Debre Markos University

College of Technology
Department of Electrical and computer engineering

Communication stream (Regular)

Design of GSM based fire alarm system

Thesis report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

award of Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer
Engineering

By

Member’s Name Id Number

1. Adimtew Tesfa TER/4160/05

2. Mastewal Demelash TER/3809/05

3. Tazebew Awoke TER/3696/05

4. Teku Tesfaye TER/4016/05

5. Wubshet Ebabu TER/4278/05

May, 2017

Advisor Mrs.A.Lakshmi

Debre Markos, Ethiopia

 DECLARATION
This is to certify that the project report entitled “GSM based fire alarm system” being
submitted by:

Member’s Name Id Number

1. Adimtew Tesfa TER/4160/05

2. Mastewal Demelash TER/3809/05

3. Tazebew Awoke TER/3696/05

4. Teku Tesfaye TER/4016/05

5. Wubshet Ebabu TER/4278/05

In partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and
Computer Engineering to Debre Markos University is a record of bonafied work carried
out under our guidance and supervision.

The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other
University or Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

Mrs.A.Lakshmi (M.tech.,/Ph.D) _____________________

Advisor Signature

________________________ ______________________
Examiner Signature

________________________ _____________________
Head of the department Signature

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, we express our heartiest thanks and gratefulness to almighty GOD for his divine
blessings which made us possible to complete this project successfully and for giving us
the strength to perform our responsibilities as the final year project and complete the re-
port within the stipulated time.

Secondly, we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our advisor Mrs.A.Lakshmi
for her guidance, and instruction that she has given us to complete our thesis project in
scheduled time. We have been able to learn the skills from her, which have benefitted us
immensely and will continue to help us throughout our future endeavors, both
academically and professionally.

Thirdly, our appreciation and sincere thanks is extended to Hiruy (electrical lab assistant
in DMU) who helped us in providing software’s related to our Project.

Last but not Least, we acknowledge with due respect the constant support and patience
of our parents.

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 ABSTRACT
Fire alarm system plays an important role in maintaining and monitoring the safe of all
kind environments and situations. However the usability of many existing fire alarm sys-
tem is well known but could be produced with high cost. Subsequently, it is not affordable
for the low income users. This paper discusses the design and implementation of a fire
alarm system using the arduino microcontroller which operates the entire system. The
detectors are placed in parallel in different levels for different section. Any signal from
each detector at any level is monitored using monitoring the system. The appliance system
has components like text message for alarming and motor pump to stop the fire. The entire
system is controlled by the arduino microcontroller. It is programmed in such way by
using C programming. From the project done, the system can detects smoke, light, flame,
heat etc. sensed by the detector, followed by the monitoring system which indicates
smoke, light, flame, heat etc. at that particular level. In this project LM35 temperature
sensor is used to detect the heat from the area. Finally when the sensors form the trigger
temperature value beyond the set value, the alarm notification operates. Then it shows the
temperature value for the section on the control panel LCD display and the designed sys-
tem will notify the authorized body by sending the text message to his or her mobile
phone and it runs the emergency water pump motor to the affected zone to escape the
hostile fire.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION............................................................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ ii
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................. iii
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... iv
List of figure ................................................................................................................................ vi
List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Statement of the problem .................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.3.1 General objective ......................................................................................................... 4
1.3.2 Specific objectives ....................................................................................................... 4
1.4 The Scope of the Project ..................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Motivation of the Study ...................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................................... 6
2.1 GSM Technology ................................................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER THREE....................................................................................................................... 9
3. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 9
3.1 Block diagram and its description....................................................................................... 9
3.2 Components used and their description ............................................................................. 11
3.2.1 LM35 temperature sensor .......................................................................................... 12
3.2.2 Arduino Microcontroller ............................................................................................ 14
3.2.3 GSM module .............................................................................................................. 19
3.2.4 COMPIM Serial Port ................................................................................................. 21
3.2.5 Liquid Crystal Display ............................................................................................... 22
3.3 Fire Detector ..................................................................................................................... 25
3.4 Fire Sprinkler .................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.1 Sprinkler System Components and Operation ........................................................... 28
3.4.2 System components and types ................................................................................... 31
3.5 Alarm output device .......................................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 36
4. SYSTEM DESIGN RESULT ................................................................................................. 36
4.1 Simulation Circuit ............................................................................................................. 36
4.2 Simulation Result .............................................................................................................. 37

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CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 40
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...................................................................... 40
5.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 40
5.2. Recommendation ............................................................................................................. 40
REFERENCE .............................................................................................................................. 41
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................. 42

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List of figure
Figure 3.1 Block diagram................................................................................................ 10
Figure 3.2 Flow chart of the overall circuit..................................................................... 11
Figure 3.3 Pin diagram of LM 35 Temperature sensor ................................................... 14
Figure 3.4 Arduino microcontroller ................................................................................ 17
Figure 3.5 Arduino Uno ATmeg328 pin mapping diagram ............................................ 17
Figure 3.6 GSM module .................................................................................................. 21
Figure 3.7 Liquid crystal display .................................................................................... 22
Figure 3.8 Fire sprinkler circuit ...................................................................................... 28
Figure 3.9 Diac circuit symbol ........................................................................................ 28
Figure 3.10 Equivalent diac circuit symbol .................................................................... 29
Figure 3.11 Typical diac characteristics .......................................................................... 29
Figure 3.12 Triac circuit symbol ..................................................................................... 30
Figure 3.13 Equivalent circuit of a triac...................................................................... ...31
Figure 4.1 Simulation circuit .......................................................................................... 37
Figure 4.2 Simulation result when the temperature value is less than the set value ....... 38
Figure 4.3 Simulation result when fire has been occurred .............................................. 39

vi
List of abbreviations

LCD Liquid crystal display

GSM Global system for mobile

SMS Short message service

IR Infrared

SIM Subscriber identity module

RX Receiver

TX Transmitter

LED Light emitting diode

VSM Virtual system modelling

ADC Analog to digital conversion

LIDAR Light detecting and ranging

AREF Analog reference

SCR Silicon controlled rectifier

AC Alternating current

ESTI European telecommunications standard institute

vii
 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
Fire alarm systems (also commonly called smoke alarm and a smoke detector) provide a
means to detect and identify fire or potential fire outbreak in a building, warn the
occupants of the building about the fire via notification alarm and potentially notify
emergency response professionals.

Safety is a condition of being safe from undergoing or causing hurt, injury, or loss. There
are several types of security such as vehicle safety, safety in the workplace and the most
important is home safety. One of the safety issues that need to be concerned of is the fire
occurrence at home. Based on the statistics of accidents caused by fire in the house, the
number of deaths are increasing. This is due to the lack of supervision by parents,
especially towards the children's safety at home. Hence this project is designed due to
the awareness of large number of fire accidents that are occurring day to day.

