The document discusses various types of sensors used in remote sensing including optical, thermal, and multispectral sensors. It describes key sensor characteristics such as spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. The document focuses on optical-mechanical and optical-electronic sensors and their major components and scanning techniques.
The document discusses various types of sensors used in remote sensing including optical, thermal, and multispectral sensors. It describes key sensor characteristics such as spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. The document focuses on optical-mechanical and optical-electronic sensors and their major components and scanning techniques.
The document discusses various types of sensors used in remote sensing including optical, thermal, and multispectral sensors. It describes key sensor characteristics such as spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. The document focuses on optical-mechanical and optical-electronic sensors and their major components and scanning techniques.
The document discusses various types of sensors used in remote sensing including optical, thermal, and multispectral sensors. It describes key sensor characteristics such as spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. The document focuses on optical-mechanical and optical-electronic sensors and their major components and scanning techniques.
Mamta Rani ASSIST. PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF ECE, JECRC Optical Remote Sensing 2
Optical remote sensing makes use of visible, near infrared and short-wave infrared sensors to form images of the earth's surface by detecting the solar radiation reflected from targets ontheground
Photography (Photogrammetry)
Thermal Scanner
Multispectral Sensor for Remote Sensing 3 Wave Length Band for Principal Sensor 4 Sensor: Optical-Mechanical-Electrical Sensors 5
We shall concentrate the discussion on
optical-mechanical-electronic radiometers and scanners, leaving the subjects of camera-film systems and active radar for Seminar assignment !!
Major elements of Electro-optical Scanner
Optical System: lenses, mirrors, apertures, modulators and dispersion devices Detectors: provides an electrical signal proportional to the irradiance on its active surface, generally some type of semiconductors Signal processors: perform specified functions on the electrical signal to provide A typical electro-optical sensor design. the desired output data Sensor for Remote Sensing 6
The two broadest classes of sensors are
Passive(energy leading to radiation received comes from an external source, e.g., the Sun; the MSSis an example) and
Active (energy generated from within the sensor system is beamed
outward, and the fraction returned is measured; radar is anexample) Sensor for Remote Sensing 7
Another attribute in this classification is whether the sensoroperates in a
non-scanning or a scanning mode. If the scene is sensed point by point (equivalent to small areas within the scene) along successive lines over a finite time, this mode of measurement makes up a scanning system. And if the entire sceneis senseddirectly with the sensorthen its terms asnon- scanning system Most non-camera sensors operating from moving platforms image the scene by scanning. For example, A film camera held rigidly in the hand is a non-scanning device that captures light almost instantaneously when the shutter is opened, then closed. But when the camera and/or the target moves,as with a movie camera, it in a senseis performing scanning as such. Sensor for Remote Sensing 8
Sensorscanbe Non-imaging (measures the radiation received from all points in the sensed target, integrates this, and reports the result as an electrical signal strength or someother quantitative attribute, suchasradiance) or Imaging (the electrons released are used to excite or ionize a substance like silver (Ag) in film or to drive an image producing device like a TV or computer monitor or a cathode ray tube or oscilloscope or a battery of electronic detectors Sensor for Remote Sensing 9
Radiometer is a general term for
any instrument that quantitatively measures the EM radiation in some interval of the EMspectrum. When the radiation is light from the narrow spectral band including the visible, the term photometer can be substituted. If the sensor includes a component, such as a prism or diffraction grating, that can break radiation extending over a part of the spectrum into discrete wavelengths and disperse (or separate) them at different angles to an array of detectors, it is called a spectrometer. Sensor for Remote Sensing 10
The term spectro-radiometer is
reserved for sensors that collect the dispersed radiation in bands rather than discrete wavelengths. Most air/space sensors are spectroradiometers.
Sensorsthat instantaneously measure
radiation coming from the entire scene at once are called framing systems. The eye, a photo camera, and a TV vidicon belong to this group. Sensor for Remote Sensing 11
The optical setup for imaging sensors will be either an image plane or an object plane set up depending on where lens is before the photon rays are converged (focused), asshownin theillustration.
For the image plane
arrangement, the lens receives parallel light rays after these are deflected to it by the scanner, with focusing at the end.
For the object plane setup, the
rays are focused at the front end (and have a virtual focal point in back of the initial optical train), and are intercepted by the scanner before coming to a full focus at a detector. Sensor for Remote Sensing 12
Twobroad categories of most scanners are defined by the terms
"optical-mechanical" and "optical-electronic", Both are distinguished by the former containing an essential mechanical component (e.g., a moving mirror) that participates in scanning the scene and by the latter having the sensed radiation move directly through the optics onto a linear or two-dimensional array of detectors optical-mechanical optical- electronic Sensor for Remote Sensing 13
Another attribute of remote sensors, not shown in the classification, relates to
the modes in which those that follow some forward-moving track (referred to as the orbit or flight path) gather their data. Cross-track scanners Along track scanners
In doing so, they are said to monitor the path over an area out to the sides of the path; this is known as the swath width. Sensor for Remote Sensing 14
This is sometimes referred to as the
Whiskbroom mode from the vision of sweeping a table side to side by a small handheld broom.
