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Week 12 Surveying

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GIAN GENRIN GABI
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10 views12 pages

Week 12 Surveying

Uploaded by

GIAN GENRIN GABI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SOURCES OF ERROR IN COMPASS SURVEYS

1.Bent Needle
2.Bent Pivot
3.Sluggish Needle
4.Plane of Sight Not Vertical
5.Electrically Charged Compass Box
6.Local Attraction
7.Magnetic Variation
8.Error in Reading in the Needle
MEASURING HORIZONTAL ANGLES

• It consists of setting up and leveling the


transit/theodolite over a selected point. Taking a
backsight on a point and turning telescope into the
foresight.
• Can either be clockwise (to the right), or
counterclockwise (to the left)
MEASURING VERTICAL ANGLES
• Can either be “angle of elevation” or “angle of depression”, also called
as positive and negative angles.

• In measuring vertical angle, it is advantageous to measure the vertical angle


in normal position and in reversed position.
Ꝋ’ = (ꝊN + ꝊR)/2
INDEX CORRECTION
• The IE is equal in amount but opposite in sign.
IE = (ꝊN + ꝊR)/2
Example: 6o30’ (from direct position)
6o32’ (from plunged/reverse position)
IE = (6o30’ + 6o32’)/2
= -0.01’ (Index Error)

IC = - IE
= - (-0.01’)
= 0.01

Ꝋ’ = 6o30’+0.01’
= 6o31’ (CORRECTED VERTICAL ANGLE)
Measuring Angles By Repetition
1. Number of Repetition – The number of repetitions depends on the
required accuracy of a particular survey. For most surveys, three
repetitions should be sufficient.
2. Telescope Positions – When an angle is to be measured by repetition,
it is desirable to make half of the repetition with the telescope in direct
position and the other half with the telescope in reverse.
- When turning an angle more than twice, the number of repetitions
should always be made in some multiple of two Ex: 6 repetitions; 3
direct, 3 plunged
3. Procedure of Measurement
4. Additional Techniques Employed
Sample Problem 1: A horizontal angle Ꝋ was measured eight times with the use of
engineer transit. Prior to the measurement, horizontal scale was set to 0o00’00’’ and the
reading on the scale was 75o25’30’’ after the angle was measured once. If the final
reading was 243o16’00’’. Determine the average value of the angle measured.
TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
Determination
of Magnetic
Bearings
TRAVERSING PROBLEM:
ERROR OF CLOSURE SAMPLE PROBLEM: Given in the accompanying
tabulations are the observed data for a closed traverse obtained from a transit-
tape survey. Determine the following quantities: latitude and departure of each
line, linear error of closure, bearing of the side and the precision on the
measurement. Tabulate the observed and computed values according to the
usual format.

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