Alarm systems of various types have been in existence for many years. In known home
alarm systems, the components are usually hard-wired throughout the home with the
wiring usually terminating at a control panel located somewhere within the home. One of
the chief drawbacks of such a system is that the alarm system is permanently installed in
the home which offers little or no value to the original purchaser of the alarm system
when he or she moves from the home. Furthermore, the installation of such an alarm
system is labor intensive and, therefore, costly. The present invention may perform all the
functions found in traditional home alarm systems as well as additional new functions.
Furthermore, the present invention is easily portable (i.e., able to be carried in one hand
by an adult or teenager), externally wireless in one embodiment, capable of placing a call
without the need of a hardwired telephone system, and resistant to shock.

In many disasters, fires have become recurrent, destructive and most influential disasters.
With the rapid development of urban construction, the occurrence probability of the great
fire and other special disasters also increased year by year [1]. Fires in the early detection
and early warning are an important way to extinguish the fires promptly and avoid great
causalities and property loss. Therefore, in some key fire prevention places are required
to install fire alarm system [2]. The communication method of the traditional fire alarm

1
system mostly adopts the radio or the radio tracking communication. Their data
transmission distance is short, transmission reliability is low, system maintenance is
difficult and cost basically this is a fire monitoring system, which detects if there is a fire
by measuring the surrounding temperature. If it goes beyond a certain critical point, it
alerts the user by sending a text alerts to the phone number of the user so that he or she
may be able to prevent any serious damage.

1.1 Background

A fire alarm system is intended to enable a fire to be detected sufficiently, so that people
who are at risk can be made safe either by escaping from the fire or by the fire being
extinguished (also to prevent extensive property damage). Neither of these measures can
be used until people are made aware of fire.

A portable alarm system in which the alarm functions are contained within a portable
enclosure, communication is maintained between the alarm system and wireless security
devices, and the alarm is capable of initiating a telephone call to a security monitoring
station either by conventional hard-wired telephone lines within a building, by cellular
transmission, or by 1900 megahertz PCS. The alarm is capable of initiating a call over
the control channel of a cellular phone system. The latch key function allows a child to
make his/her parents aware that he/she has arrived home safely.

The effectiveness of the fire detection and alarm system depends on the stage of the fire
at which it is operated. In order for all the occupants to escape without too much difficulty,
an early alarm should operate before the escape routes becomes smoke-logged to such an
extent as will cause occupants to have difficulty finding their way out of the building.

With the advancement of human day to day activities, fire-safety has been a primary
concern. Fire hazards can be fatal and denigrating for industrial and household security,
also mandatory for human life. The best way to reduce these losses is to respond to the
emergency situation as quick as possible. So, there comes the necessity of standalone
autonomous fire detection systems. These systems render the works of quick detection,
alarm notification, and sometimes initiation of fire extinguishing. The systems, equipped
with smoke, temperature, pyro-electric sensors can detect unfavorable accidental
situations, as it happens, and with the help of a processing unit can alert instantly for
undertaking cautious measures [3]. In these fatal situations, early detection and faster alert

2
will yield lesser losses of property and life.

Fire hazards cause woebegone incidents throughout the world, especially in the
developing countries where the fire-safety measures are precarious and often inadequate.
Although a number of advanced systems are used in practical scenarios, a reliable, easy
implementable and cost-effective automated fire-alarm system is not available in
developing countries. Therefore in this work, a review of existing fire-detectors is done,
and then using one of those detectors a low cost and quick-responsive fire/smoke
detection and alarm system has been designed and implemented. The system is capable
of sending alert messages via GSM network.

A fire alarm system can be monitored locally in the premises, or remotely at a distant
place as per to the need. Remote alarm system provides the owner of the premise with the
advantage of monitoring from distant location and taking immediate actions when an
emergency message is received, unlike a manual system. Remote monitoring systems can
be designed in various ways using wireless sensor networks, Ethernet, image processing
and other digital communication technologies. Although the systems are reliable and have
a wide range of pros, they are accompanied by concerns about being complex, in compact,
non-standalone, expensive and having redundant appurtenances. Therefore, there is
necessity of coming with a system which would be reliable and swift responsive as well
as simple, easy implementable and cost effective.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Technology has been advanced so much in the last decade that it has made life more
efficient and comfortable. The comfort of being able to take the alarm system for the
devices from one particular location has become imperative as it minimizes damage on
properties. Therefore there arises a need to do so in a systematic manner which we have
tried to design with our system. The system we have proposed is an extended approach
to automating an alarm system.

Today in our country, the construction industry is booming in alarming rate. Consequently
it is common to see many big buildings with numerous rooms. This in turn hinders the
chance of controlling fire break out.

When people leave their house, they will not know what will happen to their house either

3
they leave for a short or long period, especially in the case of fire that can cause losses. If
fire occurs without any notice, there would be a lot of losses that need to be borne by the
owner of the house compared to earlier notice of the fire. Hence we need to develop a fire
alarm system that can detect and aware users in case of fire accident to minimize damage
on property and human life.

Due the problem that we have mentioned, we decided to solve them by designing
advanced fire alarm by using the mobile communication technology which can notify
owner or authorized body by sending a message on his or her mobile phone.

The proposed approach for designing this system is to design an arduino microcontroller-
based alarm system that transmits its instructions and commands to a cellular phone over
the GSM network. The arduino then will carry out the issued commands and then
communicate the status of a given appliance to the cellular phone.

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 General objective

The general objective of the project is to design GSM based fire alarm system that will
notify the building occupants to take evasive action to escape from dangers of the hostile
fire.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

 To detect fire in the areas.

 To minimize damage on properties.

1.4 The Scope of the Project

The scope of the project "GSM based fire alarm system" is very immense. The future
implications of the project are very great considering the amount of damage on properties
it minimizes. The project we have undertaken can be used as a reference or as a base for
realizing a scheme to be implemented in other projects of greater level such as weather
forecasting, temperature updates, device synchronization ...etc. The project itself can be
modified to achieve a complete fire alarm system which will then create a platform for
the user to interface between himself and his home.

4
1.5 Motivation of the Study

As an engineering student a project is required as part of the final project work. The
project chosen is the activation of fire alarm system via mobile technology. This was
selected because of incorporating mobile technology with the alarm systems which we
believe is the next important step to realize the fire alarm. The comfort of being able to
take the alarm systems from one particular location has become imperative as it
minimizes damage on properties.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
In January 2014, zhenghong peng proposed or put forward the design which was based
on the D-S evidence that is the multi sensor building fire alarm system with the
information fusion technology based on the D-S evidence theory, in Wuhan University,
China. Multi sensor and the information fusion technology based on the zhenghong peng
evidence theory is applied in the system of the building fire alarm in order to realize early
detecting and alarming [4]. By using a multi-sensor to monitor the parameters of the fire
process, such as light, smoke, temperature, gas and moisture, the range of fire monitoring
in space and time is expanded compared with a single-sensor system. Then, the D-S
evidence theory is applied to fuse the information from the multi-sensor with the specific
fire model, and the fire alarm is more accurate and timely.

