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Psychological concepts by Sigmund Freud For other uses, see Ego (disambiguation) and ID (disambiguation). Part of a series of articles onPsychoanalysis Concepts Psychosexual development Psychosocial development (Erikson) Unconscious Preconscious Consciousness Psychic apparatus Id, ego and super-ego Ego defenses Projection Introjection
Libido Drive Transference Countertransference Resistance Denial Dreamwork Cathexis Important figures Karl Abraham Alfred Adler Michael Balint Wilfred Bion Josef Breuer Nancy Chodorow Max Eitingon Erik Erikson Ronald Fairbairn Paul Federn Otto Fenichel Sándor Ferenczi Anna Freud Sigmund Freud Erich Fromm Harry Guntrip Karen Horney
Edith Jacobson Ernest Jones Carl Jung Abram Kardiner Heinz Kohut Melanie Klein Julia Kristeva Jacques Lacan Ronald Laing Jean Laplanche Margaret Mahler Jacques-Alain Miller Sandor Rado Otto Rank Wilhelm Reich Joan Riviere Isidor Sadger Ernst Simmel Sabina Spielrein Wilhelm Stekel James Strachey Harry Stack Sullivan Susan Sutherland
Isaacs Donald Winnicott Slavoj Žižek Important works The Interpretation of Dreams (1899) The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901) Three Essays on the Theoryof Sexuality (1905) Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) The Ego and the Id (1923) Schools of thought Adlerian Ego psychology Jungian Lacanian Interpersonal Intersubjective Marxist
Object relations Reichian Relational Self psychology Training Boston Graduate School ofPsychoanalysis British Psychoanalytic Council British Psychoanalytical Society Columbia University Center forPsychoanalytic Training and Research International Psychoanalytical Association World Association of Psychoanalysis List of schools of psychoanalysis
See also Child psychoanalysis Depth psychology Psychodynamics Psychoanalytic theory Psychology portalvte In psychoanalytic theory, the id, ego, and super-ego are three distinct, interacting agents in the psychic apparatus, defined in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche. The three agents are theoretical constructs that Freud employed
to describe the basic structure of mental life as it was encountered in psychoanalytic practice. Freud himself used the German terms das Es, Ich, and Über-Ich, which literally translate as "the it", "I", and "over-I". The Latin terms id, ego and super-ego were chosen by his original translators and have remained in use. In the ego psychology model of the
psyche, the id is the set of uncoordinated instinctual desires; the super-ego plays the critical and moralizing role; and the ego is the organized, realistic agent that mediates between the instinctual desires of the id and the critical super-ego;[1] Freud compared the ego (in its relation to the id) to a man on horseback: the rider must harness and direct
the superior energy of his mount, and at times allow for a practicable satisfaction of its urges.

The ego is thus "in the habit of transforming the id's will into action, as if it were its own."[2] Freud introduced the structural model (id, ego, super-ego) in the essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) in response to the unstructured ambiguity and conflicting uses of the term "the unconscious mind". He elaborated, refined, and formalised that
model in the essay The Ego and the Id (1923).[3] Translation of the terms The terms "id", "ego", and "super-ego" are not Freud's own; they are latinisations by his translator James Strachey. Freud himself wrote of "das Es",[4] "das Ich",[5] and "das Über-Ich"[6]—respectively, "the It", "the I", and "the Over-I". Thus, to the German reader, Freud's
original terms are to some degree self-explanatory. The term "das Es" was originally used by Georg Groddeck, a physician whose unconventional ideas were of interest to Freud (Groddeck's translators render the term in English as "the It").[7] The word ego is taken directly from Latin, where it is the nominative of the first person singular personal
pronoun and is translated as "I myself" to express emphasis. Figures like Bruno Bettelheim have criticized the way "the English translations impeded students' efforts to gain a true understanding of Freud"[8] by substituting the formalised language of the elaborated code for the quotidian immediacy of Freud's own language. Psychic apparatus Id
Freud conceived the id as the unconscious instinctual component of personality that is present at birth,[9] the source of bodily needs and wants, emotional impulses and desires, especially aggression and the sexual drive.[10] The id acts according to the pleasure principle—the psychic force oriented to immediate gratification of impulse and desire.
