Simulation of Plane Sinusoidal Wave Propagation through Lossy

Dielectric Material using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD)

Modeling in Python

October 20, 2023

[ ]: '''Figure 1 : 3D plot of a traveling wave'''

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

fig = plt.figure()
ax3d = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

x = np.linspace(-2*np.pi, 2*np.pi , 200)

y = np.linspace(-2*np.pi, 2*np.pi , 200)

E_0 = 2
phi,tau = np.meshgrid(x,y)

E = E_0*np.sin(phi-tau)
ax3d.set_xlabel(r'$\tau$')
ax3d.set_ylabel(r'$\phi$')
ax3d.set_zlabel('E')
surf = ax3d.plot_surface( phi , tau , E , cmap='jet')
ax3d.view_init(17,208)
fig.show()

[ ]: '''Figure 2 : Evolution of a time-dependent plane sinusoidal wave at a specific␣

↪position in space in 3D'''

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

fig = plt.figure()
ax3d = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

T=2
x = np.linspace(0, 5, 100)
y = np.linspace(0, 4, 100)

t,y = np.meshgrid(x,y)

1
 E_0 = 2
omega=(2*np.pi)/T
tau = omega*t
E = E_0*np.sin(tau)
ax3d.set_xlabel('t')
ax3d.set_zlabel('E')
ax3d.axes.yaxis.set_ticklabels([])
surf = ax3d.plot_surface( t , y , E, rstride=1,␣
↪cstride=1,cmap='jet',edgecolor='None')

fig.show()

[ ]: '''Figure 3 : Evolution of a time-dependent plane sinusoidal wave at a specific␣

↪position in space in 2D'''

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

fig = plt.figure()

T = 2
t = np.linspace(0, 5, 100)

E_0 = 2
omega=(2*np.pi)/T
tau = omega*t
E = E_0*np.sin(tau)

fig.set_figheight(3)
plt.xlabel('t (s)')
plt.ylabel('E (V/m)')
plt.xlim(0,5)
plt.plot(t,E)
plt.text(4.2,-1.3,'x=0m')
plt.text(4.2,-1.7,'T=2s')
plt.grid()
plt.show()

[ ]: '''Figure 4 : Snapshot of plane sinusoidal wave at a specific time in 2D'''

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

fig = plt.figure()

lam = 2
x = np.linspace(0, 5, 100)

E_0 = 2

2
 k=(2*np.pi)/lam
phi = k*x
E = E_0*np.sin(phi)

fig.set_figheight(3)
plt.xlabel('x (m)')
plt.ylabel('E (V/m)')
plt.xlim(0,5)
plt.plot(x,E)
plt.text(4.2,-1.3,'t=0s')
plt.text(4.2,-1.7,r'$\lambda$=2m')
plt.grid()
plt.show()

[ ]: '''Figure 5 : Graph showing difference in wavelength in a dielectric as␣

↪compared to free space'''

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib

n_air=1
n_glass=1.5

lambda_air=2.5
lambda_glass=lambda_air*(n_air/n_glass)

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 200)

k0=(2*np.pi)/lambda_air
k1=(2*np.pi)/lambda_glass
k=np.ones(len(x))*k0
k[100:200]=k1

E_0=2
E = E_0*np.sin(k*x)

fig=plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
rect1=matplotlib.patches.Rectangle((5,-3),5,6,fc=(1,1,0,0.5))
rect2=matplotlib.patches.Rectangle((0,-3),5,6,fc=(0,0,1,0.05))
fig.set_figheight(3)
plt.xlim(0,10)
plt.ylim(-3,3)
plt.xlabel('x (m)')
plt.ylabel('E (V/m)')
plt.plot(x,E)
ax.add_patch(rect1)
ax.add_patch(rect2)

3
 plt.text(2.8,-1.9,'Air')
plt.text(2.5,-2.3,r'$\lambda$=2.5m')
plt.text(6.6,-1.9,'Glass')
plt.text(6.4,-2.3,r'$\lambda$=1.67m')
plt.grid()
plt.show()

[ ]: '''Figure 6 : Physical representation of attenuation coefficient and phase␣

↪constant'''

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

alpha=0.27
beta=2
E0=6

x=np.linspace(0,16.5,100)
y=[]
E=[]
for i in x:
y.append(E0*np.exp(-alpha*i))
E.append(E0*np.exp(-alpha*i)*np.cos(beta*i))

plt.figure(figsize=(7,4))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
plt.xlim(-2,22)
plt.ylim(-8,8)

plt.plot((0, 0), (-7, 7),color='black',lw=1.5)

plt.plot((0, 17.6), (0, 0),color='black',lw=1.5)
plt.text(-1.4,-0.2,'E',fontsize=11)
plt.text(18,-0.2,'x',fontsize=11)

plt.plot(x,y,color='red',lw=1,label=r'$E_0 e^{-\alpha x}$ (attenuation)')

plt.plot(x,E,color='whitesmoke',lw=3)
plt.plot(x,E,color='green',lw=2)
plt.plot([1.5,1.5,1.5],[-4,-5,-6.3],'--',color='blue',lw=1,label=r'describing␣
↪$e^{-j\beta x}$ (oscillation factor)')

plt.plot([4.6,4.6,4.6],[-1.8,-4,-6.3],'--',color='blue',lw=1)
plt.plot([1.7,4.5],[-6,-6],color='blue',lw=1)
plt.arrow(1.9,-6,-0.1,0,width=0.01,head_width=0.1,color='blue')
plt.arrow(4.2,-6,0.1,0,width=0.01,head_width=0.1,color='blue')
plt.arrow(17.4, 0, 0.01, 0, width = 0.07,color='black')
plt.arrow(0, 7, 0, 0.01, width = 0.07,color='black')
plt.arrow(0, -7, 0, -0.01, width = 0.07,color='black')
plt.legend()
plt.text(2.8,-6.8,r'$\lambda$',color='blue')