In June 2016, M. Yuvaraju, designed and built the wireless based on perfunctory fire
detection and liberate system, in Anna University regional campus, Tamilnadu, India. The
system was focus on detection and control of the fire accident and liberate operation for
perfunctory in train [5]. Using a various sensors like temperature and gas sensor to
unceasingly monitoring in each compartments and passing the information through
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). The automatic sprinkler system to
reduce the fire and surveillance camera to monitoring the human actions during fire
accidents as well as hostile defection.

In February 2010, K. Angayarkkani, proposed an intelligent system for effective forest

fire detection using the spatial data. The explosive growth of spatial data and extensive
utilization of spatial databases emphasize the necessity for the automated discovery of
spatial knowledge. In modern times, spatial data mining has emerged as an area of
voluminous research. Forest fires are a chief environmental concern, causing economic
and ecological damage while endangering human lives across the world [6].

In July 2016, Harjinder Singh, put forward and designed the forest fire detection using
the wireless sensor, in Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India. Video Surveillance
System is most widely used for detection of forest fire [7]. It is divided into four
categories: Video Cameras sensitive in visible spectrum based on recognition of smoke

6
during day light and fire flames at night, Infrared (IR) Thermal Imaging cameras based
on detection of heat flux from the fire, IR Spectrometer which identify spectral
characteristics of smoke gases and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) system which
measures the laser light backscattered by smoke particles. The limitation of these systems
was high false alarm rate due to atmospheric conditions such as presence of fog, shadows,
dust particles etc.

In 1890 Francis Robbins Upton designed and patented the first electric fire alarm. Alt-
hough his invention received little attention and was largely disfavored, it soon became
apparent that the need for this device was growing.

By 2014, fire alarm systems had evolved to operate independently of any electrical utility
lines or telephone lines. Today, the newest development of the fire alarm system has been
the addressable head. Before the addressable head, there was a control panel with an al-
phanumeric display that indicated what zone was being affected. With the addressable
head, the origin and location can be pinpointed directly.

2.1 GSM Technology

GSM is a mobile communication modem; it stands for global system for mobile
communication (GSM). The idea of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970. It
is widely used mobile communication system in the world. GSM is an open and digital
cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services operates at the
850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency bands [8].

GSM implies worldwide framework for versatile correspondence. GSM is a global

advanced cell telecommunication. The GSM standard was proposed by ETSI (European
Telecommunications Standard Institute) in 1989. The primary business administration
were launched in 1991 and after its initial presentation in Europe, the standard went
worldwide in 1992. From that point forward GSM has turned into the most broadly
embraced and quickly developing advanced standard, and it is situated to turn into the
world's overwhelming cell standard.

Today's third era GSM systems convey excellent and secure versatile voice and
information administrations with full abilities over the world. GSM is a massively fruitful
engineering and as uncommon story of worldwide accomplishment.

7
Since the first GSM system was industrially launched, it turned into, the world's heading
and fastest developing portable standard. The GSM Association evaluates that advances
characterized in the GSM standard serve 80% of the worldwide portable business,
including more than 5 billion individuals crosswise over more than 212 nations and
domains, making GSM the most omnipresent of the numerous guidelines for cell systems.

Today's GSM stage is living, developing and advancing and as of now offers an extended
and characteristic-rich "family" of voice and empowering administrations.

The Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) system is cell telecommunication
system with an adaptable structural planning following the ETSI Gsm900/GSM 1800
standard. Siemens usage is the advanced cell versatile correspondence framework
D900/1800/1900 that uses the precise most recent innovation to meet each prerequisite
of the standard.

8
 CHAPTER THREE

3. METHODOLOGY
The project requires procedures from getting information on how each part functions,
constructing the block diagram and the simulation circuit in the proteus software. This
project on fire alarm using GSM technology and all the components used in each circuit
is very important in order to understand the process and details on how this project
operates. When we develop Fire Alarm Systems, the one important aspect we have to
keep in mind is the real world scenario.

The block diagram of the project is shown below in the fig3.1. It is an outline description
of how we have designed the project and the various steps involved in it. From the block
diagram given below, the mobile is used as the receiving section from which the user
mobile notifies an alarm and instructions from the GSM module which is based on a
specific area through GSM network.

3.1 Block diagram and its description

The block diagram of our project is shown below in the fig3.1. It is an outline description
of how we have designed the project and the various steps involved in it. From the block
diagram shown below, the user mobile is used as a receiving section from which the GSM
module sends a text message showing the warning through GSM network.

9
 Figure 3.1 Block diagram
Block diagram description

When the sensor senses the temperature value greater than 40 degree centigrade, fire will
occur. As a result, arduino microcontroller processes the signal and sends to the LCD.
After that, arduino will send the signal to GSM module which automatically sends the
text message to the registered number as fire occurred inside the room. Fire sprinkler
works immediately after fire has occurred, since water is the most extinguishing agent, in
that pump starts to sprinkle water to extinguish the fired area as soon as possible.
However; when the sensor senses the temperature value less than 40 degree centigrade,
based on the program installed in the arduino microcontroller it processes the signal and
allows the LCD only to display the temperature value of the room, since it is at the normal
condition.

10
 Flow chart

Figure 3.2 Flow chart of the overall circuit

3.2 Components used and their description

The following materials are used for the completion of this project. These
are:-
 LM35 temperature sensor

 Arduino microcontroller

 GSM Module

 16x2 LCD

11
  Nokia Cell phone

 Water sprinkler

3.2.1 LM35 temperature sensor

LM35 is an analog temperature sensor. This means the output of LM35 is an analog
signal.

LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the temperature
(in oC). The sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore it is not subjected to oxidation and
other processes. With LM35, temperature can be measured more accurately than with a
thermistor.

It also possess low self-heating as it draws only 60 μA from its supply and it has very low
self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air / does not cause more than 0.1 oC temperature rise
in still air/. The operating temperature range is from -55°C to 150°C. The output voltage
varies by 10mV in response to every oC rise/fall in ambient temperature, i.e., its scale
factor is 0.01V/ oC.

The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature with an
electrical output proportional to the temperature in degree Celsius.

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output
voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus
has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not
required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient
Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to
provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4°C at room temperature and ±3⁄4°C over a full −55 to
+150°C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the water
level. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration
make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single
power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies.

Features of LM35 temperature sensor

 Calibrated directly in degree Celsius (Centigrade)

 Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor

12
  0.5°C accuracy guarantee able (at +25°C)

 Rated for full −55° to +150°C range

 Suitable for remote applications

 Low cost due to wafer-level trimming

 Operates from 4 to 30 volts

 Less than 60 μA current drain

 Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air

 Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4°C typical

 Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load

Why use LM35 to measure temperature?

To measure the temperature of the surrounding, the LM35 is used rather than the
thermistor.

This is because of the following.

 We can measure temperature more accurately than using a thermistor.

 The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to oxidation, etc.

 The LM35 generates a higher output voltage than thermocouples and may not
require that the output voltage be amplified.

