Computer Aided Engineering

Lecture 2
C++ Basics

C.F. Kwong
[email protected]
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Science and Engineering
Room: PMB 325
 Topics
Output in C++: cout
C++ Data Types
Arithmetic Operators
Input in C++: cin
if else, switch
Loops
Functions
Arrays
File Operations

Lecture 2 – C++ Basics

Your First C++ Program: Hello World!

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 The cout Object
Can be used to send more than one item to cout:
cout << "Hello " << "there!";
Or:
cout << "Hello ";
cout << "there!";

This produces one line of output:

cout << "Programming is ";
cout << "fun!";

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 endl and \n
You can use the endl manipulator to start a new line
of output. This will produce two lines of output:

cout << "Programming is" << endl;

cout << "fun!";

cout << "Programming is\n"; fun!

cout << "fun!";

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 Printing Information of Different Types

Now you can understand a little bit why C++ is a higher level
language than C – the format of printing in C++ is not as “strict”
as C, but more humanized.
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 Formatting Output
Can control how output displays for numeric, string data,
e.g. size, position, number of digits
Requires iomanip header file
Some affect just the next value displayed:
– setw(x): print in a field at least x spaces wide. Use more
spaces if field is not wide enough
Some affect values until changed again:
– fixed: use decimal notation for floating-point values
– setprecision(x): when used with fixed, print floating
point value using x digits after the decimal. Without fixed,
print floating-point value using x significant digits
– showpoint: always print decimal for floating-point values

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Stream Manipulators

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The setw Example

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 Topics
Output in C++: cout
C++ Data Types
Arithmetic Operators
Input in C++: cin
if else, switch
Loops
Functions
Arrays
File Operations

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Integer Data Types

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 Floating-Point Data Types

Can be represented in
– Fixed point (decimal) notation:
31.4159 0.0000625
– E notation:
3.14159E1 6.25e-5
Are double by default
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 The char Data Type
Used to hold characters or very small integer values
Usually 1 byte of memory
Numeric value of character from the character set is
stored in memory:

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 The C++ string Class
Special data type supports working with strings
#include <string>
Can define string variables in programs:
string firstName, lastName;
Can receive values with assignment operator:
firstName = "George";
lastName = "Washington";
Can be displayed via cout
cout << firstName << " " << lastName;

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The string class Example

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 The bool Data Type
Represents values that are true or false
bool variables are stored as small integers
false is represented by 0, true by 1:
bool allDone = true;
bool finished = false;

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Boolean Variables Example

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 Determining the Size of a Data Type
The sizeof operator gives the size of any data type or
variable:
double amount;
cout << "A double is stored in "
<< sizeof(double) << "bytes\n";
cout << "Variable amount is stored in "
<< sizeof(amount)
<< "bytes\n";

Lecture 2 – C++ Basics

 Topics
Output in C++: cout
C++ Data Types
Arithmetic Operators
Input in C++: cin
if else, switch
Loops
Functions
Arrays
File Operations

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Arithmetic Operators

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 A Closer Look at the / Operator
/ (division) operator performs integer division if both
operands are integers
cout << 13 / 5; // displays 2
cout << 91 / 7; // displays 13
If either operand is floating point, the result is floating
point
cout << 13 / 5.0; // displays 2.6
cout << 91.0 / 7; // displays 13.0
% (modulus) operator computes the remainder resulting
from integer division
cout << 13 % 5; // displays 3
% requires integers for both operands
cout << 13 % 5.0; // error
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Combined Assignment Operators

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 Mathematical Library Functions
Require cmath header file
Take double as input, return a double
Commonly used functions:
sin Sine
cos Cosine
tan Tangent
sqrt Square root
log Natural (e) log
abs Absolute value (takes and returns an int)

Lecture 2 – C++ Basics

 Topics
Output in C++: cout
C++ Data Types
Arithmetic Operators
Input in C++: cin
if else, switch
Loops
Functions
Arrays
File Operations

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 The cin Object
Standard input object
Like cout, requires iostream file
Used to read input from keyboard
Information retrieved from cin with >>
Input is stored in one or more variables

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The cin Object Example

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 The cin Object
cin converts data to the type that matches the
variable:
int height;
cout << "How tall is the room? ";
cin >> height;
Can be used to input more than one value:
cin >> height >> width;
Multiple values from keyboard must be separated by
spaces
Order is important: first value entered goes to first
variable, etc.

