Synopsis

On

Internship in Sewage Treatment Plant

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in

Civil Engineering

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Shubham Dandeva Prof. Deepak Verma

&
(25352) Prof. Vishwas Malik

8th Semester

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAK – 124001

Jan-June, 2024
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It was a great experience working in the Sewage Treatment Plant, Hisar department under the
guidance of very encouraging and enthusiastic people.

From the bottom of my heart, we would like to thank our project guides Mr. DEEPAK
VERMA SIR & Mr. VISHWAS MALIK SIR for helping us a lot and sharing their
experience in completing the project. For me, it was a unique experience to be a part of it and
to study an interesting topic, PERFORMANCE OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT. We
also thank all the people who work on the site for helping me in completing my project. With
their patience and openness, they created an enjoyable working environment. I owe my
indebtedness to all those who helped us directly and indirectly in
the accomplishment of this work.

I would also like to thank the Executive Engineers for giving us a great opportunity
to do our project within the organisation.
 INDEX

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

Acknowledgement i

1. Introduction 01
• Sewerage-general consideration
• Historical Background
• Importance of Sewer System
• Site for Sewage Treatment Plants

2. Problem Statement 03

3. Selection of Treatment Process 04

4. Treatment Process Design 14

5. Design details of Plant units 15

6. Methodologies & Tests conducted in Lab. 24

• pH Valve
• Dissolved Oxygen
• Sulphides
• Total suspended solids
• Chemical Oxygen Demand
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• Alkalinity

7. Tests Results 29

8. Recommendations 30

9. Conclusion 31

10. References 32
 INTRODUCTION

SEWERAGE-GENERAL CONSIDERATION

DEFINITION

Sewage (domestic wastewater) is a type of wastewater that is produced by a community of

people. The word "sewage" and "sewer" came from the Old French essouier which means "40
drains". It is characterised by volume or rate of flow, physical condition, chemical and toxic
constituents, and bacteriologic status. It consists mostly of grey water (from sinks, tubs,
showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers), black water (the water used in flush toilets,
combined with the human waste that it flushes away), soaps and detergents, and toilet paper
Sewage usually travels from a building's plumbing either into a sewer, which will carry it
elsewhere, or into an onsite sewage facility. Sewage may include stormwater runoff or urban
runoff. Sewerage systems capable of handling stormwater are known as combined sewer
systems.

SEWAGE TREATMENT

Sewage treatment (wastewater treatment) is the process of removing contaminants from

wastewater, primarily from household sewage. The process involves Physical, Chemical and
Biological treatments to remove the contaminants and produce treated wastewater that is safer
for the environment. A by-product of sewage treatment is usually a semi-solid waste or slurry,
called sewage sludge. The sludge has to undergo further treatment before being suitable for
disposal or application to land. For most cities, the sewer system will also carry a portion of
industrial effluents to the sewage treatment plant which has usually received pre-treatment at
the factories themselves to reduce the pollutant load.

Sewage can be treated at the place where it is created, which is called a "decentralised" system
or "on-site' system. Alternatively, sewage can be transported by a network of sewer pipes and
pump stations to a municipal treatment plant, which is called a "centralised" system.

REUSE

In arid countries, treated wastewater is often used in agriculture.

For example,
In Israel, about 50% of agriculture water use is provided through reclaimed sewer water. To
meet growing water demand, the sustainable option is recycling and reuse of wastewater. The
wastewater recycling and reuse concept is currently gaining recognition in India. The industrial
segment is the forerunner in utilising treated sewage for its water needs.

Industrial end users procure treated sewage from the municipalities, further treat it and reuse it
for non-potable applications such as boiler feed water and cooling towers in a power plant. For
instance, Chennai's Water Board supplies 45 MLD of treated water to companies such as
Madras refineries and Madras Fertilizers. Wastewater is being treated and recycled within
residential compounds for applications such as landscaping/watering plants. Constructed
wetlands fed by wastewater provide both treatment and habitats for flora and fauna. An
example of reuse combined with the treatment of sewage is the East Kolkata Wetlands in India.
These wetlands contain nutrients which sustain fish farming and agriculture.

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The basic sewer system was used for the removal of waste in ancient Mesopotamia, where
vertical shafts carried the waste away into cesspools. Similar systems existed in the Indus
Valley Civilization in modern-day India and ancient Crete and Greece. Modern sewer systems
were first built in the mid-nineteenth century as a reaction to the exacerbation of sanitary
conditions brought on by heavy industrialization and urbanization. Due to the contaminated
water supply, the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers appointed Sir Joseph Bazalgette to
construct a vast underground sewage system for the safe removal of waste One of the first
attempts at diverting sewage for use as a fertilizer in the farm was made by the cotton mill
owner James Smith in the 1840s. The idea was officially adopted by the Health of Towns
Commission, and various schemes were trailed by different municipalities over the next 50
years.

1.3 IMPORTANCE OF SEWER SYSTEM

The sewage system has a very important role in our lives as it protects both our health and the
environment. Water scarcity is a major problem that is faced all across the world. Above this
major part of the water is being polluted because of human activities. The polluted and
untreated water causes abundant waterborne diseases which further results in a huge climatic
change. Also because of improper use of water and lack of wastewater treatment, the problem
of sewage water will further increase pollution and even cause huge havoc in society. It will
even damage the environmental ecology and might also increase the death rate. Thus it is very
important to establish proper sewer systems and treatment plants to have proper control over
the maintenance of the sewage water. The main purpose of a sewer system is to maintain such
environments that will not affect public health in general. Thus the sewer system aims at the
creation of such conditions of living which will not result in serious outbreak of epidemic in
other words, it is a preventive measure for the preservation of the health of the community in
general and individuals in particular.

The following are the 10 important points in any public sanitation project:
1. Financial aspect
2. Population
3. Present methods of disposal
4. Quality of sewage
5. Rainfall
6. Rate of sewage
7. Source of sewage
8. Topography of the area
9. Treatment methods
10. Trends of town development

1.4 SITE FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

The following are the points to be considered at the time of its final selection;

1. The available foundation soil should be good for various sewage treatment units to rest
firmly on the ground and thus, to grant structural stability to them.
2. The general slope of the site should neither be too steep nor too flat. It will assist in
placing various treatment units at such levels that the sewage may flow from one unit to
the other by gravity only.
3. The general slope of the site should be the lowest level area of the town or city so that
the sewage from the entire town or city can be collected and conveyed by gravity only.
4. The location of the site should be appropriate concerning the method of sewage
treatment to be adopted for the project.
5. The location of the site should be such that enough area is available nearby when it
becomes necessary in future to expand the existing project.
6. The proximity of the water course near the site or enough wasteland for irrigation will
be considered an advantage.
7. The site should be safe from floods all the time.
8. The site should be situated on the leeward side of the wind so that undesirable odours
will be prevented from entering the town or city.
9. The site should not be, as far as possible, far away from the city or town.

