CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY

CRANE SAFETY

B.E.S.O. SAFETY TRAININGS & CONSULTANCY SERVICES

DOLE Accredited OSH Training Organization: No. 1030-061721-127

[email protected] #AngatAngEpektibo
 ABOUT THE PRESENTER

MR. JOBELLE BASA MALAYGAY

PRC Registered Civil Engineer (2008)

DOLE Accredited OSH Consultant (2018)

Top 15, DOLE Gawad Kaligtasan at Kalusugan (GKK) 2014

Awardee, MDC Achiever in Construction Excellence (2015)

Recipient, SOPI Outstanding Safety Practitioner 2017

DOLE Accredited OSH Practitioner in Construction (2013)

Training Officer – MDC STO, Nov 2017 to April 2019

Operations Center EHS Head, May 2012 to Nov 2017

14 years of actual experience in the field of

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in various industries
 OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of the module, participants will be able to:

• Define materials handling and the related accidents

• Define what is crane and know the basic types of
cranes including the hazards associated
• Enumerate crane safety guidelines and procedures
• Determine examples of rigging accessories and safety
requirements
 CONTENTS

• Definition of materials handling

• Materials handling accidents

• Basic types of cranes

• Hazards in crane operations

• Rigging accessories, safety requirements and

precautions
 INTRODUCTION

• Materials handling (hoisting) is the lifting of weight

using a hoist from one location and moving it to another
location.

• Big projects such as the construction of buildings, dams,

bridges, etc. require hoisting equipment.

• Hoisting equipment includes winches, chain hoists, and

cranes.

• Crane is the only single machine that, as a single piece, is

capable of providing three-dimensional movement of the
weight.
COMMON ACCIDENTS IN LIFTING
OPERATIONS
MATERIALS HANDLING ACCIDENTS
MATERIALS HANDLING ACCIDENTS
MATERIALS HANDLING ACCIDENTS
CRANE ACCIDENTS
CRANE ACCIDENTS

Bent/buckled section
CRANE ACCIDENTS
CRANE ACCIDENTS
CRANE ACCIDENTS
 HOW DO ACCIDENTS OCCUR?

The main causes of crane accidents are:

• Lack of planning and supervision
• Failure to correctly calculate or
estimate the load
• Failure of personnel to carry out
the correct procedures
• Use of wrong lifting gears or
accessories
• Careless and being complacent
• Faulty devices or machines
HOW DO ACCIDENTS OCCUR?
WHO’S AT RISK
CRANE
 CRANE MECHANICAL PRINCIPLE

Major considerations in the design of cranes:

• the crane must be able to lift the weight of the load
• the crane must not topple
• the crane must not rupture

The principles involved are:

• lifting capacity
• stability
 APPLICABLE OSH RULES FOR
CRANES

CRANES
• Are classified as heavy equipment that is defined in DO 13
as any machine with an engine or electric motor as a prime
mover with minimum operating weight and horsepower
rating of 1,000 KG and 10 HP, respectively.

DO13 Section 10
• CRANES must be tested and certified prior to
commissioning.
• CRANE OPERATORS and RIGGERS must be tested and
certified by TESDA.
 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CRANES

MOBILE CRANES:
• The type of crane which
moves from one place to
another as well as movement
of the crane basic tools.

FIXED CRANES:
• The type of crane which lift
the loads without any
appreciable movement.
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CRANES
(PARTS OF MOBILE CRANE)
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CRANES
(PARTS OF TOWER CRANE)
 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CRANES
(MOBILE CRANE – TRUCK MOUNTED)

TRUCK MOUNTED CRANE:

• It is the crane’s mounted on a rubber tire truck which will
provide the stability.
• The truck cranes have a self-contained telescoping boom.
• In case of larger machines, the width of the out-triggered
vehicle may reach 40 feet.
 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CRANES
(MOBILE CRANE – LATTICE-BOOM TRUCK MOUNTED)

LATTICE-BOOM TRUCK MOUNTED:

• Lattice boom structure is light weight.
• Reduction in boom weight means additional lift capacity, as
the machine predominantly handles hoist load and less
weight of boom.
• It does take long time to
assemble.
 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CRANES
(MOBILE CRANE – ROUGH TERRAIN)