[11] Freud described the id as "the dark, inaccessible part of our personality". Our knowledge of it is limited to analysis of dreams and neurotic symptoms, and it can only be described in terms of its contrast with the ego. It has no organization and no collective will: it is concerned only with satisfaction of drives in accordance with the pleasure
principle.[12] It is oblivious to reason and the presumptions of ordinary conscious life: "contrary impulses exist side by side, without cancelling each other. . . There is nothing in the id that could be compared with negation. . . nothing in the id which corresponds to the idea of time."[13] The id "knows no judgements of value: no good and evil, no
morality. ...Instinctual cathexes seeking discharge—that, in our view, is all there is in the id."[14] Developmentally, the id precedes the ego. The id consists of the basic instinctual drives that are present at birth, inherent in the somatic organization, and governed only by the pleasure principle.[15][16] The psychic apparatus begins as an
undifferentiated id, part of which then develops into a structured "ego", a concept of self that takes the principle of reality into account. Freud describes the id as "the great reservoir of libido",[17] the energy of desire, usually conceived as sexual in nature, the life instincts that are constantly seeking a renewal of life. He later also postulated a death
drive, which seeks "to lead organic life back into the inanimate state."[18] For Freud, "the death instinct would thus seem to express itself—though probably only in part—as an instinct of destruction directed against the external world and other organisms"[19] through aggression. Since the id includes all instinctual impulses, the destructive instinct,
as well as eros or the life instincts, is considered to be part of the id.[20] Ego The ego (that which we refer to as "I") acts according to the reality principle. Since the id's drives are frequently incompatible with social reality, the ego attempts to direct its energy and satisfy its demands in accordance with the imperatives of that reality.[21] According to
Freud the ego, in its role as mediator between the id and reality, is often "obliged to cloak the (unconscious) commands of the id with its own preconscious rationalizations, to conceal the id's conflicts with reality, to profess...to be taking notice of reality even when the id has remained rigid and unyielding."[22] Originally, Freud used the word ego to
mean the sense of self, but later expanded it to include psychic functions such as judgment, tolerance, reality testing, control, planning, defense, synthesis of information, intellectual functioning, and memory. The ego is the organising principle upon which our thoughts and interpretations of the world around us are based.[23] According to Freud, "the
ego is that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world. ...The ego represents what may be called reason and common sense, in contrast to the id, which contains the passions... it is like a tug of war... with the difference that in the tug of war the teams fight against one another in equality, while the ego is against
the much stronger 'id'."[24] In fact, the ego is required to serve “three severe masters...the external world, the super-ego and the id."[22] It seeks to find a balance between the primitive drives of the id, the limitations imposed by reality, and the strictures of the superego. It is concerned with self-preservation: it strives to keep the id's desires within
limits, adapted to reality and submissive to the superego. Thus “driven by the id, confined by the super-ego, repulsed by reality” the ego struggles to bring about harmony among the competing forces. Consequently, it can easily be subject to “realistic anxiety regarding the external world, moral anxiety regarding the super-ego, and neurotic anxiety
regarding the strength of the passions in the id."[25] The ego may wish to serve the id, trying to gloss over the finer details of reality to minimize conflicts, while pretending to have a regard for reality. But the super-ego is constantly watching every one of the ego's moves and punishes it with feelings of guilt, anxiety, and inferiority. To overcome this
the ego employs defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms reduce the tension and anxiety by disguising or transforming the impulses that are perceived as threatening.[26] Denial, displacement, intellectualisation, fantasy, compensation, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, and sublimation were the defense
mechanisms Freud identified.