SEWAGE TREATMENT STEPS

Sewage treatment generally includes three stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary
treatment.

• In primary treatment, the larger solids from sewage are removed during the treatment
process. The more complex compounds are broken up and converted into simpler
compounds by decomposition. The primary treatment includes screens, grit chambers,
detritus tanks, skimming tanks and sedimentation tanks with or without the use of
chemicals. Some treatment plants have a bypass arrangement after the primary
treatment unit.
• Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter. Secondary
treatment is typically performed by indigenous, water-borne microorganisms in a
managed habitat. Secondary treatment may require a separation process to remove the
microorganisms from the treated water before discharge or tertiary treatment.
• Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary
treatment to allow ejection into a highly sensitive or fragile ecosystem (estuaries, low-
 flow rivers, coral reefs...). Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically or
physically before discharge into streams, rivers, bays, lagoons or wetlands, or it can be
used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or park.

SELECTION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESS

The selection of a particular type of treatment depends upon the techno-economic feasibility of
the process selected for the treatment. The techno-economic feasibility can be attributed to the
following parameters.

i) Degree of treatment required.

ii) Capital and Operation & Maintenance cost.
iii) Mechanical equipment requirement.
iv) Power requirement.
v) Land requirement.
TREATMENT OPTIONS

There are various treatment options available for the treatment of sewage
water. Various treatment options that are considered for techno-economic evaluation are as
under;

(1) Primary treatment Followed by Facultative Aerated Lagoon.

(2) Activated Sludge Process.
(3) UASB followed by a Short detention aerated Lagoon.
(4) Facultative Aerated Lagoon.

a. Primary treatment Followed by Facultative Aerated Lagoon:

The scheme included the following units;

i. Screening
ii. De-gritting
iii. Sedimentation
iv. Sludge digestion
v. Biological Oxidation using aerated lagoons
vi. Sludge drying

b. Activated Sludge Process:

The activated sludge is mixed with raw or partially treated sewage. The sewage is given the
usual primary treatments in the activated sludge process. When activated sludge is mixed
 properly with sewage containing ample or sufficient quantity of oxygen, the micro-organisms
present in the activated sludge multiply rapidly.
As a result of the phenomena, the following effects take place;

i. Organic solids present in sewage are rapidly oxidised, and

ii. Suspended and colloidal matters coagulants and they form a readily settleable precipitate.

After such precipitate settles down, the effluent which is obtained is clear and sparkling. The
effluents contain a very low amount of organic matter and it is generally not given any further
treatment except chlorination in some cases. A portion of settled sludge is sent for recirculation
and the remaining part is sent to the sludge digestion tanks. The digestion sludge is harmless
and it does not produce any Nuisance.

An Activated Sludge Process (ASP) is a type of Aerobic Suspended Growth

system. The ASP plant essentially consists of the following;

i. Aeration Tank containing microorganisms in suspension in which the reaction takes place.
ii. Activated sludge recirculation system to maintain sufficient microorganisms in the Aeration
Tank.
iii. Excess Sludge wasting and disposal facilities.
iv. Aeration system to transfer oxygen.
v. Secondary Settling tank to separate and thicken activated sludge.
vi. Gas Digester for gas production and Gas holder for gas storage.

This option consists of the following treatment units;

i. Inlet Chambers
ii. Fine screens
iii. Detritor tank
iv. Primary clarifier
v. Aeration tank
vi. Secondary clarifier
vii. Sludge Pumping Station
viii. Filtration Pumping Station
ix. Digester, and
x. Sludge Drying Beds

c. UASB followed by Short detention aerated Lagoon:

The development of the Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blankets (UASB) reactor dates back to the
early 1970's. Pre-sedimentation, anaerobic wastewater treatment and final sedimentation
including sludge stabilisation are essentially combined in one reactor making it the most
attractive high-rate wastewater treatment option. It produces high-value by-products viz.
• Treated wastewater is usable for gardening purposes or pisciculture after a sample post-
treatment.
• Methane-enriched biogas having high calorific value is converted into a usable energy
resource like heat energy, electricity etc..., and,
• Mineralised excess sludge produced in the UASB reactor for its usage as manure for
agriculture purposes.

UASB initially was developed for the anaerobic treatment of Industrial waste water with
moderate to high COD and BOD concentrations. The basic idea is flocculent or granular sludge
developed in the reactor depending on the waste water characteristics and operational
parameters will tend to settle under gravity when applying moderate upward velocities in the
reactor. In this way no separate sedimentation basin is necessary. Anaerobic bacteria are
developed in the reactor and are kept in the biological reaction compartments for sufficient
time. Organic compounds present in the wastewater are absorbed by the sludge particles in the
reaction zone during its passage through the sludge bed. Organic compounds thereafter get
aerobically biodegraded converting it into methane-enriched biogas and a small part into the
new bacterial mass. Biomass consists of Methane CH4, Carbon Dioxide CO2, Hydrogen H2,
Hydrogen Sulphide H2S and traces of Ammonia NH4 and Nitrogen N2. The biogas can be used
as an energy source and for this reason is collected in gas collectors. A gas, liquid and solids
separator (GLSS) is provided below the gas collectors to provide an opportunity for the sludge
particles to which biogas bubbles are attached to lose biogas and settle back into the reaction
compartments. In between two gas collectors, a settling zone is provided where virtually no gas
bubbles are present in the liquid. The sludge particles carried along with the wastewater flow
are settled in the settling zone and slide down into the biological reaction zone. Wastewater
enters the UASB reactor from the bottom and travels through the reactor in an upward
direction. To ensure sufficient contact between the incoming wastewater and the anaerobic
bacterial mass present in the reactor, the wastewater is fed uniformly all over the bottom of the
reactor. Further mixing in the reaction zone is achieved by the production of the biogas
travelling in the upward direction, the settling velocity of the sludge particles and the density
currents in the sludge mass.