4
 plt.text(12,-4,'Equation of the wave',color='darkgreen')
plt.text(12.3,-5.2,'E(x)',color='darkgreen')
plt.text(13.6,-5.2,r' = $E_0$',color='black')
plt.text(15.5,-5.2,r'$e^{-\alpha x}$',color='red')
plt.text(17.3,-5.2,r'$e^{-j\beta x}$',color='blue')
plt.text(-1,5.8,r'$E_0$',color='red')
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()

[ ]: '''Figure 7 : Visualization of plane wave with purely real k'''

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

fig = plt.figure()
ax3d = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

T=3.5

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)

y = np.linspace(0, 4, 100)

t,y = np.meshgrid(x,y)

E_0 = 2
omega=(2*np.pi)/T
tau = omega*t
E = E_0*np.sin(tau)
surf = ax3d.plot_surface( t , y , E, rstride=1,␣
↪cstride=1,cmap='jet',edgecolor='None')

plt.axis('off')
fig.show()

[ ]: '''Figure 8 : Visualization of a plot having purely imaginary k'''

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

fig = plt.figure()
ax3d = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)

y = np.linspace(0, 4, 100)

t,y = np.meshgrid(x,y)

E_0 = 2
alpha=0.2
power=-alpha*t

5
 E=E_0*np.exp(power)

surf = ax3d.plot_surface( t , y , E, rstride=1,␣

↪cstride=1,cmap='jet',edgecolor='None')

plt.axis('off')
fig.show()

[ ]: '''Figure 9 : Plot of a sinusoidal plane wave having complex wave vector'''

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

fig = plt.figure()
ax3d = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)

y = np.linspace(0, 4, 100)

t,y = np.meshgrid(x,y)

E_0 = 2
E=[]
alpha=0.05
beta=2.1
for i in y:
E.append([])
for j in x:
E[-1].append(E_0*np.exp(-alpha*j)*np.cos(beta*j))

E=np.array(E)

surf = ax3d.plot_surface( t , y , E, rstride=1,␣

↪cstride=1,cmap='jet',edgecolor='None')

plt.axis('off')
fig.show()

[ ]: '''2D simulation : plane EM wave passing through a lossy dielectric'''

#Importing required libraries
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib

#Defining constants
eps_0=8.854187817e-12
mu_0=1.25663706144e-6
c_0=1/np.sqrt(eps_0*mu_0)
imp_0=np.sqrt(mu_0/eps_0)

6
#Defining FDTD cells
j_max=500
i_max=1000
j_source=0
interface=200

#Defining E and H field arrays

Ez=np.zeros(j_max)
Hy=np.zeros(j_max)

#Defining various variable arrays for free space and the lossy medium
epsilon=np.ones(j_max)*eps_0
eps_r = 3.8
epsilon[interface:]=eps_r*eps_0
cond=np.zeros(j_max)
sigma = 0.04
cond[interface:]=sigma

#Defining space and time steps

lambda_min=0.1
delta_x=lambda_min/20
delta_t=delta_x/c_0

#Expression in E and H update equations

R=(cond*delta_t)/(2*epsilon)

#Defining source function

def pulse(t):
T=1.43e-9
omega=2*np.pi/T
return np.cos(omega*t*delta_t)

#FDTD loops
for i in range(i_max): #Time variable loop
for j in range(1,j_max): #Space variable loop for E
#Update equation for E
Ez[j] = ((1-R[j])/(1+R[j]))*Ez[j] + (Hy[j]-Hy[j-1])/((1+R[j])*eps_r)
#Updating E source
Ez[j_source] = Ez[j_source] + pulse(i+1)
for j in range(j_max-1): #Space variable loop for H
#Update equation for H
Hy[j] = Hy[j] + Ez[j+1]-Ez[j]
#Updating H source
Hy[j_source-1] = Hy[j_source-1] + pulse(i)/imp_0

#Plotting E after 10 time steps for video effect

if i%10==0:

7
 fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8, 2.5))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
rect1=matplotlib.patches.Rectangle((-2,-25),interface,50,fc=(0,0,1,0.05))
rect2=matplotlib.patches.
↪Rectangle((interface,-25),502-interface,50,fc=(1,1,0,0.5))

ax.add_patch(rect1)
ax.add_patch(rect2)
plt.plot(Ez,color='orangered')
plt.xlim(-2,502)
plt.ylim(-25,25)
plt.xlabel('FDTD cells')
plt.ylabel(r'$E_z$')
plt.text(50, -18, r'$\epsilon_r$ = 1')
plt.text(50, -22, r'$\sigma$ = 0 S/m')
plt.text(350, -18, r'$\epsilon_r$ = ' + str(eps_r))
plt.text(350, -22, r'$\sigma$ = ' + str(sigma) + ' S/m')
plt.text(200, 19, 'T = ' + str(i))
plt.show()