }

Output

les_02_code_10.cpp
1. #include<iostream>
2. #include<cmath>
3.
4. using namespace std;
5.
6. int main ()
7. {
8. float num1 = -9.5;
9. cout<<fabs(num1);
10.
11. return 0;
12. }

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_02 EED MHUH, FR

Write a program that takes a floating point input from the user, finds its square, cube,
square root, floor, truncate, ceiling and round off, natural log, base 10 log.

Type Casting
les_02_code_11.cpp
1. #include<iostream>
2. #include<cmath>
3.
4. using namespace std;
5.
6. int main ()
7. {
8. float num1 = -9.5;
9. int num2 = 101;
10. cout<<(int)num1;
11. cout<<endl<<(float)num2/10;
12.
13. return 0;
14. }

Output

Formatting with <iomanip>

A header file contains function to control output stream
les_02_code_12.cpp
1. #include<iostream>
2. #include<cmath>
3. #include<iomanip>
4.
5. using namespace std;
6.
7. int main()
8. {
9.
10. double planck = 6.62607004e-34;
11. double gravitation = 6.67408e-11;

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_02 EED MHUH, FR

12. double charge = 1.60217662e-19;

13. cout<<"********Output Without Precision********"<<endl;
14. cout<<endl<<endl;
15. cout<<"Planck's Constant = "<<planck<<endl;
16. cout<<"Gravitational Constant = "<<gravitation<<endl;
17. cout<<"Charge on electron = "<<charge<<endl;
18. cout<<endl<<endl;
19. cout<<"********Output with Precision of 10********"<<endl;
20. cout<<endl<<endl;
21. cout<<setprecision(10);
22. cout<<"Planck's Constant = "<<planck<<endl;
23. cout<<"Gravitational Constant = "<<gravitation<<endl;
24. cout<<"Charge on electron = "<<charge<<endl;
25.
26. return 0;
27. }

Output

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les_02_code_13.cpp
1. #include<iostream>
2. #include<cmath>
3. #include<iomanip>
4.
5. using namespace std;
6.
7. int main()
8. {
9.
10. cout<<0.1234567809<<endl;
11. cout<<setprecision(10)<<0.1234567809<<endl;
12. cout<<setprecision(12)<<0.123412341234<<endl;
13. cout<<setprecision(8)<<0.12341234<<endl;
14. return 0;
15. }

Output

les_02_code_14.cpp
1. #include<iostream>
2. #include<iomanip>
3. #include<cmath>

4. using namespace std;

5. int main()
6. {
7. double num1 = 2.3,num2 = 3.8,num3 = 5.5,num4 = -2.3,num5 = -
3.8,num6 = -5.5;
8. cout<<setw(8)<<"value"<<setw(8)<<"round"<<setw(8)<<"floor"<<setw(
8)<<"ceil"<<setw(8)<<"trunc\n";
9. cout<<setw(8)<<"-----"<<setw(8)<<"-----"<<setw(8)<<"-----
"<<setw(8)<<"-----"<<setw(8)<<"-----\n";
10. cout<<setw(8)<<num1<<setw(8)<<round(num1)<<setw(8)<<floor(num1)<<
setw(8)<<ceil(num1)<<setw(8)<<trunc(num1)<<"\n";
11. cout<<setw(8)<<num2<<setw(8)<<round(num2)<<setw(8)<<floor(num2)<<
setw(8)<<ceil(num2)<<setw(8)<<trunc(num2)<<"\n";
12. cout<<setw(8)<<num3<<setw(8)<<round(num3)<<setw(8)<<floor(num3)<<
setw(8)<<ceil(num3)<<setw(8)<<trunc(num3)<<"\n";

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13. cout<<setw(8)<<num4<<setw(8)<<round(num4)<<setw(8)<<floor(num4)<<
setw(8)<<ceil(num4)<<setw(8)<<trunc(num4)<<"\n";
14. cout<<setw(8)<<num5<<setw(8)<<round(num5)<<setw(8)<<floor(num5)<<
setw(8)<<ceil(num5)<<setw(8)<<trunc(num5)<<"\n";
15. cout<<setw(8)<<num6<<setw(8)<<round(num6)<<setw(8)<<floor(num6)<<
setw(8)<<ceil(num6)<<setw(8)<<trunc(num6)<<"\n";

16. return 0;
17. }

Output

Exercise
Write a note on the importance of operator precedence, also emphasis why your
portable calculator don’t cause that problem.

Try to use cmath library functions with integer data types and find out the possible
problems.

Explore the usage of functions scientific and fixed in C++

Implement the following expressions in C++

i. | 𝑥 + 𝑦 |
ii. |𝑥| + |𝑦|
𝑥3
iii. 𝑦
+𝑦
iv. √𝑥 6 + 𝑦 5
7
v. (𝑥 + √𝑦)

Try to give wrong inputs to the following functions

i. sqrt, ii. acos, iii. atan, iv. asin

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