With proper seed material available at the time of the Start-up of the UASB reactor, the
microbial population is developed within three months. Proper care is taken while designing the
UASB reactor to absorb estimated shock loads in terms of hydraulic and organic contents in the
wastewater. The reactor has the following zones;

• Gas collection zone

• Clarification zone
• Sludge blanket zone

UASB alone cannot achieve desired results in terms of effluent discharge standards pre-
described for BOD and TSS hence a simple post-treatment in the form of a Facultative type of
Aerated Lagoon is considered after UASB reactors.
d. Facultative Type of Aerated Lagoon:

This is the simplest of all four alternatives chosen for comparison. In this process, primary
treatment consists of only screening and de-gritting. All BOD and Suspended removal is
carried out in a facultative aerated lagoon. A land requirement is higher in this method when
compared to other options. The process consists of the following steps;

• Screening
• De-gritting
• Biological Oxidation in multi-celled aerated lagoon

PROCESS UNIT DESCRIPTION

1. INLET:

The wastewater enters the STP through the inlet pipe having a dimension of 1800mm. The
influent wastewater enters the STP through the inlet. As the capacity of the STP is limited to
30MLD the excess water which enters the inlet is diverted through the by-pass sewer.

2. COARSE SCREEN:

The main purpose of the screens is to remove the floating matter of comparatively large size. If
such materials are not removed, they choke up the small pipes or affect seriously the working
of sewage pumps. Thus the main idea of providing screens is to prevent the pumps and other
equipment from possible damage due to the floating matter of sewage. Coarse screens of 20mm
clear openings are provided ahead of the main pumping station to protect the pumps from
malfunctioning. These screens are arranged below the ground level and are mechanically
cleaned. Standby facility for 50% of the flow is provided for the screening operation. The
coarse screens are also known as the racks, it also reduces the organic load to some extent. This
is of rectangular cross-sectional area having 6m height and 1m width. The thickness of the rods
is 10mm with a clear opening of 20mm c/c. the coarse screen also includes a conveyor belt
which cleans the floating particles from the screen mechanically. The conveyor belt has
dimensions of 6m in length and 1m wide with a thickness of 8mm, which rotates at a speed of
20rps.

3. MAIN PUMPIN STATION (MPS):

The wastewater entering which enters through the inlet under the gravity flow is pumped into
the inlet chamber using the Main Pumping Station. The MPS generally consist of 11
submersible pumps which raise the wastewater along with the sewage to the inlet chamber. A
single raising pump having a pipe of 800 mm with a non-return valve is also provided to feed
the sewage to the inlet of the STP.

4. INLET CHAMBERS:

An inlet chamber is provided ahead of the fine screens to receive the sewage from the main
pumping station via the raising main. The inlet chamber is 3.4m in length and 2.15m in width
with a depth of 7.5m.

5. FINE SCREENS:

Screening is an essential step in sewage treatment to remove large-size floating particles like
wooden pieces, rags, plastics, tobacco pouches, etc, which otherwise damage pumps and
interface with the satisfactory operation of various treatment units. The screen channel consists
of an interface with the satisfactory operation of various treatment units. The screen channel
consists of bars placed across the channel to trap the floating particles. The spacing of the bars
is kept depending upon the type of the degree of treatment required. The plant consists of three
fine screens (2 working and 1 standby) which are run through the hydraulic system. These fine
screens are generally made of stainless steel and have a perforated opening of 6mm with the
thickness of the plates being 1mm. The fine screens also consist of a conveyor similar to the
coarse screen which conveys the collected particles to other places.

6. DETRITOR TANK:

The purpose of the detritor tank is the same as that of a grit chamber. In fact, a detritor tank
may be considered a grit chamber having such velocities of flow that an appreciable amount of
organic matter also settles down at its bottom along with the grit particles. The detritor tank is
generally rectangular. The sides of the detritor tanks are vertical and they are tapered at the
bottom to collect the detritus. The screened sewage flows through a detritor tank consisting of a
mechanical grit removal system. Grit in sewage consists of coarse particles of sand, ash and
clinkers, egg shells and many inert materials organic in nature. Grit is a non-putrescible
substance and has a higher hydraulic subsidence valve than organic substances.

7. UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET (UASB) REACTOR:

The development of the Up-flow anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) dates back to the
early 1970s. Pre-sedimentation, anaerobic wastewater and final sedimentation including sludge
stabilisation are essentially combined in one reactor making it the most attractive high-rate
wastewater treatment option. It produces high-value by-products viz.,

• Treated wastewater is useable for agriculture and gardening purposes or pisciculture after a
simple post-treatment.
• Methane enriched with a high calorific value is converted into a usable energy resource like
heat energy or electricity etc... and
• Mineralised excess sludge produced in UASB for its usage as manure for agriculture
purposes.

The UASB process was initially developed for the anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewater
with moderate COD and BOD concentrations. The basic idea is that flocculent or granular
sludge developed in the reactor depending on the wastewater characteristics and operational
parameters will tend to settle under gravity when applying moderate upward velocities in the
reactor. In this way no sedimentation basis is necessary. Anaerobic bacteria are developed in
the reactor and are kept in the biological reaction compartment for sufficient time. Organic
compounds present in the wastewater are absorbed by the sludge particles in the reaction zone
during its passage through the sludge bed. Organic compounds thereafter get anaerobically
biodegraded converting it into methane-enriched biogas and a small part into the new bacterial
mass. Biomass consists of Methane CH4, Carbon Dioxide CO2, Hydrogen H2, Hydrogen
Sulphide H2S and traces of Ammonia NH4 and Nitrogen N2. A gas, liquid and solids separator
(GLSS) is provided below the gas collectors to provide an opportunity for the sludge particles
to which biogas bubbles are attached to lose biogas and settle back into the reaction
compartments. In between two gas collectors, a settling zone is provided where virtually no gas
bubbles are present in the liquid. The sludge particles carried along with the wastewater flow
are settled in the settling zone and slide down into the biological reaction zone. Wastewater
enters the UASB reactor from the bottom and travels through the reactor in an upward
direction. To ensure sufficient contact between the incoming wastewater and the anaerobic
bacterial mass present in the reactor, the wastewater is fed uniformly all over the bottom of the
reactor. Further mixing in the reaction zone is achieved by the production of the biogas
travelling in the upward direction, the settling velocity of the sludge particles and the density
currents in the sludge mass.

The plant consists of 4 UASB reactor units which are further provided with 12 feed inlet boxes
in each reactor. These feed inlet boxes are further connected to 12 outlet boxes of 90mm
diameter. The gas produced in the UASB is collected in Gas Holders through pipes.