13
 Figure 3.3 Pin diagram of LM 35 Temperature sensor

Operation of LM35 temperature sensor

The LM35 can be connected easily in the same way as other integrated circuit temperature
sensors. It can be stuck or established to a surface and its temperature will be within
around the range of 0.01˚C of the surface temperature.

This presumes that the ambient air temperature is just about the same as the surface tem-
perature; if the air temperature were much higher or lower than the surface temperature,
the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an intermediate temperature between
the surface temperature and the air temperature.

3.2.2 Arduino Microcontroller

Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button,
or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED,
publishing something online.

Arduino Uno has an in built 10 bit ADC (6 channel). We can make use of this in built
ADC of arduino to convert the analog output of LM35 to digital output. Since Arduino

14
uno has a 6 channel inbuilt ADC, there are 6 analog input pins numbered from A0 to A5.

We can tell our board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller
on the board. To do so we use the Arduino programming language.

The Arduino supports the languages C and C++ using special rules to organize code. The
Arduino supplies a software library called Wiring from the Wiring project, which
provides many common input and output procedures. A typical Arduino C/C++ sketch
consists of two functions that are compiled and linked with a program stub main () into
an executable cyclic executive program:

Setup (): a function that runs once at the start of a program and that can initialize settings.

Loop (): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off.

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has
14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to
a computer with a USB cable or power it with AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the physical
world than our desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform based
on a simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software
for the board. It can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety
of switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical
outputs. Arduino projects can be stand-alone, or they can communicate with software
running on your computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, and MaxMSP.).

The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased preassembled; the open-source IDE
can be downloaded for free.

The Arduino programming language is an implementation of Wiring, a similar physical

computing platform, which is based on the Processing multimedia programming
environment.

Why Arduino?

There are many other micro controllers and micro controller platforms available for
physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's

15
Handyboard, and many others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the messy
details of micro controller programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package.
Arduino also simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, but it offers some
advantage for teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other systems:

 Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other micro

controller platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be
assembled by hand, and even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50.

 Cross-platform - The Arduino software runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux
operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.

 Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino programming environment is

easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage
of as well. For teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing programming
environment, so students learning to program in that environment will be familiar
with the look and feel of Arduino

 Open source and extensible software- The Arduino software is published as open
source tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can
be expanded through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical
details can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on
which it's based. Similarly, you can add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino
programs if you want to.

Open source and extensible hardware - The Arduino is based on Atmel's ATMEGA8 and
ATMEGA168 micro controllers. The plans for the modules are published under a
Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version
of the module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can
build the breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it works and save
money.

16
 Figure 3.4 Arduino microcontroller

Figure 3.5 Arduino Uno ATmeg328 pin mapping diagram

17
Pin Descriptions

1. VCC

Digital supply voltage

2. GND

Ground

3. Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability.

As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated.

The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is
not running.

Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting
Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the
inverting Oscillator amplifier.

If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7.6 is used as
TOSC2.1 input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.

4. Port C (PC5:0)

Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The PC5.0 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

5. PC6/RESET

If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the electrical
characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C.

18
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is un programmed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on
this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock
is not running.

6. Port D (PD7:0)

Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

7. AVCC

AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It should be
externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should
be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6.4 use digital supply voltage,
VCC.

8. AREF

AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

3.2.3 GSM module

GSM module is being used in this project. It is just like a cell phone with all the facilities
of sending and receiving a message, sending and receiving calls. This module is
responsible for the communication part of the circuit. It takes information from the
arduino where to send information and what information is to be sent. It uses a GSM SIM
card for communication purposes. It is basically just a modem which uses serial
communication to interface with and need Hayes compatible AT commands for
communication with arduino. The alert message and the phone number of the recipient
are given by the user through the arduino code. As soon as fire is detected an SMS will
be sent to the recipient's phone number from the SIM card inserted in to the module.

It has a communication that can be programmed using AT commands. The signal names
for the GSM modem communication port include the following; audio input and output
pins (for connecting external hands free audio devices), mute control pin, flash
programming signal pins, external power pins, and receiver and transmitter pins.

19
Here the RX and TX pins are used for the serial communication with the arduino
microcontroller. There are various AT commands to check the signal strength and
connection and SIM status etc.

The basic AT commands are loaded into the program arduino microcontroller for it to
interface with the GSM module.

It is used in many communication devices which are based on GSM (Global System for
Mobile Communications) technology.

It is used to interact with GSM network using a computer.

Features of GSM Module

 Improved spectrum efficiency

 International roaming

 Compatibility with integrated services digital network

 Support for new services.

 SIM phonebook management

 Fixed dialing number

 Real time clock with alarm management

 High-quality speech

 Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure

 Short message service (SMS)

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 Figure 3.6 GSM module

3.2.4 COMPIM Serial Port

Traditionally, simulation systems have had no direct connection to the physical world
around them. This meant that if you wanted to simulate part of a much bigger system of
interconnected units, one had to either create simulations of the other units, or create files
containing test data.

The Virtual System Modelling capabilities of Proteus VSM allow the creation of models
that can actually interact with the physical world. We call such models Physical Interface
Models or PIMs for short.

The COMPIM model is a Physical Interface Model of a serial port. Incoming serial data
is buffered and presented to the circuit as a digital signal, whilst serial digital data
generated by a CPU appears at the PC's physical COM port. The COMPIM model also
provides for baud rate translation, and for optional hardware or software handshaking on
both the physical and virtual sides of the device.

Handshaking Modes

Flow control signals, if active, do not directly pass through from the physical to virtual
port, or vice versa, they instead interact with high and low thresholds on the data buffers
that are in COMPIM and the operating system. This means that although flow control
may be accepting or blocking data at one physical/virtual port, the other virtual/physical
port may not necessarily propagate this state, unless the buffers become close to over

21
flowing or under flowing.

Put another way, if either Physical or Virtual hardware handshaking is enabled, the RTS
input pin of the COMPIM will cease to have any direct effect on the RTS line of the COM
port.

Buffering

The COMPIM model provides buffering for both incoming and outgoing data. As well as
covering the situation where the VSM simulation fails to keep up with real time, the input
buffering works even when the simulation is paused. This feature can be remarkably
useful since the VSM debugging tools may be used to single step the processing of the
data long after the physical hardware device attached to the COM port actually
transmitted it.

3.2.5 Liquid Crystal Display

This is used to indicate the status of the operation performed by the arduino micro
controller.

A Liquid Crystal Display commonly abbreviated as LCD is basically a display unit built
using Liquid crystal technology.

It is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses the light
modulation. LCDs do not emit light directly. LCDs are used in a wide range of
applications, including computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit
displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players,
clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones.

It is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels
arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. It is often utilized in battery-powered
electronic devices because it uses very small amounts of electric power.

Figure 3.7 Liquid crystal display

22
Pin descriptions of liquid crystal display

VCC, VSS and VEE

While VCC and VSS provide +5V and ground respectively, VEE is used for controlling
LCD contrast.