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 Displaying a Prompt
A prompt is a message that instructs the user to
enter data.
You should always use cout to display a prompt
before each cin statement.

cout << "How tall is the room? ";

cin >> height;

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Example

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 Input string Objects
Using cin with the >> operator to input strings can
cause problems:
It passes over and ignores any leading whitespace
characters (spaces, tabs, or line breaks)
To work around this problem, you can use a C++
function named getline.

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getline Example

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 Input Characters
To read a single character:
Use cin:
char ch;
cout << "Strike any key to continue";
cin >> ch;
Problem: will skip over blanks, tabs, <CR>
Use cin.get():
cin.get(ch);
Will read the next character entered, even
whitespace

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cin.get() Example

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 Input Characters
Mixing cin >> and cin.get() in the same
program can cause input errors that are hard to
detect
To skip over unneeded characters that are still in the
keyboard buffer, use cin.ignore():
cin.ignore(); // skip next char
cin.ignore(10, '\n'); // skip the next
// 10 char. or until a '\n‘

If you are unsure, keep testing your code.

Practice is the key!

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 Topics
Output in C++: cout
C++ Data Types
Arithmetic Operators
Input in C++: cin
if else, switch
Loops
Functions
Arrays
File Operations

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 If/else if Format
if (expression)
statement1; // or block
else if (expression)
statement2; // or block
.
. // other else ifs
else if (expression)
statementn; // or block

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 switch Statement Format
switch (expression) //integer
{
case exp1: statement1;
case exp2: statement2;
...
case expn: statementn;
default: statementn+1;
}

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 Topics
Output in C++: cout
C++ Data Types
Arithmetic Operators
Input in C++: cin
if else, switch
Loops
Functions
Arrays
File Operations

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 The for Loop
Useful for counter-controlled loop
General Format:

for(initialization; test; update)

statement; // or block in { }

No semicolon after the update expression or after

the “)”

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 The while Loop
General format of the while loop:
while (expression)
statement;
statement; can also be a block of statements
enclosed in { }

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 Example: while Loop
Input Validation:
cout << "Enter a number less than 10: ";
cin >> number;
while (number >= 10)
{
cout << "Invalid Entry!"
<< "Enter a number less than 10: ";
cin >> number;
}

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 The do-while Loop
do-while: a posttest loop – execute the loop, then
test the expression
General Format:
do
statement; // or block in { }
while (expression);
Note that a semicolon is required after (expression)

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 Example: do-while Loop

int x = 1;
do
{
cout << x << endl;
} while(x < 0);

Although the test expression is false, this loop will

execute one time because do-while is a posttest
loop.

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 Deciding Which Loop to Use
The while loop is a conditional pretest loop
– Iterates as long as a certain condition exits
– Validating input
– Reading lists of data terminated by a sentinel
The do-while loop is a conditional posttest loop
– Always iterates at least once
– Repeating a menu
The for loop is a pretest loop
– Built-in expressions for initializing, testing, and updating
– Situations where the exact number of iterations is known

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 Topics
Output in C++: cout
C++ Data Types
Arithmetic Operators
Input in C++: cin
if else, switch
Loops
Functions
Arrays
File Operations

Lecture 2 – C++ Basics

 Function Prototypes
Ways to notify the compiler about a function before
a call to the function:
– Place function definition before calling function’s
definition
– Use a function prototype (function declaration) –
like the function definition without the body
• Header: void printHeading()
• Prototype: void printHeading();

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Also notice how well
the comments are
made.