8. SLUDGE DEWATERING SYSTEM:

Sludge dewatering system consists of the following;

• Sludge pumping station

• Sludge drying beds

A sludge station is provided for the transfer of sludge. A sludge sump is a concrete tank
adequate to hold sludge wasted from two reactors in a day. Sludge pumps are provided to pump
the sludge from the reactors to the sludge drying beds. The sludge pumping station is provided
with 100% stand-by pumping capacity in case of failure or maintenance of operating pumps. A
250mm size LDPE sheet is spread over the floor of the drying beds to prevent the seepage of
the filtrate into the ground as the ground water table is found at a higher level in this area. A
150mm thick layer of gravel having a size of 30-50mm is spread over the brick lining which is
followed by a 150mm thick layer of gravel having a size of 12-30mm on the top of this layer of
gravel a 225mm thick layer of sand having 0.30-0.75mm size is laid. When wet sludge is
spread on the top of the bed major portion of water drains off in a few hours after which drying
of sludge commences by evaporation. The dried sludge is then carried away in trucks for
disposal to sanitary landfills for use as manure on agricultural lands.
This filtrate is collected in an open-jointed GSW pipe with having 200mm diameter. The
filtrate that is drained off is disposed of to the sump well of the Main Pumping Station via a
200mm diameter GSW gravity pipeline. There are 12 drying beds installed in the plant for
drying sludge.

9. GAS HOLDER:

Three floating-type gas holders will be provided floating in a concrete tank with a holding
capacity of six hours of biogas production. It will be provided with an inlet, gas outlet, water
drain, pressure and vacuum relief values arrangements.

10. GAS FLARING SYSTEM:

A gas flaring system will be provided consisting of the following;

• Pressure Regulator and water seal,

• Flame Check,
• Pilot gas flame ad value along with the electronic lighter,
• Gas flare at 6.0m height from ground level, and,
• Moisture trap

11. GAS UTILISATION SYSTEM:

Biogas generated in the UASB reactor is stored in the gas holder. This biogas is utilised for the
generation of electricity using a dual-fuel genset. Biogas blowers are also provided to boost the
pressure of biogas to 0.4 to 0.6 kg/cm. before it is fed into the engines. Provisions for pressure
measurement, gas flow measurements, hydrogen sulphide scrubbers and biogas blowers are
provided to the biogas utilisation system before it is fed to biogas engineers.

POST-TREATMENT

The design of a proper -treatment system is important for the success of any project involving
an anaerobic step. Post-treatment required is given in various forms to meet effluent discharge
standards. To meet the inland water discharge standards of BOD and suspended solids,
polishing of the UASB effluents to further remove the residual BOD & TSS will be required.

The post-treatment units will consist of the following units.

1. FACULTATIVE TYPE OF AERATED LAGOON:

The flow from the UASB reactors will be treated in a facultative type of aerated lagoon of 1.5
days hydraulic retention time to provide aeration and settlement of suspended solids for further
treatment of the effluent from UASB reactors. In facultative aerated lagoon water treatment,
some solids leave along with the effluent stream and some settle down in the lagoon since
aeration power is sufficient for oxygenation and not for keeping solids in suspension. The
lower part of the lagoon is anaerobic while the upper layer is aerobic. The oxygen demand of
the bacteria is met by surface aeration and algae photosynthesis, but it is not met when the latter
is active. The water environment is aerobic during the day but turns out to be anaerobic during
the night. Biodegradation of the bacteria is due to facultative bacteria, which can operate under
both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

2. POLISHING POND:

Polishing is the tertiary effluent wastewater treatment stage before the wastewater can
eventually be discharged into natural water bodies. The polishing process involves the removal
of remaining suspended solids and biological oxygen demand (BOD) that may be left after
secondary effluent treatment. This helps in making the water more hygienic and
environmentally safe before release. During this time, sedimentation of non - degradable and
degraded suspended particles at the bottom of the pond is facilitated naturally. Further aquatic
plants, invertebrates and weed-eating fish are introduced in the polishing pond to absorb and
consume any remaining particulate matter.

3. CHLORINATION SYSTEM:

A chlorination system has been given in the design to meet the fecal coli form standards In case
the treated water from the FAL, does not meet the fecal discharge standards. The Chlorination
system includes mainly three units namely the Chlorine house, mixing tank and chlorine
contact tank. It is done to control the odour by the prevention of the formation of hydrogen
sulphide that is being produced. It controls the possible fly nuisance due to sewage and
prevents the spread of the epidemic.

4. CHLORINE HOUSE:

The Chlorine house is provided in the plant to supply the chlorine to the treated water. It
incorporates a vacuum-type gaseous chlorinator along with all accessories and the required
number of chlorine toners.

5. CHLORINE MIX TANK:

The chlorine mix tank is provided with a slow-speed mechanical mixer to mix, the chlorine
solution with the treated effluent of FAL. From the chlorine mix tank water will flow to the
chlorine contact tank. The quantity of chlorine mixed is 2mg/lit. For 30 MLD of waste water 60
kg of chlorine is mixed. The chlorine mixing tank has an area of 20.82m2. with a depth of 2.0m

6. CHLORINE CONTACT TANK:

In the chlorine contact tank, actual disinfection of treated wastewater will take place by keeping
water in contact with chlorine. The main purpose of the chlorine contact tank is to keep the
chlorine in contact with the water so that the disinfectant may complete its work the area of the
chlorine mixing tank is 249.84m2. with a depth of 2.5m.

7. UTILISATION OF SLUDGE AND BIOGAS:

Techno-economic evaluation of various options for the utilisation of sludge and bio-gas has
been done to select the most suitable alternative.

SLUDGE UTILISATION;

The various alternatives available for the disposal of sludge are;

• LANDFILLING:

Sludge can be finally disposed of in a landfill, which is the most common method of
solid waste disposal in India. Sludge disposal in this manner requires additional
yearly operation and maintenance costs in terms of staff and vehicles for loading,
unloading and transportation.

• SLUDGE AS A MANURE:

Sludge produced from the UASB reactor will be digested sludge and rich in nutrients
9(N, P, K) which are beneficial for plant growth. Digested sludge from sewage
treatment plants is now acceptable to local farmers to be used as manure in the field.
By selling the sludge at a nominal rate, the department can generate yearly revenue
which will help in the operation and maintenance of the plant. Keeping in view the
above two options use of sludge as manure is found the most techno-economical
alternative.

BIOGAS UTILISATION;

The various alternatives available for the disposal of biogas generated in the plant are;

• FLARING:

Biogas generated from the UASB reactor can be directly flared to the sky in a
controlled manner.
• AS A COOLING GAS:

Biogas can be utilised as a cooking gas in individual households. Due to

psychological reasons, biogas generated from sewage is not acceptable to consumers
in India and also to consume huge quantities of biogas a complete infrastructure is
required for distribution and supply.