ROUGH TERRAIN:
• A crane mounted on an undercarriage with four rubber tires
that is designed for pick-and-carry operations and for off-
road and ‘rough terrain’ applications.
• It can move on slopes up to 70%.
• Most have 4-wheel drive and 4-wheel
steering which allows them to traverse
tighter and slicker terrain than a
standard truck crane with fewer site
preparations.
 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CRANES
(MOBILE CRANE – ALL TERRAIN)

ALL TERRAIN:
• Designed with an undercarriage capable of long distance
highway travel.
• Yet the carrier has all-axle drive and all wheel steering.
Crab steering, large tires and high ground clearance.
• Has dual cabs, a lower cab
for fast highway travel and a
super structure cab that has
both drive and crane controls.
 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CRANES
(MOBILE CRANE – CRAWLER)

CRAWLER:
• A crane mounted on an undercarriage
with a set of tracks (also called crawlers)
that provide stability and mobility.
• This particular asset class is ideal for
working in a confined or small area where
a big crane can not reach.
• Crawler crane commands their position at
big infra projects.
• These cranes are well suited for piling,
drilling, and pipe laying operation by
just adding a suitable attachment.
 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CRANES
(FIXED – TOWER CRANE)

• It is called a tower crane because of the large tower-like

structure the crane pivots around.
• Tower cranes are used because they are efficient at lifting and
moving heavy materials while having a relatively small
footprint on site.
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CRANES
(HOW A TOWER CRANE PERFORM LIFTS?)
 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CRANES
(TOWER CRANE – HAMMERHEAD)

• The hammerhead tower

crane is recognizable
through its vertical mast
(tower) with a horizontal jib
that supports both the cab.

• A trolley runs along the

mast horizontally carrying
the cable and hook.

• This allows the hook position

to be in any position along
the mast.
 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CRANES
(TOWER CRANE – LUFFING JIB)

• A luffing jib tower

crane, often called a
luffing or luffer crane.
• The crane
is recognizable due to
its diagonal arm.
• When combined with
the angled arm the
luffing jib tower crane
typically has a higher
capacity than the
hammerhead crane.
 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CRANES
(TOWER CRANE – DERRICK)

• Derrick cranes are

unique in nature
because of their
outriggers which allow
them to sit on a surface.
• They are assembled in
pieces and are often
used to either assemble
or disassemble tower
cranes.
• They are operated by
remote control which is
either wired or wireless.
 HAZARDS IN CRANE OPERATIONS

• Collapse, an overturning of
the crane or its accessories
• Workers falling from heights
• Collision with another crane
and/or structures nearby
• Crane overloading
• Dropped loads, materials
falling
• Hitting an overhead power
lines
 REASONS FOR CRANE ACCIDENTS
TO OCCUR

• Instability of the crane, instability

of the load, or poor ground
conditions (too soft or not level)
• Lack of communication between
the operator and ground personnel
• Untrained and/or incompetent
crane operators
• Inadequate maintenance or
inspection of equipment
• Using unsuitable or damaged
lifting accessories
 REASONS FOR CRANE ACCIDENTS
TO OCCUR

• Materials not secured

properly
• Failure to maintain the crane
and consistently check it for
defects and damage
• Failure to erect the crane
properly
• Failure to allow sufficient
space between cranes and
adjacent cranes and structures
CRANE SAFETY
 SELECTION OF CRANES

For the correct selection of cranes, the following factors

shall be considered:

• Weights and dimensions of

loads
• Height of lift and distances /
areas of movements of loads
• Number and frequency of lifts
• Period of time for the lifting
operation
• Ground conditions
• Other factors
TESTING, EXAMINATION AND
INSPECTION

• All testing and examination of

cranes must be carried out by
competent inspectors and the
regular inspections completed
by competent personnel.

• All testing examination and

inspection reports and
certificates shall be properly
kept.
 SAFE WORKING LOAD (SWL)

• The Safe Working Load (SWL) for operating the crane

shall be specified according to the results of test and
examination certificates, and such loads must not be
exceeded during the lifting operation.
 OSHS RULE 1415.08: SAFE
WORKING LOADS

• Safe load at various radii of the jib shall be

marked on the jib displayed in the driver’s cabin or fitted
with an automatic safe load indicator.

• No lifting appliance shall be loaded beyond its

safe working load.
 REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE

• All cranes shall have

regular
maintenance, to
ensure they always
kept in good operating
conditions.
 GENERAL SAFETY RULES

• DO NOT attempt to lift loads beyond the specified capacity.