RS, register select

There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for their
selection as follows.

a) If RS=0, the instruction command code register is selected, allowing the user to send a
command such as clear display, cursor at home, etc.,

b) If RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on
the LCD.

R/W, read/write

R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information from it.
R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing.

EN, Enable

The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins. When
data is supplied to data pins, a high-to-low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for
the LCD to latch in the data present at the data pins. This pulse must be a minimum of
450ns wide.

D0-D7

The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents
of the LCD’s internal registers. To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for
the letters A-Z, a-z, and numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS=1.

We also use RS=0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive
information. The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W=1 and RS=0, as follows: if
R/W=1, RS=0. When D7=1 (busy flag=1), the LCD is busy taking care of internal
operations and will not accept any information.

This LCD does typically have 14 data pins. Character LCDs use a standard 14-pin
interface and those with backlights have 16 pins. There is also being a single backlight

23
pin, with the other connection via Ground or VCC pin.

When we build real life/real world electronics based projects, we need a medium/device
to display output values and messages.

We always use devices made up of Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) like computers, digital
watches and also DVD and CD players. They have become very common and have taken
a giant leap in the screen industry by clearly replacing the use of Cathode Ray Tubes
(CRT). CRT draws more power than LCD and is also bigger and heavier. LCD displays
are one of the most sophisticated display devices used by them. Once you learn how to
interface it, it will be the easiest and very reliable output device used by you! More, for
micro controller based project, not every time any debugger can be used. So LCD displays
can be used to test the outputs.

Why LCD?

 Low power consumption

 it is compatible with metal oxide semiconductor integrated circuit

 low cost

 good contrast
This LCD has following features:

 Number of characters: 16 characters*2 lines.

 Module dimension: 80.0mm*36.0mm*9.7mm.

 Area: 66.0mm*16.0mm.

 Active area: 56.2mm*11.5mm.

 Dot size: 0.55mm*0.65mm.

 Dot pitch: 0.60mm*0.70mm.

 Character size: 2.95mm*5.55mm.

 Character pitch: 3.55mm*5.95mm.

 LCD Type: Positive, Reflective, Yellow Green.

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3.3 Fire Detector

When present, humans can be excellent fire detectors. The healthy person is able to sense
multiple aspects of a fire including the heat, smoke and odors. For this reason, most fire
alarm systems are designed with one or more manual alarm activation devices to be used
by the person who discovers a fire.

Unfortunately, a person can also be an unreliable detection method since they may not be
present when a fire starts, may not raise an alarm in an effective manner, or may not be
in perfect heath to recognize fire signatures. It is for this reason that a variety of automatic
fire detectors have been developed. Automatic detectors are meant to imitate one or more
of the human senses of touch, smell or sight. Thermal detectors are similar to our ability
to identify high temperatures, smoke detectors replicate the sense of smell. The properly
selected and installed automatic detector can be a highly reliable fire sensor.

Manual fire detection is the oldest method of detection. In the simplest form, a person
yelling can provide fire warning. In buildings, however, a person's voice may not always
transmit throughout the structure. For this reason, manual alarm stations are installed. It
is for this reason that they can usually be found near exit doors in corridors and large
rooms.

The advantage of manual alarm stations is that, upon discovering the fire, they provide
occupants with a readily identifiable means to activate the building fire alarm system.
They are simple devices, and can be highly reliable when the building is occupied. The
key disadvantage of manual stations is that they will not work when the building is
unoccupied. They may also be used for malicious alarm activations. Nonetheless, they
are an important component in any fire alarm system.

Thermal detectors are the oldest type of automatic detection device, having origin in the
mid 1800's, with several styles still in production today. The most common type of
thermal sensor is the rate-of-rise detector, which identifies an abnormally fast temperature
climb over a short time period. These units is "spot type" detector, which means that it is
periodically spaced along a ceiling or high on a wall. The other detector type is the fixed
temperature line type detector, which consists of two cables and an insulated sheathing
that is designed to breakdown when exposed to heat. The advantage of line type over spot
detection is that thermal sensing density can be increased at lower cost.

25
If the fixed area becomes very hot, it is detected and an alarm signal is transmitted to the
main fire alarm control panel. Heat detectors are extremely sensitive and are typically the
fastest responding automatic detection method.

3.4 Fire Sprinkler

For most fires, water represents the ideal extinguishing agent. Fire sprinklers utilize water
by direct application onto flames and heat, which causes cooling of the combustion
process and prevents ignition of adjacent combustibles. They are most effective during
the fire's initial flame growth stage, while the fire is relatively easy to control. A properly
selected sprinkler will detect the fire's heat, initiate alarm, and begin suppression within
moments after flames appear. In most instances sprinklers will control fire advancement
within a few minutes of their activation, which will in turn result in significantly less
damage than otherwise would happen without sprinklers.

Among the potential benefits of sprinklers are the following:

 Immediate identification and control of a developing fire: Sprinkler systems

respond at all times, including periods of low occupancy. Control is generally
instantaneous.

 Immediate alert: In conjunction with the building fire alarm system, automatic
sprinkler systems will notify occupants and emergency response personnel of the
developing fire.

 Reduced heat and smoke damage: Significantly less heat and smoke will be
generated when the fire is extinguished at an early stage.

 Enhanced life safety: Staff, visitors and fire fighters will be subject to less danger
when fire growth is checked.

 Design flexibility: Egress route and fire/smoke barrier placement becomes less
restrictive since early fire control minimizes demand on these systems. Many fire
and building codes will permit design and operations flexibility based on the
presence of a fire sprinkler system.

 Enhanced security: A sprinkler controlled fire can reduce demand on security

forces by minimizing intrusion and theft opportunities.

26
  Decreased insurance expenditure: Sprinkler controlled fires are less damaging
than fires in non sprinklered buildings. Insurance underwriters may offer reduced
premiums in sprinkler protected properties.

Sprinkler systems are essentially a series of water pipes that are supplied by a reliable
water supply. At selected intervals along these pipes are independent, heat activated
valves known as sprinkler heads. It is the sprinkler that is responsible for water distribu-
tion onto the fire. Most sprinkler systems also include an alarm to alert occupants and
emergency forces when sprinkler activation (fire) occurs.

During the incipient fire stage, the heat output is relatively low and is unable to cause
sprinkler operation. However, as the fire intensity increases, the sprinkler's sensing
elements become exposed to elevated temperatures (typically beyond 40 degree
centigrade), and begin to deform. Assuming temperatures remain high, as they would
during an increasing fire, the element will fatigue after an approximate 30 to 120 second
period. This releases the sprinkler's seals allowing water to discharge onto the fire and
begin the suppression action. In most situations less than 2 sprinklers are needed to control
the fire.

In fast growing fire scenarios, however, such as a flammable liquid spill, up to 12

sprinklers may be required. In addition to normal fire control efforts, sprinkler operation
may be interconnected to initiate building and fire department alarms, shutdown electrical
and mechanical equipment, close fire doors and dampers, and suspend some processes.