• FUEL AS A POWER GENERATION:

Bio-gas can be used as a fuel for electricity generation which can be utilised in the
plant itself. The use of biogas for power generation fulfils the power requirements of
the plant partially depending upon the quantity of biogas generated which reduces
the external power requirement and makes the system self-sustainable. Keeping in
view the various options available, utilisation of biogas for power generation seems
the most suitable alternative and hence adopted in the present scheme.
 TREATMENT PROCESS DESIGN

1. DESIGN DISCHARGE

• Average flow =30 MLD

• Average flow velocity =0.347 MLD
• Peak flow =67.5 MLD
• Peak flow velocity =0.781 MLD
• Peak factor =2.25

2. TREATMENT SCHEME

The natural ground level of the treatment site is undulating with a medium slope towards North
9(i.e. River Musi). Various units of STP will be constructed at different levels using the
existing ground slope.

Finished ground level considered for different units are:

• Inlet screen, detritor & division box - 1 =470.00 m

• Division Box – 2 =470.00 m
• Distribution box & UASB reactor =469.00 m
• Sludge Pumping Station =469.00 m
• Sludge Drying beds =468.00 m
• FAL – 1 =468.50 m
• FAL – 2 =467.00 m
• Chlorine mix and contact tank =46.00 m
 DESIGN DETAILS OF PLANT UNITS

1. INLET SUMP, COARSE SCREEN CHANNEL & MAIN PUMPING STATION

a) INLET SUMP

• Incoming sewer diameter =1800 mm

• Design discharge =30 cu3/day
• Peak factor =2.25
• Invert level of incoming sewer =466.00 m
• Ground level of MPS =470.00 m
• Floor level of the inlet sump =465.50 m
• Floor level of screen channel =465.70 m

b) COARSE SCREEN CHANNEL

• Average flow =30 MLD

• Peak factor =2.25
• Peak flow =0.781 m3/sec
• Minimum approach velocity @ avg. vel. =0.3 m/sec
• Minimum velocity through screens =0.6 m/sec
• Maximum velocity through screens =1.2 m/sec
• Clear opening =20 mm
• Cross-sectional area of coarse screen =1.16 m2/sec
• Number of working and stand-by units =2 nos & 1 nos respectively
• Liquid depth and width =0.60 m & 1.0 m respectively
• Approach velocity @ avg. flow =0.29 m/sec
• Approach velocity @ peak flow =0.65 m/sec
• Velocity through screens @ peak flow =0.98 m/sec
• Head loss =0.039 m
• Water level at the u/s of screens =466.60 m
• Maximum water levels at d/s of screens =466.30 m
• Free fall to MPS =0.30 m
• Maximum water level in sump well =465.40 m

c) MAIN PUMPING STATION

• Design flow =30000 cum/day

• Hydraulic retention time =5 min
 • Capacity of sump =234.38 cum
• Area of sump =78.13 sq.m
• Depth of sump =3.0 m
• Number of sumps =1
• Length of sump =22.0 m
• Width of sump =3.6 m
• FGL at sump =470.50 m
• Maximum water level in sump =465.40 m
• Minimum water level in sump =462.40 m
• Top-level of sump =471.50 m
• Dead water zone for pump =1.20 m
• Floor level for sump =461.20 m

A main raising of 800mm diameter for a total length of 75.0 m is provided to convey the
wastewater to the inlet chamber at the STP site where the sewage is further treated in a screen
channel, detritor tank, UASB, FAL and chlorination unit.

2. FINE SCREEN CHANNEL

• Average flow =30 MLD

• Peak factor =2.25
• Peak flow =0.781 m3/sec
• Minimum approach velocity @ avg. Velocity =0.3 m/sec
• Minimum velocity through screens =0.6 m/sec
• Maximum velocity through screens =1.2 m/sec
• Clear opening =12 mm
• Cross-sectional area of coarse screen =1.16 m2/sec
• Number of working and stand-by units =2 nos & 1 nos respectively
• Liquid depth and width =0.60 m & 1.0 m respectively
• Approach velocity @ avg. flow =0.29 m/sec
• Approach velocity @ peak flow =0.65 m/sec
• Velocity through screens @ peak flow =01.19 m/sec
• Head loss =0.4 m

3. DETRITOR TANK

• Average flow =30 MLD

• Average flow =0.347 cm/day
• Peak factor =2.25
• Peak flow =0.781 cum/day
• Velocity through detritor tank =0.30 m/sec
• Particle size to be removed =0.15 m/sec
 • Specific gravity of grit =2.65
• Settling velocity of particles =0.125 cum/sq.m/day or 0.0168
m/sec
• Coefficient “n” =0.125
• Efficiency =75%
• Surface loading =958.95 cum/sq.m/day
• Area of the tank =70.39 sq.m
• Number of working units =1
• Number of stand-by units =1
• Liquid depth =0.70 m

4. WASTEWATER FLOW DISTRIBUTION

• Average flow =30 MLD

• Peak factor =2.25
• Peak flow =0.781 cum/day
• Number of UASB reactors =4 nos.
• Number of feed inlet boxes =144 nos.
• Number of feed boxes per reactor =12 nos.
• Number of outlets per feed boxes =12 nos.
• Number of distribution boxes per reactor =2 nos.
• Number of outlets per distribution box =6 nos.
• Number of division box – 2 =4 nos.
• Number of division box – 1 =1 nos.
• Number of outlets per division box – 1 =4 nos.

5. DIVISIONAL BOX – 1

• Number of outlets =4 nos.

• Flow per outlet =0.195 cum/sec
• Wier length =1.50 m
• Diameter of CI pipe to distribution box =0.50 m
• Maximum velocity =0.99 m/sec

Overflow weirs of the same weir lengths are provided for equal division of incoming flow. The
crest of the overflow weirs is provided at the same level to ensure equal division.

6. DIVISIONAL BOX – 2

• Number of outlets =2 nos.

• Flow per outlet =0.098 cum/sec
 • Wier length =1.0 m
• Diameter of CI pipe to distribution box =0.35 m
• Maximum velocity =1.01 m/sec

Overflow weirs of the same weir lengths are provided for equal division of incoming flow. The
crest of the overflow weirs is provided at the same level to ensure equal division.

7. DISTRIBUTION BOX

• Number of outlets =2 nos.

• Flow per outlet =0.098 cum/sec
• Weir length =1.0 m
• The internal diameter of HDPE pipe =0.35 m
to feed the inlet box
• Velocity =1.01 m/sec

Overflow weirs of the same weir lengths are provided for equal division of incoming flow. The
crest of the overflow, weirs is provided at the same level to ensure equal division.

8. FEED INLET BOX

• Number of outlets =12 nos.

• Flow per outlet =0.0014 cum/sec
• Angle of V-notch =90o
• The outer diameter of HDPE pipe =90 mm

The crest of the V-notch is provided at the same level to ensure the distribution of the flow.