His daughter Anna Freud identified the concepts of undoing, suppression, dissociation, idealization, identification, introjection, inversion, somatisation, splitting, and substitution. "The ego is not sharply separated from the id; its lower portion merges into it.... But the repressed merges into the id as well, and is merely a part of it. The repressed is only
cut off sharply from the ego by the resistances of repression; it can communicate with the ego through the id." (Sigmund Freud, 1923)In a diagram of the Structural and Topographical Models of Mind, the ego is depicted as being half in the conscious, a quarter in the preconscious, and the other quarter in the unconscious. Super-ego The super-ego
reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly as absorbed from parents, but also other authority figures, and the general cultural ethos.[11] Freud developed his concept of the super-ego from an earlier combination of the ego ideal and the "special psychical agency which performs the task of seeing that narcissistic satisfaction from the ego
ideal is ensured...what we call our 'conscience'."[27] For him the super-ego can be described as "a successful instance of identification with the parental agency", and as development proceeds it also absorbs the influence of those who have "stepped into the place of parents — educators, teachers, people chosen as ideal models". Thus a child's super-
ego is in fact constructed on the model not of its parents but of its parents' super-ego; the contents which fill it are the same and it becomes the vehicle of tradition and of all the time-resisting judgments of value which have propagated themselves in this manner from generation to generation.[28] The super-ego aims for perfection.[26] It is the part of
the personality structure, mainly but not entirely unconscious, that includes the individual's ego ideals, spiritual goals, and the psychic agency, commonly called "conscience", that criticizes and prohibits the expression of drives, fantasies, feelings, and actions. Thus the super-ego works in contradiction to the id. It is an internalized mechanism that
operates to confine the ego to socially acceptable behaviour, whereas the id merely seeks instant self-gratification.[29] The super-ego and the ego are the product of two key factors: the state of helplessness of the child and the Oedipus complex.[30] In the case of the little boy, it forms during the dissolution of the Oedipus complex, through a process
of identification with the father figure, following the failure to retain possession of the mother as a love-object out of fear of castration. Freud described the super-ego and its relationship to the father figure and Oedipus complex thus: The super-ego retains the character of the father, while the more powerful the Oedipus complex was and the more
rapidly it succumbed to repression (under the influence of authority, religious teaching, schooling and reading), the stricter will be the domination of the super-ego over the ego later on—in the form of conscience or perhaps of an unconscious sense of guilt.[31] In The Ego and the Id, Freud presents "the general character of harshness and cruelty
exhibited by the [ego] ideal — its dictatorial Thou shalt". The earlier in the child's development, the greater the estimate of parental power. . . . nor must it be forgotten that a child has a different estimate of his parents at different periods of his life. At the time at which the Oedipus complex gives place to the super-ego they are something quite
magnificent; but later, they lose much of this. Identifications then come about with these later parents as well, and indeed they regularly make important contributions to the formation of character; but in that case they only affect the ego, they no longer influence the super-ego, which has been determined by the earliest parental images.— New
Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, p. 64. Thus when the child is in rivalry with the parental imago[32] it feels the dictatorial Thou shalt—the manifest power that the imago represents—on four levels: (i) the auto-erotic, (ii) the narcissistic, (iii) the anal, and (iv) the phallic.[33] Those different levels of mental development, and their relations to
parental imagos, correspond to specific id forms of aggression and affection.[34] The concept of super-ego and the Oedipus complex is subject to criticism for its perceived sexism. Women, who are considered to be already castrated, do not identify with the father, and therefore, for Freud, "their super-ego is never so inexorable, so impersonal, so
independent of its emotional origins as we require it to be in men...they are often more influenced in their judgements by feelings of affection or hostility."[35] However, Freud went on to modify his position to the effect "that the majority of men are also far behind the masculine ideal and that all human individuals, as a result of their human identity,
combine in themselves both masculine and feminine characteristics, otherwise known as human characteristics."[36] Advantages of the structural model The iceberg metaphor is often used to explain the psyche's parts in relation to one another. In his earlier "topographic model", Freud divided the psyche into three "regions" or "systems": "the
Conscious", that which is present to awareness at the surface level of the psyche in any given moment, including information and stimuli from both internal and external sources; "the Preconscious", consisting of material that is merely latent, not present to consciousness but capable of becoming so; and "the Unconscious", consisting of ideas and
impulses that are made completely inaccessible to consciousness by the act of repression. By introducing the structural model, Freud was seeking to reduce his reliance on the term "unconscious" in its systematic and topographic sense—as the mental region that is foreign to the ego—by replacing it with the concept of the 'id'."[37] The partition of
the psyche outlined in the structural model is thus one that cuts across the topographical model's partition of "conscious vs. unconscious". Freud favoured the structural model because of the increased degree of precision and diversification that it allowed. Although the id is unconscious by definition, the ego and the super-ego are both partly
conscious and partly unconscious. With the new model, Freud felt he had achieved a more effective classification system for mental disorders than had been available previously: Transference neuroses correspond to a conflict between the ego and the id; narcissistic neuroses, to a conflict between the ego and the superego; and psychoses, to one
between the ego and the external world.[38] The three newly presented entities, however, remained closely connected to their previous conceptions, including those that went under different names – the systematic unconscious for the id, and the conscience/ego ideal for the super-ego.[39] Freud never abandoned the topographical division of
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious, though he noted that "the three qualities of consciousness and the three provinces of the mental apparatus do not fall together into three peaceful couples...we had no right to expect any such smooth arrangement."[40] The iceberg metaphor is a commonly used visual metaphor depicting the relationship
between the ego, id and superego agencies (structural model) and the conscious and unconscious psychic systems (topographic model).
