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SEC PPR Unit 1 Topic 2

The document discusses different types of data, data collection methods, sampling methods, and the difference between primary and secondary data. It defines qualitative and quantitative data, as well as different sampling strategies like probability and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. Non-probability methods include convenience sampling, voluntary response sampling, purposive sampling, snowball sampling, and quota sampling.

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48 views7 pages

SEC PPR Unit 1 Topic 2

The document discusses different types of data, data collection methods, sampling methods, and the difference between primary and secondary data. It defines qualitative and quantitative data, as well as different sampling strategies like probability and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. Non-probability methods include convenience sampling, voluntary response sampling, purposive sampling, snowball sampling, and quota sampling.

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Sampling types and strategy based on diverse research problems

1. Define data. Classify it . [1+4= 5]


2. Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data. [5]
3. Define population
4. Explain the different methods of sampling. [ 10 ]
5. Is primary data same is ungrouped data? [5]

Data
Data are measurements or observations that are collected as a source of
information

Data are of two types :


1. Qualitative / Categorical
2. Quantitative / Quantitative

Quantitative data is numbers-based, countable, or measurable.


Qualitative data is interpretation-based, descriptive, and relating to
language.
Qualitative Data Quantitative Data
(two types) (two types)
1. Nominal data 1. Discrete data
2. Ordinal data 2. Continuous data

Data Collection Methods :


Depending on the type of data, the data collection method is divided into two
categories namely,

1. Primary Data Collection methods


2. Secondary Data Collection methods
1. Primary data or raw data is a type of information that is obtained directly
from the first-hand source through experiments, surveys or observations.
The primary data collection method is further classified into two types.
They are :
a. Quantitative Data Collection Methods
b. Qualitative Data Collection Methods

a. Quantitative Data Collection Methods


It is based on mathematical calculations using various formats like close-ended
questions, correlation and regression methods, mean, median or mode measures.
This method is cheaper than qualitative data collection methods and it can be
applied in a short duration of time.

b. Qualitative Data Collection Methods


It does not involve any mathematical calculations. This method is closely
associated with elements that are not quantifiable. This qualitative data collection
method includes interviews, questionnaires, observations, case studies, etc. There
are several methods to collect this type of data. They are

 Observation Method
Observation method is used when the study relates to behavioral science. This
method is planned systematically. It is subject to many controls and checks. The
different types of observations are:
-Structured and unstructured observation
-Controlled and uncontrolled observation
- Participant, non-participant and disguised observation

 Interview Method
The method of collecting data in terms of verbal responses. It is achieved in two
ways, such as
Personal Interview – In this method, a person known as an interviewer is required
to ask questions face to face to the other person. The personal interview can be
structured or unstructured, direct investigation, focused conversation, etc.
Telephonic Interview – In this method, an interviewer obtains information by
contacting people on the telephone to ask the questions or views, verbally.
 Questionnaire Method
In this method, the set of questions are mailed to the respondent. They should
read, reply and subsequently return the questionnaire. The questions are printed
in the definite order on the form. A good survey should have the following
features:
-Short and simple
-Should follow a logical sequence
-Provide adequate space for answers
-Avoid technical terms
Should have good physical appearance such as color, quality of the paper to
attract the attention of the respondent

 Schedules
This method is similar to the questionnaire method with a slight difference. The
enumerations are specially appointed for the purpose of filling the schedules. It
explains the aims and objects of the investigation and may remove
misunderstandings, if any have come up. Enumerators should be trained to
perform their job with hard work and patience.
2.Secondary data is data collected by someone other than the actual user. It
means that the information is already available, and someone analyses it. The
secondary data includes magazines, newspapers, books, journals, etc. It may be
either published data or unpublished data.
Published data are available in various resources including:
 Government publications
 Public records
 Historical and statistical documents
 Business documents
 Technical and trade journals
 Unpublished data includes
 Diaries
 Letters
 Unpublished biographies, etc.
Sampling
When you conduct research about a group of people, it’s rarely possible to collect
data from every person in that group. Instead, you select a sample. The sample is
the group of individuals who will actually participate in the research.
To draw valid conclusions from your results, you have to carefully decide how you
will select a sample that is representative of the group as a whole. This is called a
sampling method. There are two primary types of sampling methods that you can
use in your research:
 Probability sampling involves random selection, allowing you to make
strong statistical inferences about the whole group.

 Non-probability sampling involves non-random selection based on


convenience or other criteria, allowing you to easily collect data.

Population vs. sample


The population is the entire group that you want to draw
conclusions about.
The sample is the specific group of individuals that you will
collect data from

Probability sampling methods


Probability sampling means that every member of the population has a chance of
being selected. It is mainly used in quantitative research.

There are four main types :


1. Simple random sampling : In a simple random sample, every member of the
population has an equal chance of being selected. Your sampling frame
should include the whole population
2. Systematic sampling : Every
member of the population is
listed with a number, but instead
of randomly generating numbers,
individuals are chosen at regular
intervals.
3. Stratified Sampling : To use this
sampling method, you divide the
population into subgroups (called
strata) based on the relevant
characteristic (e.g., gender
identity, age range, income bracket, job role).
4. Cluster Sampling : Cluster sampling also involves dividing the population
into subgroups, but each subgroup should have similar characteristics to the
whole sample. Instead of sampling individuals from each subgroup, you
randomly select entire subgroups.

Non-probability sampling methods


In a non-probability sample, individuals are selected based on non-random
criteria, and not every individual has a chance of being included.
There are five main types :
1. Convenience sampling : A convenience sample simply includes the
individuals who happen to be most
accessible to the researcher.
2. Voluntary response sampling :
Instead of the researcher choosing
participants and directly contacting
them, people volunteer themselves
(e.g. by responding to a public online
survey).
3. Purposive sampling : This type of
sampling, also known as judgement
sampling, involves the researcher
using their expertise to select a sample that is most useful to the purposes
of the research.
4. Snowball sampling : If the population is hard to access, snowball sampling
can be used to recruit participants via other participants.
5. Quota sampling : Quota sampling relies on the non-random selection of a
predetermined number or proportion of units. This is called a quota.

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