• Center the load before hoisting, to avoid swinging motion.
• DO NOT operate the crane if controls and cables are
defective.
• Follow signals from certified riggers.
• Make sure that nothing obstructs the movement of the load.
• DO NOT pass the load over workers.
• DO NOT leave suspended loads unattended.
LOAD CAPACITY
 MOBILE CRANE LOAD CAPACITY

• The only way to

know if the load
you are lifting with
a mobile crane is
within the
limitations of the
crane is to relate
the lift to the
manufacturer’s
load chart and
notes.
TOWER CRANE LOAD CAPACITY
HOOK REQUIREMENT
 HOOK

• HOOKS are a vital part of lifting gear.

• A variety of them cater for different lifting purposes.
POINTS FOR ATTENTION
LOAD CAPACITY
HOOK AND LINK INSPECTION
 WIRE ROPE
REQUIREMENT
INSPECTION POINTS AND POINTS
FOR ATTENTION
WIRE ROPE INSPECTION
 BASIC RULES FOR
SAFE OPERATION OF CRANES
DAILY OPERATOR CHECKS
CRANE SETTING UP
CRANE LOAD CAPACITY
BEFORE LIFTING
BEFORE LIFTING
BEFORE LIFTING
BEFORE LIFTING
 HAND SIGNALS

• During the lifting

operation, the rigger
shall communicate
with the operator.

• Other communication
methods (e.g., two-
way radio) may also
be used.
 OSHS RULE 1415.07: CRANE
OPERATION AND SIGNALING

• A lifting appliance shall not be operated other than

by a person trained, competent, physically fit, and
authorized to operate the appliance.

• When the operator of a lifting appliance has no clear and

unrestricted view of the load for safe working, there shall
be appointed one or more signal men to give the
necessary signals to the operator.

• Every signal given for the movement or stopping of a lifting

appliance shall be distinctive in character and the person
to whom it is given is able to hear or see it
easily.
MOBILE CRANE SAFE OPERATIONS
TOWER CRANE SAFE OPERATIONS
TOWER CRANE SAFE OPERATIONS
 OSHS RULE 1415.04: ANCHORAGE
AND LOAD TEST OF CRANES

• When lifting appliances are used on soft or uneven ground

or on a slope, adequate measures shall be taken to ensure
their stability or undue movement.
• No crane shall be used for raising or lowering loads unless:
— it is securely anchored;
— adequately balanced by a weight properly placed and secured;
• A report of the test shall be recorded in a log book.
• The maximum load allowed shall be affixed in a place where
it can be readily be seen by the crane operator.
• No crane shall be used or erected under conditions
likely to endanger stability.
MOVING A LOAD
MOVING A LOAD
MOVING A LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
METHOD
METHOD
 ENVIRONMENT

• Safe lifting can be affected by rain, thunderstorms,

strong winds, ground conditions and overhead
powerlines

• Rains creates wet and

slippery ground, loose soil
and landslides.

• During thunderstorms,
stop lifting operations
immediately.
ENVIRONMENT
 ENVIRONMENT

• Stay well clear of overhead power lines. Observe the

suggested minimum safe distance by your electric service
provider.
OPERATING ON SLOPE
FOR MOBILE CRANE
 OPERATING ON SLOPE FOR MOBILE
CRANE

• Operations should
be undertaken
according to the
crane
manufacturer's
instructions.
• Inspect ground
conditions before
lifting and moving
loads.
• Plan the path of
travel before
operating the crane.
 OPERATING ON SLOPE FOR MOBILE
CRANE

• Use rated lifting equipment, such as slings or spreader beams.

• The signalman/rigger should be seen by the operator and
should not be positioned between the load and the crane.
 OPERATING ON SLOPE FOR MOBILE
CRANE

• When climbing or
descending a slope,
the center of gravity of
the suspended load
moves towards the
tipping point, thereby
reducing the crane's
forward stability.
• Operators should keep
the load up-hill of the
crane, i.e., drive in
reverse down a slope
to keep the load close
to the crane.
RIGGING EQUIPMENT /
ACCESSORIES
 OSHS RULE 1415.01: LIFTING
APPLIANCES

Every lifting appliance including working gear and all other

plant equipment used for anchoring or fixing shall:
• be of good mechanical construction
• of sound material
• adequate strength for the load it
will carry
• be properly maintained and
inspected at least once a week
 OSHS RULE 1415.10: TESTING AND
EXAMINATION OF LIFTING APPLIANCES

• No lifting appliance shall be used unless it has

been tested and examined thoroughly initially and every
year thereafter by a competent person.