In the iceberg metaphor the entire id and part of both the superego and the ego are submerged in the underwater portion representing the unconscious region of the psyche. The remaining portions of the ego and superego are displayed above water in the conscious region.[10] See also Censorship (psychoanalysis) – Barrier of the conscious and
unconscious Ego death – Complete loss of subjective self-identity Plato's theory of soul – Plato's account of the soul as consisting of logical, spirited, and appetitive parts Psychology of self – Study of the representation of one's identity Resistance (psychoanalysis) – Term used in psychoanalysis describing oppositional behaviors References ^ Freud,
Sigmund. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Vol. XIX (1999) James Strachey, Gen. Ed. ISBN 0-09-929622-5 ^ Freud, Sigmund (1978). The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Volume XIX (1923–26) The Ego and the Id and Other Works. Strachey, James., Freud, Anna,
1895–1982, Rothgeb, Carrie Lee, Richards, Angela., Scientific Literature Corporation. London: Hogarth Press. p. 19. ISBN 0701200677. OCLC 965512. ^ The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, Third Edition (1999) Allan Bullock and Stephen Trombley, Eds. pp. 256–257. ^ Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand (2018) [1973]. "Id".

The Language of Psychoanalysis. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-92124-7. ^ Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand (2018) [1973]. "Ego". ^ Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand (2018) [1973]. "Super-Ego". ^ Original German: Groddeck, Georg (1923). Das Buch vom Es. Psychoanalytische Briefe an eine Freundin (in German).
Vienna: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag.English translation: ——— (1928). The Book of the It: Psychoanalytic Letters to a Friend. New York / Washington: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company. ^ Quoted in Neville Symington, Narcissism: A New Theory (London 1996) p. 10. ^ Cherry, Kendra (6 November 2018). "Freud and the
Id, Ego, and Superego". VeryWellMind.com. Retrieved 11 November 2018. ^ a b Carlson, N. R. (1999–2000) "Personality", Psychology: The Science of Behavior (Canadian ed.), p. 453. Scarborough, Ontario: Allyn and Bacon Canada. ^ a b Schacter, Daniel (2009). Psychology Second Edition. New York City: Worth Publishers. p. 481. ISBN 978-1-4292-
3719-2. ^ Sigmund Freud (1933), New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. pp.

105–6. ^ Sigmund Freud (1933). p. 106. ^ Sigmund Freud (1933). p. 107. ^ Lapsley, Daniel K.; Paul C., Stey (2012). "Id, Ego, and Superego" (PDF). Encyclopedia of Human Behavior. pp. 393–399. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-375000-6.00199-3. ISBN 9780080961804. Chapter of Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., ed. (2012). Encyclopedia of Human Behavior
(2nd, revised ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press. pp. 393-399. ISBN 978-0-080-96180-4. ^ Freud, An Outline of Psycho-analysis (1940) ^ Sigmund Freud, The Ego and the Id, On Metapsychology (Penguin Freud Library 11) p. 369. ^ Freud, On Metapsychology p. 380. ^ Freud, On Metapsychology p. 381. ^ Sigmund Freud (1933). p.
138. ^ Noam, Gil G; Hauser, Stuart taque chinaz #14 T.; Santostefano, Sebastiano; Garrison, William; Jacobson, Alan M.; Powers, Sally I.; Mead, Merrill (February 1984). "Ego Development and Psychopathology: A Study of Hospitalized Adolescents". Child Development. Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the Society for Research in Child Development.