The Cross Track mode normally uses a
rotating (spinning) or oscillating mirror (making the sensoranoptical- mechanical device) to sweep the scene along a line traversing the ground Sensor for Remote Sensing 15
Also knownasPushbroomScanners
Sensea swathwith an linear array of
CCD’s
Because pushbroom scanners have no
mechanical parts, their mechanical reliability can be veryhigh Sensor Resolutions 16
Spatial Resolution
Spectral Resolution
Radiometric Resolution
Temporal Resolution radiometric
The ratio of distance on an image or map, to actual ground distance is
referred to as scale. Spatial Resolution 17
Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV) is
the angular cone of visibility of the sensor (A) and determines the area on the Earth's surface which is "seen" from a given altitude at one particular moment in time (B) Spatial Resolution 18
This is a measure of the area or size of the smallest dimensions on the earth’s surface over which an independent measurement can be made by the sensor It is expressed by the size of the pixel on the ground in m A measure of size of pixel is given by the IFOV,which is dependent on the altitude and the viewing angle of the sensor A narrow viewing angle or a lower altitude produces a small IFOV
If a sensor has a spatial resolution of 20 metres and an image from
that sensor is displayed at full resolution, each pixel represents an area of 20m x 20m on the ground For a pushbroom system the number of detectors influences the spatial resolution A system with 1,000 detectors that images a 50 km wide swath has a pixel size of 50m Spatial Resolution 19 Spatial Resolution 20
In this case, resolution refers to the pixel (cell) size (the area covered on the ground and represented by a single cell).
A higher spatial resolution implies that there are more pixels per unit area; therefore, the graphic on the left represents a higher spatial resolution than the graphic on the right. Spatial Resolution 21 Spatial Resolution versus Scale 22
The scale of the image on the
left (1:50,000) is smaller than the scale of the image on the right (1:2,500); however, the spatial resolution (cell size) of the data is the same.
The spatial resolution of the data
used in the image on the left is lower than the spatial resolution of the data used in the image on the right. This means the cell size of the data in the left image is larger than that of the data in the right image; however, the scale at which each is displayed is the same. Spectral Resolution 23
The spectral resolution of a sensor
characterizes the ability of the sensor to resolve the energy received in a spectral bandwidth to characterise Coarse different constituents of earth surface Spectral resolution is defined as the spectral bandwidth of the filter and the sensitiveness of the detector Fine
Spectral resolution describes the ability
of a sensor to define fine wavelength intervals. The finer the spectral resolution, the narrower the wavelength range for a particular channel or band Spectral Resolution 24
Many remote sensing systems record energy over several separate
wavelength ranges at various spectral resolutions. These are referred to as multi-spectral, superspectral, and hyperspectralsensors
Panchromatic
Multispectral Multispectral and Hyperspectral Resolution 25
The radiometric resolution of an imaging system describes its ability to
discriminate very slight differences in energy. i.e., it is a measure of how many grey levels are measured between pure black (no reflectance) to pure white. It is measured in bits Examples 1 bit (21) – 2 levels 7 bits (27) – 128 levels IRS 1A & 1B 8 bits (2 ) 8–256 levels Ladnsat TM 11
bits (2 ) 1–1 2048 levels NOAA –
AVHRR
In a 8 bit system, black is measured
as 0 and white is measured as 255.
Imagery data are represented by positive Digital Numbers (DN) which vary from 0 to (one less than) a selected power of 2 according to bit system. Radiometric Resolution 27
1 bit (21)
8 bits (28) 8 bits (28)
Radiometric Resolution 28
A remote sensing system with a radiometric resolution of 6 bits assigns a
digital number (DN) of 28 to one surface and 47 to another. What would be the equivalent DNs for the same surfaces if the measurements were taken with a 3 bit system?
The DNs recorded by the 3 bit system range from 0 to 7 and this range is equivalent to 0-64 for the 6 bit system
Therefore a DN of 28 and 47 on the 6 bit systemwill be recorded as3 and
5 on a 3 bit system. Temporal Resolution 29
Temporal resolution of a remote sensing system is a measure of how often data
are obtained for the same area Applicable to satellite remote sensing only Temporal resolution varies from less than one hour to approximately 30 days.
Importance of Temporal Resolution
Change in Land Use/ Land Cover Temporal Variation Monitoring of a Dynamic Event Cyclone Flood Volcano Earthquake