• No lifting appliance
which has undergone
substantial
alteration or repair
affecting its strength or
stability shall be used
unless it is tested and
thoroughly examined by a
competent person.
 CHAIN SLINGS

• Chain slings are made up of chain rings.

• The advantage of chain slings is that they deteriorate and
corrode less.
• The entire chain becomes unsafe if problems arise in any
section.
CHAIN SLING INSPECTION
SHACKLES
SHACKLE INSPECTION
EYE BOLTS
EYE BOLT INSPECTION
 RINGS, LINKS, SWIVELS

• Most of the rings, links and swivels are marked with Safe
Working Loads (SWL).
• If no SWL is marked, the SWL tables shall be checked
according to their diameters.
RINGS AND LINKS
 SPREADER BEAMS

• Spreader beams are

commonly used for
lifting long loads.

• The weight of spreader

beams shall be
included as part of the
lifting load.

• Each of the contacted

points shall not exceed
the SWL.
WEB SLINGS
 WEB SLINGS

• A synthetic web sling shall be removed from service

immediately if any of the following conditions are present:
 OSHS RULE 1415.16: CHAINS,
ROPES AND LIFTING GEARS

• No chain, rope or lifting gear shall be used unless:

— it is of good construction, sound material, of adequate strength,
suitable quality, and free from potent defects
— it has been tested and examined by a competent person specifying
the safe working load
 OSHS RULE 1415.16: CHAINS,
ROPES AND LIFTING GEARS

• No wire rope shall be used for lifting and lowering if the total number of
visible broken wires exceed five percent of the total number of wires in
the rope.
• No lifting gears altered or repaired by welding shall be used unless it is
tested and examined and its working load specified in the test.
 OSHS RULE 1415.16: CHAINS,
ROPES AND LIFTING GEARS

• Hooks for missing or lowering of load shall have devices to

prevent displacement of sling or load.

• No double or multiple sling shall be

used if the upper ends are not
connected by means of shackle, ring
or link of adequate strength or the
safe working load is exceeded.

• No chain, rope or lifting gear shall be

used unless it is thoroughly examined
by a competent person at intervals of
six (6) months.
WIRE ROPE SIZING
 PRECAUTIONS IN THE USE OF WIRE
ROPE

• Know the correct use of the equipment, the slinging

procedures and the sling strength factors to be applied
before lifting.

• Use wire rope slings at rated limits.

• Check both before and after using wire rope to detect any
damage or defects.

• Inspect and tighten fittings

regularly.
 PRECAUTIONS IN THE USE OF WIRE
ROPE

• Keep fingers and toes clear when tensioning slings and

when landing loads.
• Reduce rope stress with slow starts and stops.
• Keep wire rope slings well lubricated and inspect them often.
Use non-acidic lubricants.
• Remove damaged slings
from service and tag
appropriately.
• Store wire ropes on racks in
a clean, dry place and
protect from corrosion.
 WHAT YOU SHOULD AVOID WHEN
USING WIRE ROPE SLINGS

• DO NOT bend slings around sharp edges.

• DO NOT force, hammer or wedge slings or fittings into
position. They must fit freely.
• NEVER join wire rope slings made from different lays of rope
together as it can seriously affect the lifting capacity.
• DO NOT use slings with knots.
• NEVER attempt to shorten or tie wire rope slings.
 WHAT YOU SHOULD AVOID WHEN
USING WIRE ROPE SLINGS

• NEVER shock load wire rope slings.

• DO NOT slide the load along a rope.
• DO NOT use a single leg hitch on a load that cannot be
controlled; rotation of a load can undo the wire rope strands
and weaken the rope.
• DO NOT make slings from discarded hoist wire rope.
questions
 KEY POINTS

• A crane is a machine that is used to lift and move heavy loads,

machines, materials, and goods for a variety of purposes.

• Correct lifting can move large objects efficiently and reduce

manual handling operations. Incorrect lifting, however, can
lead to disastrous accidents.

• Major concerns for crane operations are collision, falling loads,

overhead power lines, working on a slope, and
damaged/defective lifting gears.

• Provided that enough safety measures are fully

implemented, lifting accidents can be reduced.
THAT WOULD BE ALL. THANK YOU!