55 (1): 189–194. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1984.tb00283.x. PMID 6705621.

^ a b Sigmund Freud (1933). p. 110 ^ Snowden, Ruth (2006).

Teach Yourself Freud. McGraw-Hill. pp. 105–107.
ISBN 978-0-07-147274-6. ^ Freud,The Ego and the Id, On Metapsychology pp. 363–4. ^ Sigmund Freud (1933). pp. 110–11. ^ a b Meyers, David G. (2007). "Module 44 The Psychoanalytic Perspective". Psychology Eighth Edition in Modules. Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7167-7927-8. ^ Freud, On Metapsychology pp. 89-90.
^ Sigmund Freud (1933). pp.
95-6. ^ Calian, Florian (2012). Plato's Psychology of Action and the Origin of Agency. L'Harmattan. pp. 17–19. ISBN 978-963-236-587-9. ^ Sédat, Jacques (2000). "Freud". Collection Synthèse. Armand Colin. 109. ISBN 978-2-200-21997-0. ^ Freud, The Ego and the Id. ^ "APA Dictionary of Psychology". ^ Pederson, Trevor (2015). The Economics of
Libido: Psychic Bisexuality, the Superego, and the Centrality of the Oedipus Complex. Karnac. ^ Hommel, Bernhard (2019-10-01). "Affect and control: A conceptual clarification". International Journal of Psychophysiology. 144: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.07.006. ISSN 0167-8760. PMID 31362029. S2CID 198998249. ^ Sigmund Freud, On
Sexuality (Penguin Freud Library 7) p. 342. ^ Freud, On Sexuality p. 342.
^ Sigmund Freud (1933). p. 104. ^ Freud, Neurosis and Psychosis ^ Angela Richards, "Editor's Introduction" in On Metapsychology p. 345.
^ Sigmund Freud (1933). pp. 104–5. Further reading Freud, Sigmund (April 1910). "The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis".
American Journal of Psychology. 21 (2): 181–218. doi:10.2307/1413001. JSTOR 1413001. Freud, Sigmund (1920), Beyond the Pleasure Principle. Freud, Sigmund (1923), Das Ich und das Es, Internationaler Psycho-analytischer Verlag, Leipzig, Vienna, and Zurich. English translation, The Ego and the Id, Joan Riviere (trans.), Hogarth Press and Institute
of Psycho-analysis, London, UK, 1927. Revised for The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, James Strachey (ed.), W.W. Norton and Company, New York City, NY, 1961. Freud, Sigmund (1923), "Neurosis and Psychosis". The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XIX
(1923–1925): The Ego and the Id and Other Works, 147–154 Gay, Peter (ed., 1989), The Freud Reader. W.W. Norton. Rangjung Dorje (root text): Venerable Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche (commentary), Peter Roberts (translator) (2001) Transcending Ego: Distinguishing Consciousness from Wisdom, (Wylie: rnam shes ye shes ‘byed pa) Kurt R. Eissler:
The effect of the structure of the ego on psychoanalytic technique (1953) / republished by Psychomedia External links American Psychological Association Sigmund Freud and the Freud Archives Section 5: Freud's Structural and Topographical Model, Chapter 3: Personality Development Psychology 101. An introduction to psychology: Measuring the
unmeasurable Splash26, Lacanian Ink Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud's theory (Russian) Education portal's lesson on the id, ego, and superego Information on Charcot, Freud's teacher and mentor Background information on Freud Retrieved from " You have likely heard of the renowned psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. However, have you heard about
his famous concepts of id, ego, and superego and how he created them? You might be surprised to find that these concepts apply to most areas of your life.Freud and the id, ego, and superego.Defining id, ego, and superego.Examples of the relationship between id, ego, and superego.Difference between ego and superego.Diagram of id, ego, and
superego.Sigmund Freud believed that adults’ behaviours are determined by psychological and environmental factors, such as childhood experiences, rather than biological factors. The psychodynamic perspective proposes psychological drives influence human behaviour, feelings, and emotions. Based on these energies at play, Freud proposed the
notion of the unconscious mind. Fig. 1 - Photograph of Sigmund Freud.Freud: Id, Ego, and SuperegoFreud believed that most of our daily actions and behaviours are not controlled consciously but are the product of our unconscious mind. The unconscious mind is where feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories outside our conscious awareness are
stored. It holds unacceptable or unpleasant information, such as pain, anxiety, and conflicts.The influence of the unconscious seeps into every part of our lives. The unconscious mind actively represses traumatic memories from reaching conscious awareness. These memories might cause anxiety; therefore, the mind uses defence mechanisms to avoid
discomfort. Defence mechanisms are strategies we use unconsciously to protect ourselves from the anxiety caused by our unacceptable feelings and thoughts.Freud outlined seven defence mechanisms: denial, sublimation, projection, displacement, undoing, isolation, and reaction formation.Our unconscious tries to repress traumatic experiences.