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 The exit()Function
Terminates the execution of a program
Can be called from any function
Can pass an int value to operating system to indicate
status of program termination
Usually used for abnormal termination of program
Requires cstdlib header file
Example:
exit(0);
The cstdlib header defines two constants that are
commonly passed, to indicate success or failure:
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
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 Topics
Output in C++: cout
C++ Data Types
Arithmetic Operators
Input in C++: cin
if else, switch
Loops
Functions
Arrays
File Operations

Lecture 2 – C++ Basics

 Arrays Initialisation
Named constants are commonly used as size
declarators.
const int SIZE = 5;
int tests[SIZE];
– This eases program maintenance when the size of the
array needs to be changed.
Arrays can be initialized with an initialization list:
const int SIZE = 5;
int tests[SIZE] = {79,82,91,77,84};
The initialization list cannot exceed the array size.

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 Partial Array Initialisation
If array is initialized with fewer initial values than the
size declarator, the remaining elements will be set to
0:

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 Implicit Array Sizing
Can determine array size by the size of the
initialization list:
int quizzes[]={12,17,15,11};

Must use either array size declarator or initialization

list at array definition

Lecture 2 – C++ Basics

 No Bounds Checking in C++
When you use a value as an array subscript, C++ does
not check it to make sure it is a valid subscript.
In other words, you can use subscripts that are
beyond the bounds of the array.
Be careful not to use invalid subscripts.
Doing so can corrupt other memory locations, crash
program, or lock up computer, and cause elusive
bugs!

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 Example
The following code defines a three-element array,
and then writes five values to it!

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Example: What the Code Does?

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Two-Dimensional Array Representation
const int ROWS = 4, COLS = 3;
int exams[ROWS][COLS];

Use two subscripts to access element:

exams[2][2] = 86;
First declarator is number of rows; second is number
of columns
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 Topics
Output in C++: cout
C++ Data Types
Arithmetic Operators
Input in C++: cin
if else, switch
Loops
Functions
Arrays
File Operations

Lecture 2 – C++ Basics

 Using Files for Data Storage
Can use files instead of keyboard, monitor screen for
program input, output
Allows data to be retained between program runs
Steps:
– Open the file
– Use the file (read from, write to, or both)
– Close the file

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 Files: What is Needed?
Use fstream header file for file access
File stream types:
ifstream for input from a file
ofstream for output to a file
fstream for input from or output to a file
Define file stream objects:
ifstream infile;
ofstream outfile;

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 Opening Files
Create a link between file name (outside the
program) and file stream object (inside the program)
Use the open member function:
infile.open("inventory.dat");
outfile.open("report.txt");
Filename may include drive, path info.
Output file will be created if necessary; existing file
will be erased first
Input file must exist for open to work

Lecture 2 – C++ Basics

 Testing for File Open Errors
}Can test a file stream object to detect if an open
operation failed:
infile.open("test.txt");
if (!infile)
{
cout << "File open failure!";
}
Can also use the fail member function

In software engineering practice, it is important to

develop a program that can deal with errors!
Lecture 2 – C++ Basics
 Using Files
Can use output file object and << to send data to a
file:
outfile << "Inventory report";
Can use input file object and >> to copy data from
file to variables:
infile >> partNum;
infile >> qtyInStock >> qtyOnOrder;

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 Using Loops to Process Files
The stream extraction operator >> returns true
when a value was successfully read, false otherwise
Can be tested in a while loop to continue execution
as long as values are read from the file:
while (inputFile >> number) ...

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 Closing Files
Use the close member function:
infile.close();
outfile.close();

Don’t wait for operating system to close files at

program end:
– may be limit on number of open files
– may be buffered output data waiting to send to file

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 Example 1
// copy 10 numbers between files
// open the files
fstream infile("input.txt", ios::in);
fstream outfile("output.txt", ios::out);
int num;
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
infile >> num; // use the files
outfile << num;
}
infile.close(); // close the files
outfile.close();
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Example 2 (1)

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Example 2 (2)

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Questions?

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