9. UASB REACTOR

• Average flow =1250.0 cum/hr

• Peak factor =2.25
• Peak flow =2812.5 cum/hr
• COD =525 mg/l
• BOD =400 mg/l
• BCOD =350 mg/l
• TSS =350 mg/l
• VSS =210 mg/l
• Ash content =40%
• SO4 =150 mg/l
• PO4 =12 mg/l
 • TKN =20 mg N/I sludge production
• Y total =0.08 Kg VSS Kg/COD influent
• Y meth =0.03 Kg VSS Kg/COD influent
• Degradation non-sludge VSS =50%
• Sludge ash content =57%
• Minimum temperature =23o C
• pH =7.0

10. UASB DESIGN CRITERIA

• Solids retention time =32.92 days

• Sludge bed concentration =60 Kg TSS/cum
• Max sludge bed height =80% of height to gas collector
• Average up-flow velocity =0.55 m/hr
• Max up-flow velocity =1.24 m/hr
• Max biogas loading =1.00 m/hr
• Average aperture velocity =2.22 m/hr
• Max aperture velocity =5.0 m/hr
• Angle gas collector =50o
• Hood width =0.44 m
• Settling zone surface percentage =75%
• Feed inlet point distance (max) =2.0 m
• Overlap =0.15 m
• UASB reactor height (SWD) =4.90 m
• Freeboard in reactor =0.50 m
• Total height of UASB reactor provided =5.40 m
• Gas collected height =2.10 m

11. CALCULATIONS OF DIMENSIONS

• Number of reactors =4 nos.

• Approximate reactor surface =568.18 sq.m
• Reactor volume =2784.10 cum

12. FEED INLET BOXES

• Feed inlets per reactor =144

• Feed inlet boxes per reactor =12
• Service area per box =48.0 sq.m
• Inlet distance =2.0 m
• Feed inlets per gas collector width =2
13. BIOGAS ESTIMATION

• TSS removal in UASB =75%

• Effluent TSS =90.0 mg TSS/I
• Sludge growth =9279 Kg/day
• Sludge to be removed =6279 Kg/day

14. SLUDGE DRYING BEDS

• Excess sludge produces in the plant per day =104.65 cum/day

• Frequency of sludge withdrawn in a week =6 days
• The volume of sludge to be withdrawn in a day =122.09 cum/day
• Excess sludge produces in the plant per year =38092.08 cum
• Cycle for the sludge drying and removal =7 days
• The volume of sludge per cycle =761.84 m3
• Depth of sludge application =0.2 m
• Sludge drying area =380921 m2
• Number of sludge drying beds =12 nos.

15. FACULTATIVE AERATED LAGOON

• Average flow =30 MLD

• Influent BOD in the lagoon =160 mg/l
• Soluble BOD in the lagoon =15 mg/l
• Sulphides in influent to lagoon =45 mg/l
• The temperature in the lagoon =23o C
• Hydraulic retention time =1.5 day
• Volume of lagoon =45000 m3
• Depth of lagoon =3.8 m for 1-day pond
• The surface area of 1-day pond =8571.43 m2
• Surface area of ½ day pond =10000.0 m2
• Soluble BOD in effluent =3.75 mg/l
• BOD in effluent =15
• BOD removal per day =4350 Kg/day
• Sulphide removal per day =1245 Kg/day
• Oxygen required =1867.50 Kg/day
• Total Oxygen required =3694.5 Kg/day
• Power required =172.49 HP
• Number of aerators =6 aerators of 20 HP
16. CHLORINE MIXING TANK

• Average flow =0.347 m3/sec

• Detention time at average flow =2 min
• Volume =41.64 m3
• Depth =2 m
• Area =20.82 m3
• Width =4.60 m
• Length =4.60 m

17. CHLORINE CONTACT TANK

• Average flow =0.347 m3/sec

• Detention time at average flow =30 min
• Volume =624.60 m3
• Depth =2.5 m
• Area =249.84 m3
• Width =11.20 m
• Length =22.40 m

18. SLUDGE PUMPING STATION

• Number of sludge pumping stations =1 nos.

• Number of per station =1
• Flow rate =100 m3/hr

A pump discharges excess sludge produced from two reactors from the sump to sludge drying
beds within 61 minutes.

• Solids handling capacity =40 mm hard & incompressible

80 mm soft & compressible
• Capacity of sump =61 m3
• The effective depth of sump =5.75 m
• Area of pump =10.62 m2
• Length of pump =4.5 m
• Width of pump =3 m
• Ground level of the sump =469 m
• The slope of the sludge line =1:300
• Minimum sludge level in the sump =465.3 m
• Maximum sludge level in the sump =471.48 m
• Top of the sump =471.98 m
• Bottom of the sump =464.53 m
Conveyance of sludge from sludge sump to sludge drying beds.
• Provide diameter of CI pipe =200 mm
• Velocity through pipe =0.88 m/sec
• Head provided =6 m

19. GAS HOLDER

• Biogas produces per day =512 m3/day

• Retention time =6 hrs
• Capacity of Gas Holder =128 m3
• Number of Gas Holders =1
• The cross-sectional area of the Gas Holder =49.23 m2
• The diameter of the Gas Holder =8 m
• Height of the Dome =0.8 m
• Water seal =0.40 m
• Freeboard =0.30 m
• Height of Gas Holder above walkway =0.60 m
• Total depth of the Gas Holder =4.70 m

20. SEWER LINE FROM STAFF QUARTER/ADMINISTRATION BLOCK

• Diameter of the GSW pipe =200 mm

• Length of sewer pipe from admin block to staff quarter =50 m
• Length of sewer pipe from staff quarter to last manhole of MPS =100 m
• Slope of sewer =1 in 200
• Ground level near Admin block =470 m
• Invert level of the first manhole near Admin block =469 m
• Invert level of a manhole near staff quarter =468.75 m
• Invert level of sewer near MPS sump well =468.25 m

21. TREATMENT EFFICIENCY

The treatment efficiency of various parameters in the UASB reactor and the Facultative
type of the aerated lagoon are tabulated below
 SR. PARAMETER INFLUENT UASB UASB FAL FAL
NO. VALUE % % % EFFL.
REMOVAL EFFLUENT REMOVAL VALUE
VALUE
1 BOD 400 60 160 60 22.5
2 TSS 350 75 8.50 60 350
3 Fecal coli 3 x 105 80 60000 * *
form

Fecal coli form removal efficiency in the UASB reactor is based on existing plant performance
in India. For achieving discharge standards for fecal coli forms the chlorination system is
provided after FAL.
 METHODOLOGY & TESTS CONDUCTED IN THE LABORATORY

The following materials and methods were used in the fulfilment of the major project work;

• Interacted with HMWSSB authorities to seek permission to complete our project in one of their
sewage treatment plants.
• Site visit to the Hisar STP and understanding the different concepts and engineering aspects
used for the treatment of the sewage water.
• Learning and observation of the functions and processes of different units under the guidance
of the STP in charge.
• Demonstration by laboratory staff, on different techniques for sampling and analysis of various
characteristics of sewage water according to their standards.
• Carried out different laboratory analyses to determine different parameters of the sewage water
(BOD, COD, TSS, pH, sulphides, DO, alkalinity etc...)
• Both instrumental and chemical analyses were performed to determine the parameters of the
sewage water.

