INTRODUCTION TO OBJECT-ORIENTED

PROGRAMMING

Bùi Tiến Lên

2022
Contents

1. Introduction

2. Procedural vs. OO Programming

3. Four principles of OO

4. Other issues
Introduction
 The History of Object Technology
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO • Major object technology milestones
Other issues
Simula C++ UML

1972 1991 2004

1967 Late 1980s 1996

Smalltalk Java UML 2

4
 Object-oriented concepts
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO • Learning OO concepts is not accomplished by learning a specific development
Other issues method or a set of tools but a way of thinking.
• For examples:
• Many people are introduced to OO concepts via one of these
development methods or tools.
• Many C programmers were first introduced to object orientation by
migrating directly to C++, before they were even remotely exposed to
OO concepts.
• Some software professionals were first introduced to object orientation
by presentations that included object models using UML

5
 Problems
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO • Learning a programming language is an important step, but it is much more
Other issues important to learn OO concepts first.
• Developers who claim to be C++ programmers are simply C
programmers using C++ compilers.
• Learning UML before OO concepts is similar to learning how to read an
electrical diagram without first knowing anything about electricity.
• Even worse
• A programmer can use just enough OO features to make a program
incomprehensible to OO and non-OO programmers alike.

6
 Ï Problems
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO Using the data structure struct, implement the following structures
Other issues • struct Point: data structure for a 2-D point.
• struct Triangle: contains the information of the 3 vertices
Implement functions:
• A function to calculate a distance between 2 points
• A function to calculate the perimeter of a triangle
• A function to calculate the area of a triangle.

7
 New concepts
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO
• It is very important that while you’re on the road to OO development, you
Other issues first learn the fundamental OO concepts.

8
Procedural vs. OO Programming
 Procedural vs. OO Programming
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO Concept 1
Other issues
An object is an entity that contains both data and behaviours

• When we look at a person, we see the person as an object.

• And an object is defined by two components: attributes and
behaviors.
• A person has attributes, such as eye color, age, height,
and so on.
• A person also has behaviors, such as walking, talking,
breathing, and so on.

10
 Procedural vs. OO Programming (cont.)
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO
Concept 2 (Difference Between OO and Procedural)
Other issues
In OO design, the attributes and behaviors are contained within a single object,
whereas in procedural, or structured, design the attributes and behaviors are
normally separated.

11
 Limitations of Procedural Programming
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO • If the data structures change, many functions must also be changed
Other issues
• Programs that are based on complex function hierarchies are:
• difficult to understand and maintain
• difficult to modify and extend
• easy to break
• In procedural programming:
• Data is separated from the procedures.
• Sometimes it is global → easy to modify data that is outside your scope
→ this means that access to data is uncontrolled and unpredictable.
• Having no control over the data testing and debugging are much more
difficult.

12
 Why do we change to OO programming?
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO Objects solve these problems by combining data and behaviours into a complete
Other issues package.
• Objects contain attributes and methods
• In an object, methods are used to operate on the data.
• We can control access to members of an object (both attributes and
methods).

13
Four principles of OO
 Basic Principles of Object Orientation
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO • Abstraction
Other issues
• Encapsulation
• Modularity
• Hierarchy

15
 What Is Abstraction?
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO • The essential characteristics of an entity that distinguishes it from all other
Other issues kinds of entities.
• Defines a boundary relative to the perspective of the viewer.
• Is not a concrete manifestation, denotes the ideal essence of something.

student professor

course offering course

16
 What Is Encapsulation?
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO • Hides implementation from clients → Clients depend on interface.
Other issues

17
 What Is Modularity?
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO • Breaks up something complex into manageable pieces.
Other issues
• Helps people understand complex systems.

Billing
System

Course
Catalog
System

Course Registration
System Student
Management
System

18
 What Is Hierarchy?
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO • Elements at the same level of the hierarchy should be at the same level of
Other issues abstraction.
Increasing
abstraction
Asset

BankAccount Security ReakEstate

Decreasing
Savings Checking Stock Bond
abstraction

19
Other issues
 Software Design
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO • Reusability
Other issues • Portable and independent components can be reused in many systems
• Extensibility
• Support external plug-ins
• Flexibility
• Change will be easy when new data/features added
• Modifications are less likely to break the system
• Localize effect of changes

21
 Create a system: designing process
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO • Divide a system in terms of components
Other issues
• Divide components in terms of sub-components
• Abstraction
• Hides details of components that are irrelevant to the current design
phase
• Component identification is top-down
• Decompose system into smaller, simple components
• Integration is bottom-up
• Combining small components
• Design is applied using a paradigm: procedural, modular, object oriented

22
 Abstraction
Introduction

Procedural vs.
OO
Programming

Four principles
of OO • Procedural design
Other issues • Define set of functions to accomplish task
• Pass information from function to function
• Modules (modular design)
• Define modules, where each has data and procedures
• Each module has a public and a private section
• Works as a scoping mechanism
• Classes/Objects (object-oriented design)
• Abstract Data Types
• Divide project in set of cooperating classes
• Each class has a very specific functionality
• Classes can be used to create multiple instances of objects

23
References

Deitel, P. (2016).
C++: How to program.
Pearson.
Gaddis, T. (2014).
Starting Out with C++ from Control Structures to Objects.
Addison-Wesley Professional, 8th edition.
Jones, B. (2014).
Sams teach yourself C++ in one hour a day.
Sams.