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A numerical study on interface shearing of granular Cosserat materials

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DOI: 10.1080/19648189.2019.1627249

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A numerical study on interface shearing of

granular Cosserat materials

Babak Ebrahimian, Ali Noorzad & Mustafa I. Alsaleh

To cite this article: Babak Ebrahimian, Ali Noorzad & Mustafa I. Alsaleh (2019): A numerical study
on interface shearing of granular Cosserat materials, European Journal of Environmental and Civil
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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2019.1627249

A numerical study on interface shearing of granular

Cosserat materials
Babak Ebrahimiana,b, Ali Noorzada and Mustafa I. Alsalehc
a
Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University (SBU), Tehran, Iran;
b
The Highest Prestigious Scientific and Professional National Foundation, Iran’s National Elites Foundation
(INEF), Tehran, Iran; cR & D, Virtual Product Development Technology, Caterpillar Inc., Mossville, IL, USA

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

This article presents the interface shearing behaviour of a granular soil layer Received 2 August 2018
in contact with a bounding structure under motion. For this purpose, an Accepted 28 May 2019
elasto-plastic Cosserat continuum model (EPCCM) and finite element
KEYWORDS
method (FEM) in the updated Lagrange frame are employed. Plane quasi-
Interface roughness; shear
static shearing of a granular soil layer, bounded by upper and lower rigid localisation; Cosserat
boundaries with different surface roughness conditions, is simulated under continuum; DEM simulation;
free dilatancy and constant vertical pressure. Herein, the additional Cosserat micro-rotation; polar effects;
kinematical boundary constraints along the bounding surfaces allow a more granular materials
detailed description of the surface roughness. Specific emphasis is given to
the effects of surface roughness as well as the boundary conditions of the
entire system on the shear behaviour of layer. According to the obtained
results, the shear band location is different in an infinite or finite shear layer
depending on the adopted boundary constraints. Further numerical simula-
tions of plane interface shearing are also carried out here using discrete
element method (DEM), complementary to Cosserat FE analyses, to better
understand the micro-mechanics of granular media near interfaces. FE
results are compared with those of experiments as well as DEM simulations
and reasonable agreements are seen. The evolution and distribution of state
variables and polar quantities in DEM simulations are in proper accordance
with the predictions of Cosserat FE model.

1. Introduction
So far, quantitative experimental information on grain kinematics and appearance of grain-scale
structures inside the localised shear bands developed along soil-structure interfaces have been
very rare in the scientific literature (Guler, Edil, & Bosscher, 1999; Lei, Huang, Xu, Wang, & Zhang,
2018; Tejchman, 1997, 2008; Westgate & DeJong, 2006a, 2006b; Zhang, Liang, & Zhang, 2006).
Concerning the aforementioned shortcomings, the validation of micro-scale numerical modeling
of interface behaviour against experiments has not adequately progressed.
Generally, measuring displacement of granular particles in shear experiments and discrete
element method (DEM) simulations can provide an important contribution to the understanding
of interface mechanism. It also offers information about what happens inside the granular
medium under shearing. For instance, the shear band evolution and thickness can be visually
determined by the development of shear deformation profiles within the granular bodies.

CONTACT Babak Ebrahimian [email protected]; [email protected] Faculty of Civil, Water and

Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University (SBU), Tehran, Iran
ß 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING 29

For the shear layer with finite width, the obtained results are significantly influenced by the
layer size and the applied lateral boundary constraints. The specimen size has also substan-
tial effect on the observed response of granular material and the pattern of developed
shear band(s).
The polar quantities become noticeable by shearing and their effects arise spontaneously
from the beginning of shearing.
The couple stress values are very low compared to those of stress. Nonetheless, couple
stresses have strong influences on the shear behaviour of soil layer in touch with mov-
ing structure.
Interface roughness has significant influence on the mobilised shear strength of granular soil.
Peak and stationary values of interface friction angle mobilised along the interface reduce
with lessening surface roughness of bounding structure.
FE results show that the interlocking between surface roughness and grain rotation resist-
ance can be reasonably taken into account via the proposed micro-polar boundary
constraints.
The results of Cosserat FE model have been compared with those of experiments and DEM
simulations in terms of variation of polar parameters and state quantities within the layer. It
is seen that both the macro- and micro-responses of Cosserat FE model are in proper agree-
ment with those of experiments and DEM simulations.

The FE calculations will be continued for interface shear behaviour using the elasto-plastic
Cosserat continuum approach. Additional FE analyses will contain the effects of initial state, grain
size and stress level on granulate-continuum interface shear behaviour. Accordingly, Cosserat
boundary constraints will be verified by DEM simulations as well. Eventually, the obtained
numerical outcomes will lead to a practical interface element that can be used in non-polar
investigations of various initial and boundary value problems.

Acknowledgements
The first author thanks the Iran’s National Elites Foundation (INEF) for its moral support and encouragement. The
anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated by the authors for their constructive comments and valuable sugges-
tions that helped to improve the quality of the article.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

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