The methods and types of equipment used for the analysis of the parameters are stated below;

I. pH Value:

The pH value of the sewage water is determined by using an instrument known as a pH

pen. The pH value of sewage water generally varies from 5.9 to 9.0 as per the design of
the plant. Initially, the pH pen is dipped into the distilled water and then into the buffer
solution to calibrate the pH pen (i.e. pH= 7.00). After the pH pen is calibrated the pen
accepts the value of pH equal to 7.00. After calibrating the pH pen, it is then dipped into
the sample of sewage water. The pH is completed when the pH pen shows a stable
reading. After this, the value of the pH is recorded.

II. Dissolved Oxygen:

The determination of the quantity of dissolved oxygen present in the sewage water is
determined by using DO meter. Simultaneously DO meter also displays the temperature
of the sample. DO meter is provided with a probe which consists of KCl solution and
membrane's filter paper. It includes a magnet inside a box on which the sample is placed
for testing. For determining the DO present in the waste water a sample of waste water is
taken in a borosilicate glass along with a stirrer and is placed on the DO meter. After that
the probe is placed on the top of the borosil glass and the data is analyzed. As the DO
meter consists of a magnet it stirs the sample and measures the amount of dissolved
oxygen present in the water.

Generally, the test is conducted for the influent sewage water and the treated water.
As per the standards, the DO limits for the influent and effluent are as follows
 For influent DO = 0
For effluent DO > 4 mg/lit as per the design

III. Sulphides:

The amount of sulphides present in the sewage water is determined by using a

Spectrophotometer. A Spectro photo meter is commonly used for the measurement of the
reflectance of solutions. It determines the amount of molecules present in the sewage
water as a function of wavelength. The wavelength of the Spectro photo meter generally
varies from 320nm-820nm. For the determination of sulphides in wastewater, initially,
the Spectro photo meter is calibrated using distilled water. Distilled water is taken in a
glass cell and placed in the spectrophotometer. After the calibration of the Spectro photo
meter, a sample of sewage water is taken in a 10mm glass cell in which 5ml of sample
along with three reagents are added to it such that 2drops of reagent 1, 5 drops of reagent
2, and 5 drops of reagent 3 are added. After adding the reagents to the sample the sample
is kept for 1 min for dilution of the reagents with the water. On adding the reagents to the
sample taken in a glass cell the colour of the waste water changes from its initial colour.

For influent, the colour changes to light blue and for effluent, it changes to light pink. The
limit of sulphides in influent varies from 0.50 - 1.00 mg/lit and for effluent it varies from
0.10 - 0.20 mg/lit. After the above steps are performed the glass cell consisting of the
sample is placed in the spectrometer and the results are recorded.
The above-described procedure is the same for effluent and influent wastewater.

IV. Total Suspended Solids:

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are the dry-weight of suspended particles that are not
dissolved in a sample of water that can be trapped by a filter. It is a water quality
parameter used to assess the quality of a specimen of any type of water. The
determination of total suspended solids (TSS) present in the sewage water is also
conducted using a spectrophotometer. The process of determining the TSS in sewage
water is similar to that of the process used for the determination of sulphides. After
calibrating the Spectro photo meter with distilled water, a sample of sewage water is
taken in a 20mm glass cell and placed in the Spectro Photo Meter.

The limit of the total suspended solids present in sewage water is as follows:
For effluent sewage water the amount of TSS should be less than 50 mg/lit
For influent sewage water, TSS varies from 300mg/lit - 500 mg/lit

V. Chemical Oxygen Demand:

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is defined as the amount of oxygen required for the
decomposition of organic matter present in sewage water and the oxidation of inorganic
chemicals. The amount of COD present in the sewage water is determined using
 Digestor. COD measures organic matter by using a chemical oxidant. A strong enough
oxidant must be used to react with virtually all organic material in the sample. Most COD
tests use potassium dichromate as the oxidant. Potassium dichromate is a hexavalent
chromium salt that is bright orange and is a very strong oxidant. Once dichromate
oxidises a substance it is converted to a trivalent form of chromium, which is a dull green
color. Digestion is performed on the samples with a set amount of the oxidant, sulfuric
acid, and heat (150). The digestion typically takes 2 hours to complete.
The test is performed as given below: An acid reagent (A) of 1.5 ml and digestion
solution (B) of 2 ml is added to 5 ml of sample water.
Acid reagent (A) includes sulphuric acid and silver sulphate. Digestion solution (B)
includes sulphuric acid, mercuric sulphate and potassium dichromate. Three glass tubes
of 16mm diameter are taken in which 1.5 ml of acid reagent (A) and 2 ml of digestion
solution (B) are added.

The composition taken in each glass tube is given below:

Glass tube 1
1.5ml- acid reagent (A) + 2ml -digestion solution (B) + 2ml of distilled water.

Glass tube 2
1.5ml- acid reagent (A) + 2ml -digestion solution (B) + 2ml of influent sample.

Glass tube 3
1.5ml- acid reagent (A) + 2ml digestion solution (B) + 2ml of effluent sample

The test tubes are then placed in the digestor and are heated for two hours at a
temperature of 150°C.

The results are thus recorded and the amount of COD is determined.

VI. Biochemical Oxygen Demand:

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is defined as the amount of dissolved oxygen

needed by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material present in a given
water sample at a certain temperature over a specific period. It is most commonly
expressed in mg/lit. The determination of BOD includes the preparation of a buffer
solution. The buffer solution is prepared as given below: In 100ml of distilled water 0.85
gm of potassium dihydrogen phosphate ( KH2PO4), 2.175mg of dipotassium hydrogen
phosphate (K2HPO4), 5.028mg of disodium hydrogen phosphate (NaHPO4), and 0.17gm
of ammonium chloride (NH4CL) is added. After the preparation of the buffer solution, a
solution of 2.25mg of magnesium sulphide with 100 ml of distilled water is prepared.
Similarly, another solution of 0.025mg of ferric chloride and 100ml of distilled water is
prepared. The same is done with 2.75 mg of calcium chloride. After the above procedure
is completed the BOD for the outlet is determined as follows: Two BOD bottles are taken
and indicated as A and B to which the following components are added in each bottle.
For outlet (effluent or treated sewage water)

BOTTLE A BOTTLE B

196 ml of distilled water

196 ml of distilled water
50 ml of outlet water sample
50 ml of outlet water sample
1 ml of each chemicals prepared as above
1 ml of each chemicals prepared as above

After preparing the sample as given above bottle A is placed in the DO meter and the
quantity of DO is determined which is considered as initial DO. The bottle B is placed in
an incubator at 27°C for 3 days or 5 days at 20°C. After placing the bottle B in the
incubator the quantity of DO present in bottle B is determined and considered as the final
DO.

