EE-163(C&P) lesson_05 EED FR, IA

Loops
One of the very powerful control structures is Repetition Statements in C++. Repetition statements allow
to repeat a block of code until a certain condition is true. Repetition statements are commonly referred
as loops and they can be implemented in the following ways
i. while
ii. for
iii. do while
In this lesson, repetition statements i & ii are discussed. (Students can learn iii by themselves)

while Loop
while loop is implemented using the following style.

Statements written inside the body of the while loop will continue to repeat until the rel exp becomes
false. There must be a statement inside the body that will eventually make the rel exp false. Otherwise the
loop will run infinite times. This is explained in the following codes.
les_05_code_01.cpp
1. #include<iostream>
2. using namespace std;

3. int main (void)

4. {
5. int count = 1;
6. while (count <= 10)
7. {
8. cout<<"Hello world!\n";
9. ++count;
10. }
11. return 0;
12. }
Output

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_05 EED FR, IA

les_05_code_02.cpp
// infinite while loop
// objective of this code is to introduce the idea of infinite loop

1. #include<iostream>
2. using namespace std;

3. int main()
4. {
5. int count = 0;
6. while(count < 10)
7. {
a. cout<<"Hello World!\n";
8. }
9. return 0;
10. }

Generally, a while loop contains the following components

i. Loop control variable: A variable mostly inside the relational expression.
ii. Relational Expression
iii. Body (Multiple statements)
iv. A statement that makes the relational expression false
Based on the way, the statement which makes the relational expression false, while loop can be
categorized into two types.
i. Count Controlled
ii. Sentinel Controlled

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_05 EED FR, IA

If the relational expression becomes false after a certain count is achieved, the while loop is count
controlled. les_05_code_01.cpp is the example of count controlled while loop. Let’s see another example
of count controlled while loop implementation.
les_05_code_03.cpp
// count controlled while loop
// interest calculation

1. #include<iostream>
2. using namespace std;

3. int main()
4. {
5. double balance, rate;
6. int years, count;
7. cout<<"What is the starting balance : ";
8. cin>>balance;
9. cout<<"What is the annual interest rate : ";
10. cin>>rate;
11. cout<<"How many years to calculate interest : ";
12. cin>>years;
13. count = 1;
14. while(count <= years)
15. {
16. balance *= rate;
17. ++count;
18. }
19. cout<<"After "<<years<<" years, balance will be "
20. <<balance<<endl;
21. return 0;
22. }

Output

les_05_code_04.cpp
// count controlled while loop
// interest calculation modified

1. #include<iostream>
2. using namespace std;

3. int main()

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_05 EED FR, IA

4. {
5. double balance, rate;
6. int years, count;
7. cout<<"What is the starting balance : ";
8. cin>>balance;
9. cout<<"What is the annual interest rate : ";
10. cin>>rate;
11. cout<<"How many years to calculate interest : ";
12. cin>>years;
13. count = 1;
14. while(count <= years)
15. {
16. balance *= rate;
17. cout<<count<<" : "<<balance<<endl;
18. ++count;
19. }
20. cout<<"After "<<years<<" years, balance will be "
21. <<balance<<endl;
22. return 0;
23. }

Output

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_05 EED FR, IA

Sentinel Controlled
If the relational expression is controlled on the basis of a certain input, the while loop is termed as sentinel
control. See the example
// les_05_code_05.cpp
1. #include<iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. int main()
4. {
5. int grade, gradeTotal, numGrades;
6. numGrades = gradeTotal = 0;
7. double average;
8. cout<<"Enter grade or -1 to quit : ";
9. cin>>grade;
10.
11. while(grade != -1)
12. {
13. gradeTotal += grade;
14. ++numGrades;
15. cout<<"Enter grade or -1 to quit : ";
16. cin>>grade;
17. }
18.
19. average = (float)gradeTotal/numGrades;
20. cout<<"Average grade is : "<<average;
21. return 0;
22. }
Output

Write a program that take two numbers from user and multiply them without using *
(multiplication) operator.
Solution is in les_05_code_06.cpp

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_05 EED FR, IA

for Loop
One another way to implement the repetition statements in C++ is to use for loop. For loop is always
count controlled. The following code will help you learn the syntax and idea of for loop. (Note it is
possible to use while instead of for and for instead of while in many cases, so as a student you should
learn both and practice enough to recognize when to use what)
les_05_code_07.cpp
// for loop
// syntax

1. #include<iostream>
2. using namespace std;

3. int main()
4. {
5. for(int i = 1; i<11; i++)
6. {
7. cout<<"Hello World\n";
8. }
9. return 0;
10. }

Output

les_05_code_08.cpp
// for loop with manual increment

1. #include<iostream>
2. using namespace std;

3. int main()

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_05 EED FR, IA

4. {
5. for(int i = 1; i<11; i+=2)
6. {
7. cout<<i<<" Hello World\n";
8. }
9. return 0;
10. }
Output

les_05_code_09.cpp
// interest calculation with for loop

1. #include<iostream>
2. using namespace std;

3. int main()
4. {
5. double balance, rate;
6. int years;
7. cout<<"What is the starting balance : ";
8. cin>>balance;
9. cout<<"What is the annual interest rate : ";
10. cin>>rate;
11. cout<<"How many years to calculate interest : ";
12. cin>>years;
13. for(int i = 1; i<=years; ++i)
14. {
15. balance *= rate;
16. }
17. cout<<"After "<<years<<" years, balance will be "
18. <<balance<<endl;
19. return 0;
20. }

Output

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_05 EED FR, IA

Nested for Loop

les_05_code_10.cpp
// nested for loop

1. #include<iostream>
2. using namespace std;

3. int main()
4. {
5. char star = '*';
6. for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
7. {
8. for(int j = 0; j < 5; ++j)
9. {
10. cout<<star;
11. }
12. cout<<endl;
13. }
14. return 0;
15. }

Output

les_05_code_11.cpp
// nested for loop

1. #include<iostream>
2. using namespace std;

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_05 EED FR, IA

3. int main()
4. {
5. char star = '*';
6. for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
7. {
8. for(int j = 0; j <= i; ++j)
9. {
10. cout<<star;
11. }
12. cout<<endl;
13. }

14. return 0;
15. }

Output

les_05_code_12 (UIY Understand it yourself)

1. #include<iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. int main()
4. {
5. char star = '*';
6. for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
7. {
8. for(int j = 0; j <= i; ++j)
9. {
10. cout<<star;
11. }
12. cout<<endl;
13. }

14. for (int i = 5; i > 0; --i)

15. {
16. for(int j = i; j > 0; --j)
17. {
18. cout<<star;
19. }

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EE-163(C&P) lesson_05 EED FR, IA

20. cout<<endl;
21. }
22. return 0;
23. }

Output

les_05_code_13.cpp

1. #include<iostream>
2. using namespace std;

3. int main()
4. {
5. for(int row = 1; row <= 5; ++row)
6. {
7. for(int col = 1; col <= 5; ++col)
8. {
9. cout<<row<<" * "<<col<<" = "
10. <<row * col<<"\t";
11. }
12. cout<<endl;
13. }
14. }

Output

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