However, Freud believed traces of these experiences could reveal themselves in many different ways, such as through dreams, fantasies, slips of the tongue (called Freudian slips), creativity, and neurotic symptoms. Carl Gustav Jung, Freud’s successor, further developed the concept of the unconscious mind. He agreed with Freud’s view about the
unconscious’s essential role in shaping our personality. According to Jung (1981) in his book The Collected Works of C. G. Jung: Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche, “the spiritual heritage for humanity’s evolution is born afresh in the brain structure of every individual.” 2Jung proposed that the unconscious mind is divided into the personal and
collective unconscious. However, according to the collective unconscious theory, the collective conscious is the deepest level of the personality (psyche). It contains inherited ancestral memories and archetypal experiences of an entire human species rather than one individual.The shadow archetype is based on animal instincts that influence our
unconscious, such as things we do to ensure our survival.Id, Ego, and Superego: MeaningFreud (1923) claimed that the human psyche or personality has several aspects. The personality theory describes that the mind is divided into three parts (also known as tripartite), the id, ego, and superego. These systems are developed at different stages in our
lives.In psychodynamic terms the mind is referred to as the psyche. Children go through unconscious processes of development of a sequence of five stages, generally referred to as the psychosexual stage model. The stages are: oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital.
These different stages are associated with the driving force in children’s development. During these stages, the child develops the human psyche or personality, describing the personality theory that the mind is structured in three parts, the id, ego and superego. A fixation of libido in specific body parts characterises each stage of the psychosexual
model. For instance, the oral stage is where pleasure is centred around the mouth, e.g. the child may be happy when sucking their thumb or drinking from a bottle. If the child does not progress onto the latter psychosexual stages, then this is thought to cause issues in the psyche's development. The three parts of the psyche interact to form a whole,
and each makes a relative contribution to our behaviour.The id is the primitive and instinctive element of personality, consisting of the genetic inheritance or biological parts since birth. In ancient Greek mythology, Eros is used as a reference because he is considered someone who was working with life energy, similar to the libido, along with
aggressive death, or instinct, Thanatos.The id is the primitive or instinctive part of the mind containing aggressive, sexual drives and hidden memories.The id works on the pleasure principle, craving instant gratification. The id is impulsive and relates to basic urges, needs, and desires. If a person is cold, the id demands them to find warmth.A
newborn child does not have a well-developed personality, such as an ego or superego. They only possess the id, as babies are unaware of their surrounding reality or have not formed the ego yet. Their only awareness is about their basic needs, such as food, love and care.Freud claimed that the id drives and seeks pleasure and instant gratification. If
the id is denied pleasure, the person will become frustrated. The id imitates the function of the limbic system in the brain; this is the brain’s “emotion centre” and the foundation of our appetites, fear and aggression.What is the Ego?The ego is not present at birth and forms in response to control by others, specifically parents, during the anal stage of
psychosexual development, at around two years old.