As fire fighters arrive their efforts will focus on ensuring that the system has contained
the fire, and when satisfied, shut off the water flow to minimize water damage. It is at this
point that staff will normally be permitted to enter the damaged space and perform salvage
duties.

27
 Figure 3.8 Fire sprinkler circuit

3.4.1 Sprinkler System Components and Operation

A. The Diac

It is a bi-directional trigger diode used mainly in firing Triacs and Thyristors in AC

control circuits. Its circuit symbol as shown below is similar to that of a Triac, but without
the gate terminal, in fact it is a simpler device and consists of a PNP structure (like a
transistor without a base) and acts basically as two diodes connected cathode to cathode
as shown in figure 3.10 below.

The following is the Diac Circuit symbol and an equivalent diagram using diodes.

Figure 3.9 Diac circuit symbol

28
 Figure 3.10 Equivalent diac circuit symbol

The Diac is designed to have a particular break over voltage, typically about 30 volts, and
when a voltage less than this is applied in either polarity, the device remains in a high
resistance state with only a small leakage current flowing.

Once the break over voltage is reached however, in either polarity, the device exhibits a
negative resistance as can be seen from the characteristic curve in figure below.

Figure 3.11 Typical diac characteristics

When the voltage across the diac exceeds a typical break-over voltage (about 30 volts)
current flows and an increase in current is accompanied by a drop in the voltage across
the diac. Normally, Ohm's law states that an increase in current through a component
causes an increase in voltage across that component; however the opposite effect is hap-
pening here, therefore the diac exhibits negative resistance at break-over.

29
B. The Triac

Triac is an acronym for triode AC semiconductor, it is equivalent to two SCRs connected

back to back in parallel. It conducts both directions of the current flow. It comprises of
two thyristors that are connected in opposite direction but in parallel but, it is controlled
by the same gate /using a common gate connection/. This gives the triac the ability to be
triggered into conduction while having a voltage of either polarity across it. Triac is a 2-
dimensional Thyristors which is activated on both halves of the input AC cycle using
positive or negative gate pulses. The three terminals of the Triac are T1; T2 & gate ter-
minal (G). Generating pulses are applied between T1 and gate terminals. The ‘G’ current
to switch 100A from triac is not more than 50mA or so.

Figure 3.12 Triac circuit symbol

Triacs are mainly used in power control to give full wave control. This enables the voltage
to be controlled between zero and full power. With simple "half wave" thyristor circuits
the controlled voltage may only be varied between zero and half power as the Thyristors
only conducts during one half cycle. The triac provides a wider range of control in AC
circuits without the need for additional components, e.g. bridge rectifiers or a second
Thyristors, needed to achieve full wave control with Thyristors. The triggering of the triac
is also simpler than that required by thyristors in AC circuits, and can normally be
achieved using a simple diac circuit.

Triac operation

It can be imagined from the circuit symbol that the triac consists of two thyristors back to
back but with a common gate terminal, and the cathode of one thyristor connected to the
anode of the other, and vice versa. This configuration is more correctly termed antiparal-
lel.

30
On a basic level, the operation of the triac can be looked on in the format of the antiparallel
thyristors, although the actual operation at the semiconductor level is rather complicated.

When the voltage on the T1 is positive with regard to T2 and a positive gate voltage is
applied, one of the SCRs /silicon controlled rectifiers/ conducts. When the voltage is re-
versed and a negative voltage is applied to the gate, the other SCR conducts. This is pro-
vided that there is sufficient voltage across the device to enable a minimum holding cur-
rent to flow.

Figure 3.13 Equivalent circuit of a triac

3.4.2 System components and types

The basic components of a sprinkler system are the sprinklers, system piping, and a
dependable water source. Most systems also require an alarm, system control valves, and
means to test the equipment.

The sprinkler itself is the spray nozzle, which distributes water over a defined fire hazard
area with each sprinkler operating by actuation of its own temperature linkage.

The typical sprinkler consists of a frame, thermal operated linkage, cap, orifice, and
deflector. Styles of each component may vary but the basic principles of each remain the
same.

Frame: The frame provides the main structural component which holds the sprinkler
together. Water supply piping is connected to the sprinkler at the base of the frame. The
frame holds the thermal linkage and cap in place, and supports the deflector during
discharge. Frame styles include standard and low profile, flush, and concealed mount.
Some are designed for extended spray coverage, beyond the range of normal sprinklers.
Standard finishes include brass, chrome, black, and white, while custom finishes are
available for aesthetically sensitive spaces. Special coatings are available for areas subject
to high corrosive effect. Selection of a specific frame style is dependent on the size and

31
type of area to be covered, anticipated hazard, visual impact features, and atmospheric
conditions.

Thermal linkage: The thermal linkage is the component that controls water release.
Under normal conditions the linkage holds the cap in place and prevents water flow. As
the link is exposed to heat, however, it weakens and releases the cap. Common linkage
styles include soldered metal levers, frangible glass bulbs, and solder pellets. Each link
style is equally dependable.

In heritage applications the advantage of quick response sprinklers often becomes

apparent. The faster a sprinkler reacts to a fire, the sooner the suppression activity is
initiated, and the lower the potential damage level. This is particularly beneficial in high
value or life safety applications where the earliest possible extinguishment is a fire
protection goal. It is important to understand that response time is independent of
response temperature. A quicker responding sprinkler will not activate at a lower
temperature than a comparable standard head.

Cap: The cap provides the water tight seal which is located over the sprinkler orifice. It
is held in place by the thermal linkage, and falls from position after linkage heating to
permit water flow. Caps are constructed solely of metal or a metal with a Teflon disk.

Orifice: The machined opening at the base of the sprinkler frame is the orifice from which
extinguishing water flows. Most orifice openings are 15 mm (1/2 inch) diameter with
smaller bores available for residential applications and larger openings for higher hazards.

Deflector: The deflector is mounted on the frame opposite the orifice. Its purpose is to
break up the water stream discharging from the orifice into a more efficient extinguishing
pattern. Deflector styles determine how the sprinkler is mounted, with common sprinkler
mounting styles known as upright (mounted above the pipe), pendent (mounted below
the pipe, i.e. under ceilings), and sidewall sprinklers which discharge water in a lateral
position from a wall. The sprinkler must be mounted as designed to ensure proper action.
Selection of a particular style is often dependent upon physical building constraints.

A sprinkler that has received wide spread interest for museum applications is the on/off
sprinkler. The principle behind these products is that as a fire occurs, water discharge and
extinguishing action will happen similar to standard sprinklers. As the room temperature
is cooled to a safer level, a bimetallic snap disk on the sprinkler closes and water flow

32
ceases. Should the fire reignite, operation will once again occur. The advantage of on/off
sprinklers is their ability to shut off, which theoretically can reduce the quantity of water
distributed and resultant damage levels. The problem, however, is the long time period
that may pass before room temperatures are sufficiently cooled to the sprinkler's shut off
point. In most heritage applications, the building's construction will retain heat and
prevent the desired sprinkler shut down. Frequently, fire emergency response forces will
have arrived and will be able to close sprinkler zone control valves before the automatic
shutdown feature has functioned.