The amount of BOD thus can be calculated as,

BOD = (initial DO - final DO)/ dilution factor

Where dilution factor = amount of water sample taken / total amount of sample in the
bottle.

The same procedure can be used for determining the BOD present in influent

For influent (inlet sewage water)

BOTTLE A BOTTLE B

290 ml of distilled water

290 ml of distilled water

5 ml water sample
5 ml water sample

1 ml of each chemicals prepared as above

1 ml of each chemicals prepared as above
VII. ALKALINITY:

Alkalinity can be defined as the ability of water to neutralise acid or to absorb hydrogen
ions. It is the sum of all acid-neutralizing bases. In municipal wastewater, the factors that
contribute to alkalinity include the type of dissolved inorganic and organic compounds
present in the water and the amount of suspended organic matter in the water. To
determine the alkalinity of sewage water, the following procedure is followed in the
plant.

A 250 ml of distilled water is taken in a measuring jar to which 7ml constant H2S04 of 1
Normality is added. In another measuring jar having 250 ml of distilled water 5 ml of the
above solution is added thus making the solution 0.02 Normality. 50 ml of sewage water
sample is taken in a conical flask and 2 drops of phenolphthalein and 2 drops of methyl
orange are added which changes the colour of the sample to light yellow.

The above-prepared HSO4 of 0.02 normality is filled in the burette. The water sample is
then titrated with the HSO4 solution filled in the burette until the colour of the water
sample changes from light yellow to light pink. When the colour of the sample is changed
titration is stopped the value of the burette reading is recorded and alkalinity is calculated
using the formula;

Alkalinity = (burette reading/volume of the sample) ×1000ml

 TEST RESULT

PARAMETRES UNITS VALUE

Mg/lit 251.25
BOD (INFLUENT)
Mg/lit 27.25
BOD (EFFLUENT)
Mg/lit 570
COD (INFLUENT)
Mg/lit 190
COD (EFFLUENT)
Mg/lit 389
TSS (INFLUENT)
Mg/lit <25
TSS (EFFLUENT) 20
Mg/lit 0.21
DO (INFLUENT)
Mg/lit 3.83
DO (EFFLUENT)

Mg/lit 400
ALKALINITY (INFLUENT)
Mg/lit 340
ALKALINITY (EFFLUENT)
 RECOMMENDATIONS

The following recommendations are made for the STP Hisar based on its performance and
other aspects. Though the STP is proposed and designed on a modular basis for the years 2011
and 2005, the Treatment plants are working with good efficiency and give good results.
However, as only 18 acres of the available land are being used and the excess wastewater is left
untreated, it is recommended that the plant capacity be further increased by increasing the units
which can help treat more amount of wastewater.

The methane gas which is generated during the treatment of waste water is not sufficient for the
generation of electricity and hence the gas is burned/flared in the flaring system. This is
because no strong raw sewage water is entering the plant. the production of the gas can be
increased by conduction bench scale and pilot student on co-treatment of wastewater. If it is
found to be successful, selected industries may be allowed to discharge their high-strength
organic sewage into the sewer after the removal of toxic components in the pre-treatment of the
wastewater in their factory premises. With the increase in the production of gas, the gas can be
used for the production of electricity which can be further used for the running of the plant.

As the sewage water after the treatment is again discharged into the river Musi, alternatively
the water can be made to divert into the agricultural land for the growth of plants.

It is further recommended to improve the efficiency of wastewater services by extending the

formation of plurimunicipal bodies to the whole territory, by applying the polluter pay principle
which can reduce the pollution of the water. It is also recommended to promote the use of
economic instruments such as pollution charges from industries and withdrawal charges for
agriculture and to implement national pollution reduction programmes for all hazardous
substances discharged into the water.
 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

With the four different types of processes for the treatment of the sewage water, it was found
that the UASB followed by the Facultative Aerated lagoon has advantages compared to other
techniques in all aspects. It was found that UASB+ FAL is the techno-economical and best
suited for the treatment of the sewage water that enters the plant. Further using this method
about 75% of BOD is removed resulting in the production of methane gas which is further
useful for the production of electricity and also for cooking gas. The main advantage of this
process is it almost runs through mechanical systems, and less manpower is required. Looking
at the cost comparison and other factors influencing the treatment process it has been decided
to adopt the sewage treatment scheme consisting of UASB and Facultative Aerated lagoons.
The facultative aerated lagoon system is suited for municipal and industrial wastewater of low
to medium strength, but in FAL water treatment, some solids leave along with the effluent
stream and 50-60% of BOD is removed in this treatment. The construction vision is not only
limited to the beauty of the residential/industrial plans but is also environmentally friendly.
This visit gave us knowledge about the purification of sewage water on a large scale. We came
to know about the importance of the purification of water which was carried out at the plant
under various processes. Proper design, engineering, operation and maintenance are imperative
for the successful and satisfactory performance of the treatment plant. Every unit in the plant
performed at its optimal and most efficient design for the overall satisfaction of the treatment
plant. Every unit in the plant is directly or indirectly related to other units.
 REFERENCES

• WATER SUPPLY AND SANITORY ENGINEERING (ENVIRONMENT

ENGINEERING) by Rangwala- 25th edition.
• WATER SUPPLY & SANITARY ENGINEERING (including Environmental Engineering
& Pollution Control Act) by G. S. BIRDIE, J. S. BIRDIE - 9TH edition.
• A detailed project report for the sewage treatment plant at Nallacheruvu by HMWSSB
• Nallacheruvu Sewage Treatment Plant https://sites.google.com/site/nchstp30/home
• An article on AERATED LAGOON by WATER TREATMENT
https://www.google.co.in/amp/www.thewatertresatments.com/wastewater-sewage-
treatment/aerated- lagoon/amp
• Newsletter and technical publications by UNITED NATIONS AND ENVIRONMENT
PROGRAMME https://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/Publications/TechPublications/TechPub-15/2-
4/4-2-3.as
• White Paper: The Role Of Alkalinity In Aerobic Wastewater Treatment Plants
https://www.wateronline.com/doc/the-role-of-alkalinity-in-aerobic-wastewater-000