It works as a mediator between the other two personalities, i.e., the demands of the id and the moralistic demands of the superego. Several defence mechanisms manage the ego.The ego deals with the reality principle and mediates between the desires of the id and the superego.The ego uses the reality principle. If anxiety is experienced, the
unconscious defence mechanisms are activated to help prevent the mind from facing unpleasant feelings or making the person feel better. The ego interacts in our thinking process and is orientated towards problem-solving, realism, and rationality.The ego resembles the function of the prefrontal cortex in the human brain: this is the brain’s “decision-
making centre” and handles messages from the limbic system and decides how to act on them. The ego is ‘that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world.’ (Freud, 1923, p. 25)3What is the Superego?Values and morals of society drive the superego, learned in childhood from their parents and society. It is
formed by the end of the phallic stage of psychosexual development. The superego is characterised by the “inner voice” that lets us know when we have crossed the boundaries, behaving in a way that does not truly mirror the self. The superego controls our moral conscience.The conscience is the internalisation of societal rules. It determines which
behaviours are allowed and causes guilt when rules are broken. The superego represents the moral standards of the internalised parent and will punish the ego for eventual mistakes through feelings of guilt.The superego’s function is to control the id’s impulses, especially behaviours society forbids, such as aggression. It also persuades the ego to
turn to moralistic goals and seek the idealised self.The superego has two systems: The conscience and the ideal self.
The conscience is the inner voice that whispers to us when we do something wrong. The conscience can punish the ego by raising guilt, driving us to behave like our “ideal self”. If the ego surrenders to the id’s demands, the superego will enlighten a person’s feelings of guilt.The ego works in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious minds. The
superego is the internalised aspect of personality that holds all of the moral principles and ideals we learn from parents and society based on our notions of right and wrong.The superego gives us the guidelines for making our judgments, and it begins to emerge around age five.Complementing the difference between ego and superego in Freud’s
words:Freud made the analogy of the id being a horse while the ego is the rider.
The ego is ‘like a man on horseback, who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse.’ (Freud, 1923, p. 15)3Id, Ego, Superego: ExampleThe id, ego, and superego work together to help us make healthy, acceptable decisions. They can be applied to any decision we have to make.You are on your lunch break at work. Your id tells you you’re
hungry, so you should eat an entire pizza. Your superego values your health and your performance as an employee. Your ego knows you get sluggish and groggy if you keep eating after you’re full. You won’t get any work done after lunch if you're tired. Moreover, it’s not good for your health to keep eating until you are stuffed. So, the ego may try to
balance the superego and id's desires by signalling the body to eat until they are satisfied, i.e. no longer hungry.
Id, Ego Superego: DiagramFreud (1900 - 1905) developed a topographical model of the mind. He described the features of the mind structure and functioning of the ego, superego and id. He used the analogy of an iceberg when describing different levels of the mind. He proposed The metaphor of an iceberg to explain the other parts of our mind. The
conscious mind consists of the mental processes we are aware of; this is the tip of the iceberg, while the unconscious mind is the hidden, more significant part of the iceberg.Fig. 2 - Diagram of id, ego, and superego.For example, you may feel hungry at this moment and decide to eat; you are aware of and can act on this feeling with clarity.The
preconscious mind maintains thoughts and feelings we are unaware of, but we can quickly bring them to our consciousness with some effort. It is found just below the level of consciousness before the unconscious mind. However, negative emotions or traumas repressed in the unconscious are not readily available to the preconscious mind. You are
not presently thinking about your email address, but now, you can easily recall it.The unconscious mind compartmentalises mental processes that are not accessible to the consciousness, but it affects behaviour, feelings, and even judgements. The id, ego, and superego mean the following: the id is our instinctive part that contains aggressive and
sexual drives and hidden memories, the superego controls our moral conscience, which is also related to the ideal self, and the ego is the part that deals with reality and works as a mediator of the desires of the id and the superego. The three personality structures, id, ego, and superego, interact to form a whole, and each part makes a relative
contribution to our behaviour. Sigmund Freud constructed the concept of the id, ego, and superego. The structure of personality describes that the mind is structured into three parts (also known as tripartite), the id, ego and superego. These systems are developed at different stages in our lives. The id ego and superego affect our personality in the
following way: the ego mediates between the impulsive demands of the id and the reality of the external world. The id is the instinctive part of the mind and contains aggressive, sexual drives and hidden memories from the past that can still affect us in the future. The superego controls our moral conscience. Question What is the psychodynamic
perspective of the unconscious mind? Answer The psychodynamic perspective proposes that psychological drives emphasise human behaviour, feelings, and emotions.