Selection of specific sprinklers is based on: risk characteristics, ambient room

temperature, desired response time, hazard criticality and aesthetic factors. Several
sprinkler types may be used in a heritage facility.

All sprinkler systems require a reliable water source. In urban areas, a piped public service
is the most common supply, while rural areas generally utilize private tanks, reservoirs,
lakes, or rivers. Where a high degree of reliability is desired, or a single source is
undependable, multiple supplies may be utilized.

Basic water source criteria

 The source must be available at all times. Fires can happen at any time and
therefore, the water supply must be in a constant state of readiness. Supplies must
be evaluated for resistance to pipe failure, pressure loss, droughts, and other issues
that may impact availability.

 The system must provide adequate sprinkler supply and pressure. A sprinkler
system will create a hydraulic demand, in terms of flow and pressure, on the water
supply. The supply must be capable of meeting this demand. Otherwise,
supplemental components such as a fire pump or standby tank must be added to
the system.

 The supply must provide water for the anticipated fire duration. Depending of the
fire hazard, suppression may take several minutes to over an hour. The selected
source must be capable of providing sprinklers with water until suppression has
been achieved.

 The system must provide water for fire department hoses operating in tandem with
the sprinkler system. Most fire department procedures involve the use of fire

33
 attack hoses to supplement sprinklers. The water supply must be capable of
handling this additional demand without adverse impact on sprinkler performance.

Sprinkler water is transported to fire via a system of fixed pipes and fittings. Piping
material options include various steel alloys, copper, and fire resistant plastics. Steel is
the traditional material with copper and plastics utilized in many sensitive applications.

Primary considerations for selection of pipe materials

Ease of installation: The easier the material is installed, the less disruption is imposed
on the institution's operations and mission. The ability to install a system with the least
amount of disturbance is an important consideration, especially in sprinkler retrofit
applications where building use will continue during construction.

Cost of material versus cost of protected area: Piping typically represents the greatest
single cost item in a sprinkler system. Often there is a temptation to reduce costs by
utilizing less expensive piping materials that may be perfectly acceptable in certain
instances, i.e. office or commercial environs. However, in heritage applications where the
value of contents may be far beyond sprinkler costs, appropriateness of the piping rather
than cost should be the deciding factor.

Prefabrication requirements or other installation: In some instances, such as in fine

art vaults, requirements may be imposed to limit the amount of work time in the space.
This will often require extensive prefabrication work outside of the work area. Some
materials are easily adapted to prefabrication.

Material cleanliness: Some pipe materials are cleaner to install than others. This will
reduce the potential for soiling collections, displays, or building finishes during
installation. Various materials are also resistant to accumulation in the system water,
which could discharge onto collections. Cleanliness of installation and discharge should
be a consideration.

Labor requirements: Some pipe materials are heavier or more cumbersome to work with
than others. Consequently additional workers are needed to install pipes, which can add
to installation costs. If the number of construction workers allowed into the building is a
factor, lighter materials may be beneficial.

34
3.5 Alarm output device

Upon receiving an alarm notification, the fire alarm control panel must now tell someone
that an emergency is underway. This is the primary function of the alarm output aspect of
a system. Occupant signaling components include various audible and visual alerting
components, and are the primary alarm output devices. Bells are the most common and
familiar alarm sounding device, and are appropriate for most building applications. Horns
are another option, and are especially well suited to areas where a loud signal is needed
such as library stacks, and architecturally sensitive buildings where devices need partial
concealment. Chimes may be used where a soft alarm tone is preferred, such as health
care facilities and theaters. Speakers are the fourth alarm sounding option, which sound
a reproducible signal such as a recorded voice message. They are often ideally suited for
large, multistory or other similar buildings where phased evacuation is preferred.
Speakers also offer the added flexibility of emergency public address announcements.
With respect to visual alert, there are a number of strobe and flashing light devices. Visual
alerting is required in spaces where ambient noise levels are high enough to preclude
hearing sounding equipment, and where hearing impaired occupants may be found.
Standards such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) mandate visual devices in
numerous museum, library, and historic building applications.

Another key function of the output function is emergency response notification. The most
common arrangement is an automatic telephone or radio signal that is communicated to
a constantly staffed monitoring center. Upon receiving the alert, the center will then
contact the appropriate fire department, providing information about the location of
alarm. In some instances, the monitoring station may be the police or fire departments, or
a 911 center. In other instances it will be a private monitoring company that is under
contract to the organization. In many cultural properties, the building's in house security
service may serve as the monitoring center.

Other output functions include shutting down electrical equipment such as computers,
shutting off air handling fans to prevent smoke migration, and shutting down operations
such as chemical movement through piping in the alarmed area. They may also activate
fans to extract smoke, which is a common function in large atria spaces. These systems
can also activate discharge of gaseous fire extinguishing systems.

35
 CHAPTER FOUR

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter we will be discussing about the circuit simulation and expected results.

4.1 Simulation Circuit

Proteus software has been used for the simulation of the project.

Circuit Description
When the sensor senses the temperature value greater than 40 degree centigrade, fire will
occur. As a result, arduino microcontroller processes the signal and sends to LCD. After
that, arduino will send the signal to GSM module which automatically sends the text
message to the registered number as fire occurred inside the room. Fire sprinkler works
immediately after fire has occurred, since water is the most extinguishing agent, in that
pump starts to sprinkle water to extinguish the fired area. However; when the sensor
senses the temperature value less than 40 degree centigrade, based on the program
installed in the arduino microcontroller it processes the signal and allows the LCD only
to display the temperature value of the room, since it is at the normal condition. The
function of the LCD is to indicate the status of the operation.

Connections of this "GSM based fire alarm system" is simple, here a liquid crystal display
is used for displaying status of the operation which is directly connected to arduino in 4-
bit mode. Data pins of LCD namely RS, EN, D4, D5, D6, D7 are connected to arduino
digital pin number 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. And RX and TX pin of GSM module (COMPIM) is
directly connected at TX and RX pin of Arduino respectively.

36
 Figure 4.1 Simulation circuit

4.2 Simulation Result

The simulation result shows that after the temperature sensor sense the temperature
condition inside the home, it sends the data to the input pins of the arduino
microcontroller. Based on the program installed on the arduino, it commands the liquid
crystal display to show the status of the operation. As a result the text message notification
will reach to the authorized body through the serial communication.

If the sensor senses the temperature value greater than 40 degree centigrade, fire will
occur so the system will notify the authorized body by sending the notification message
to his or her mobile phone. As a result the pump starts to sprinkle water to extinguish the
fire. However, if the sensor senses the temperature value less than 40 degree centigrade,
it is at the normal condition. Thus the system will only show the status of the operations
on the liquid crystal display and the fire sprinkler stops working.

