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Lecture# 05-ECA-2017-MCT

This document discusses basic circuit analysis laws including Ohm's Law, series and parallel circuits, Kirchhoff's laws, and power calculations. It defines key concepts like voltage, current, resistance and explains how to apply these laws to analyze simple circuits.

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Raja Hassan Nadeem
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6 views19 pages

Lecture# 05-ECA-2017-MCT

This document discusses basic circuit analysis laws including Ohm's Law, series and parallel circuits, Kirchhoff's laws, and power calculations. It defines key concepts like voltage, current, resistance and explains how to apply these laws to analyze simple circuits.

Uploaded by

Raja Hassan Nadeem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electric Circuits Analysis

EE-115
Lecture# 05
Basic Laws used in Circuit Analysis
Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Asif
Email: [email protected]

Department of Mechatronics Engineering


University of Engineering and Technology Taxila
Sub-Campus Chakwal
1 Lec #05-EE-115
Resistors…a recap

2 Lec #05-EE-115
Lecture outline

 Ohm’s Law
 Series and Parallel Circuits
 Use of DMM
 KVL
 KCL
 Power Calculations in Resistors
3 Lec #05-EE-115
Ohm’s Law
The current flowing in a conductor is directly
proportional to the applied voltage V and
inversely proportional to its resistance R.
V = IR

I = V/R

R = V/I
4 Lec #05-EE-115
Ohm’s Law

 Voltage
 The force motivating electrons to "flow" in a circuit is called
voltage.
 Voltage is the driving force.
 Voltage is a specific measure of potential energy that is
always relative between two points.
 Batteries and generators are sources of voltage.
 Voltage is denoted by V and is measured in volts (V).
5 Lec #05-EE-115
Ohm’s Law

 When we speak of a certain amount of voltage being


present in a circuit, we are referring to the
measurement of how much potential energy exists to
move electrons from one particular point in that
circuit to another particular point. Without reference
of two particular points, the term "voltage" has no
meaning.

6 Lec #05-EE-115
Ohm’s Law

Current
 Movement of free electrons through the conductors of a circuit
is called a current.
 Current is denoted by I and is measured in Amperes (A).
 The order of flow of current through different materials is
given below.
 Conductors > Semiconductors > Insulators
 Metals and solutions of salts are good conductors of electricity.
7 Lec #05-EE-115
Ohm’s Law
Resistance
 Opposition to the flow of current is called resistance.
 It is denoted by R and is measured in ohms.
 The order of resistance of different materials is given
below.
 Insulators > Semiconductors > Conductors
 Wood and plastics are the good resistive materials, a
negligible amount of current can flow through these.
 Metals may heat up in case of high resistance e.g in
electric heaters to use the heat energy in winter.
8 Lec #05-EE-115
Series

Two elements are in series if the current that flows


through one must also flow through the other.

Series
R1 R2

Not Series
R1 R2
9 Lec #05-EE-115
Parallel

Two elements are in parallel if they are connected between


(share) the same two (distinct) end nodes.

R1
Parallel
R2

R1
Not Parallel
R2
10 Lec #05-EE-115
Resistors in Series and Parallel

 Series

R = R1 + R2 + R3

 Parallel

1 1 1 1
  
R R1 R2 R3

11 Lec #05-EE-115
Use of DMM (Digital Multimeter)

It is necessary to understand the use of


DMM before to solve a circuit.

How will you place DMM in a circuit?

12 Lec #05-EE-115
How to use a voltmeter V

Voltmeter:
 Connect either end of the meter to each side of the
resistor. i.e. a voltmeter is always used in parallel with
the circuit/device.
 It has a very high resistance, therefore it would never
be used in series with the circuit/device.
 Most of voltmeters work correctly if used within the
limitations.

13 Lec #05-EE-115
How to use an ammeter A
Ammeter:
 Break (open) the circuit from where you want to
measure the current and put up the leads/probes of
ammeter with these terminals and visualize the
reading on LCD of the meter.
 It has a very low resistance, therefore it would never
be used in parallel with the circuit/device, otherwise it
will burn out.
 Most of the ammeters are damaged in laboratories due
to misuse by students.
14 Lec #05-EE-115
Kirchhoff’s Current Law

 At any instant, the algebraic sum of the


currents flowing through any junction
in a circuit is zero.
 Node

I1 – I2 – I3 = 0
I2 = I1 – I3
= 10 – 3
=7A

15 Lec #05-EE-115
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

 At any instant, the algebraic sum of the voltages around any


loop in a circuit is zero.

 Loop
E – V 1 – V2 = 0
V1 = E – V 2
= 12 – 7
= 5V

16 Lec #05-EE-115
Power Dissipation in Resistors

 The power dissipation P of a resistor is given by the


product of the voltage across it and the current passing
through it. Combining this result with Ohm’s law
gives:
P = VI

P = I2R

P = V2/R
17 Lec #05-EE-115
Use V=IR and P=VI to prove the following

18 Lec #05-EE-115
References
 Chapter#04 “Ohm’s Law, Power, and Energy ”Introductory Circuit
Analysis Robert L. Boylestad

 http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/map.htm

19 Lec #05-EE-115

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