Based on these energies at play, Freud proposed the notion of the unconscious mind. Question What is the unconscious mind known for? Answer The unconscious mind is known as the place that stores feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories outside of our conscious awareness. Question What kind of information does the unconscious mind hide from
our conscious mind? Answer The unconscious mind keeps unacceptable or unpleasant information, such as pain, anxiety, and conflict. Overall, traumatic experiences can reveal themselves in many different ways. Question Was Jung’s view of the unconscious mind different from Freud's? Answer The unique unconscious concept did not differ from
Freud’s idea.
He also proposed that the unconscious is divided into the personal and collective unconscious. And the collective unconscious theory believes it is the deepest level of the personality (psyche). However, it contains inherited ancestral memories and archetypal experiences of an entire human species rather than one individual. Question What is the
metaphor of the iceberg proposed by Freud? Answer Freud used the analogy of an iceberg when describing different levels of the mind. Question From (1900 - 1905) Freud developed the topographical model of the mind; what was he describing? Answer Freud developed a topographical model of the mind. He described the features of the mind
structure and functioning of the ego, superego and id. Question What is one example of the conscious mind? Answer Suppose you feel hungry at this moment and decide to eat. This is a feeling you are aware of and can act on with clarity. Question What is one example of the preconscious mind? Answer You are not presently thinking about your
email address, but now as mentioned, you can easily recall it. Question Are negative emotions or traumas readily available in the preconscious mind? Answer No. Negative emotions or traumas are repressed and not readily available in the preconscious mind. Question True or False: The unconscious mind compartmentalises mental processes that are
not accessible to the consciousness, but it affects behaviour, feelings, and even judgements. Answer Question Answer The id is the primitive or instinctive part of the mind containing aggressive, sexual drives and hidden memories. Question True or False: The ego does not use the reality principle. Answer Question Answer The superego controls our
moral conscience. Question How many systems and what are the systems related to the superego? Answer The superego has two systems: the conscience and the ideal self. Question What is one example of the superego's role? Answer For example, if the ego surrenders to the id’s demands, the superego will enlighten a person’s feelings of guilt.
Question Define the unconscious mind. Answer The unconscious mind is where feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories outside our conscious awareness are stored. It holds unacceptable or unpleasant information, such as pain, anxiety, and conflicts. Question What is an active process of the unconscious mind? Answer The unconscious mind
actively represses traumatic memories from reaching conscious awareness. Question How does the mind combat the memories of traumatic experiences? Answer It does so by using defence mechanisms to avoid the discomfort associated with them. Question How do traumatic experiences reveal themselves? Answer Traumatic experiences can reveal
themselves in many different ways, through dreams, fantasies, slips of the tongue, Freudian slips, creativity, and neurotic symptoms. Question How did Carl Jung divide the unconscious mind?
Answer He proposed that the unconscious mind is divided into the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Question What is the collective conscious? Answer The collective conscious is the deepest level of the personality (psyche). Question What does the collective conscious contain? Answer It contains inherited ancestral
memories and archetypal experiences of an entire human species rather than one individual. Question What is the shadow archetype based on? Answer The shadow archetype is based on animal instincts that influence our unconscious, such as things we do to ensure survival.
Question What is the function of the preconscious mind? Answer The preconscious mind maintains thoughts and feelings we are unaware of but can be quickly brought to our consciousness. Question True or False: Negative emotions and/or traumas are readily available in the preconscious mind.
Answer Question What principle does the id work on? Answer The id works on the pleasure principle, craving instant gratification. Question What is the limbic system in the brain? Answer It is is the brain’s “emotion centre” and the foundation of our appetites, fear and aggression. Question What principle does the ego work on? Answer The ego deals
with the reality principle and mediates between the desires of the id and the superego. Question True or False: The ego arises in response to control by others, specifically parents, during the anal stage of development. Answer Question What is the prefrontal cortex of the human brain? Answer It is the brain’s “decision-making centre” and handles
messages from the limbic system and decides how to act on them. Question What is the superego driven by? Answer The values and morals of society drive the superego, learned in childhood from their parents and society. Question What is the function of the superego? Answer The superego’s function is to control the id’s impulses, especially those
society forbids, such as aggression. It also persuades the ego to turn to moralistic goals and seek the idealised self. Question What is the difference between the ego and the superego? Answer The ego works in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious minds. The superego is the internalised aspect of personality that holds all of the moral
principles and ideals we learn from parents and society based on our notions of right and wrong.