37
 Figure 4.2 Simulation result when the temperature value is less than the set value

From the above circuit, the water valve is not active this is because the temperature sensor
senses the value which is less than the set value. As a result, the system will not notify
the authorized body by sending the text message to his or her mobile.

38
 Figure 4.3 Simulation result when fire has been occurred

From the above circuit, the water valve is active showing that the pump is sprinkling the
water to the required fired area and the system is notifying the authorized body by sending
the text message notification to his or her mobile as fire occurred, this is because the
temperature sensor senses the value which is beyond the set value.

39
 CHAPTER FIVE

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

The designed fire alarm system using the global system for mobile communication is
simple but it has wide area of application in household and industrial safety, especially in
developing countries. The software design was examined in arduino program code to
verify its accuracy. A step-by-step approach in designing an arduino microcontroller
based system for temperature measurement has been followed. According to the
study and analysis of various parts of the system, a design has been carried out.
Using this system, quick and reliable alert response is possible to initiate preventive
measures and minimize losses of life and property before the damage occurs. This is a
cost effective fire alarm system which performs reliably to ensure safety from fire, and
can be installed in houses, industries, offices, ware-houses etc. From this project, we infer
that the usage of GSM module incorporated the mobile communication fire alarm is an
effective method to ensure speedy response in case of a fire by notifying the notification
message to the authorized body, and as well as balance in cost and maintenance. Using of
global system for mobile communication helps to use a single monitoring station and thus
eliminates the need to have various controls or monitor points. The GSM module attached
serves to immediately notify in case of a fire to the concerned authority or fire station and
thus adds a great deal to the safety measures.

5.2. Recommendation

In particular, our project can be further modified by improving the coverage area of the
alarm notification. After fire has occurred, the system by itself sprinkles water to
extinguish the fire, furthermore it can be extended to facilitate communication to various
protection agencies like fire office, police, ambulance etc. In addition to this, the system
could also be developed with added features like web server interconnect, extinguisher
interfacing etc.

40
REFERENCE
[1] Zeng, Y.; Sreenan, C.J.; Sitanayah, L.; Xiong, N.; Park, J.H.; Zheng, G. An
emergency-adaptive routing scheme for wireless sensor networks for building fire hazard
monitoring. Sensors2011, 11, 2899–2919.

[2] Al-Ali, Khaliq, A.; Arshad, GSM-based distribution transformer monitoring system

United Arab Emirates;M. Electrotechnical Conference, 2004.

[3] Zhou Nanchang; Zhang Jingwei;An Online Temperature Measurement System Based
Wireless Communication Technology Gan Hong Power System Technology, 2006.

[4] Zhenghong peng; Information fusion algorithm for electromechanical equipment

based on DS evidence theory. Appl. Mech. Mater. January, 2014, 8, 1125–1128.

[5] M.Yvaraju; “Design and implementation of Wireless Based on Perfunctory Fire

Detection and Liberate system”, Volume 9, pp.410-413, June 2016.

[6] K. Angayarkkani; an intelligent system for effective forest fire detection using the
spatial data, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 202-208, February 2010.

[7] Harjinder Singh; Forest Fire Detection using Wireless Sensor; International Journal
of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 7, July-2016.

[8] Alexander G. bell; Global system for mobile communication, the invention of the
telephone; university of Edinburgh, in 1970, U.S.

41
APPENDIX
Source Code
int out = 1;

int out1 = 0;

int buttononeoldstate =LOW;

int buttononeoldstate1 =LOW;

int tempratureone;

int tempraturetwo;

int tempraturethree;

int tempraturefour;

int count = 0;

char bedroom[] = "Bedroom";

char ketchen[] = "ketchen";

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(11,10,9,8,7,6);// RS,EN,D4,D5,D6,D7

char ty[] = {'M','A','S','T','W','A','L','E','M','B','B','E','A','D','E','D'};

void setup(){

pinMode(2,OUTPUT);

pinMode(13,INPUT);

pinMode(12,INPUT);

lcd.begin(16,4);

Serial.begin(9600);

lcd .setCursor(0,2);

lcd.print (" Press{POWER}");

int analog[2];

42
double analogvoltage[2];

double analogrealpower[2];

int bounce(int x){

int current = digitalRead(13);

if(x!=current){

delay(10);

current = digitalRead(13);

return current;}

int bounce2(int x){

int current = digitalRead(12);

if(x!=current){

delay(10);

current = digitalRead(12);

return current;}

void loop(){

int currentone = bounce(buttononeoldstate);

if(currentone == LOW&& buttononeoldstate == HIGH){

out1 =1-out1;

if(out1==1){

wellcome();

buttononeoldstate=currentone;

int currentwo = bounce2(buttononeoldstate1);

43
if(currentwo == LOW && buttononeoldstate1 == HIGH){

buttononeoldstate1=currentwo;

if(out1==1){

measurment();

lcd .setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print ("TEMP=");

lcd.print (tempratureone,1);

lcd.print ("C ");

lcd .setCursor(0,2);

lcd.print ("TEMP=");

lcd.print (tempratureone,1 );

lcd.print ("C ");

lcd .setCursor(0,3);

lcd.print ("TEMP=");

lcd.print (tempratureone,1);

lcd.print ("C ");

if(tempratureone >40 && count == 0){

sendmessage( bedroom );

count = 1;

digitalWrite(2,HIGH);

else {if(tempratureone <40){

count = 0;

digitalWrite(2,LOW);}

44
 }

void measurment(){

tempratureone = analogRead(A0);

tempratureone = (tempratureone *5000.0)/1024;

tempratureone = tempratureone /10;

tempraturetwo = analogRead(A1);

tempraturetwo = (tempraturetwo *5000.0)/1024;

tempraturetwo = tempraturetwo /10;

void wellcome(){

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);//move courser to second line}

lcd.print(" WELLCOME ");//showing name

delay(500);

lcd.setCursor(1,1);

lcd.cursor();

digitalWrite(2,LOW);

for(int x = 0;x<=13;x++){

lcd.print(ty[x]);

delay(200);

lcd.noCursor();

delay(500);

lcd.setCursor(0,3);

lcd.print("LOAD");

45
for(int x = 0;x<=8;x++){

//lcd.setCursor(5+x,1);

lcd.print(".");

delay(500);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);//move courser to second line}

lcd.print(" STATUS ");//showing name

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);//move courser to second line}

void sendmessage(char area[] ){

//Serial.println("AT+CMGF=1");

//delay(1000);

Serial.println("AT+CMGS=\"+251923977205\"\r");

//Serial.println("AT+CMGS=");

delay(1000);

Serial.println("Sir/Madam :- ");

Serial.println("This is From Ur Home Automation controller ");

Serial.println("Fire detected inside Your House ");

Serial.println("Please respond as soon as possible ");

Serial.println("Specific part @");

Serial.print(area);

delay(100);

Serial.println((char)26);

delay(1000);

46
void disp(){

47