IST / DEEC / API

Industrial Automation
(Automação de Processos Industriais)

PLC Programming languages

Ladder Diagram

http://users.isr.ist.utl.pt/~jag/courses/api1314/api1314.html

Slides 2010/2011 Prof. Paulo Jorge Oliveira

Rev. 2011-2014 Prof. José Gaspar
IST / DEEC / API

Syllabus:
Chap. 2 – Introduction to PLCs [2 weeks]
...

Chap. 3 – PLC Programming languages [2 weeks]

Standard languages (IEC-61131-3):
Ladder Diagram; Instruction List, and Structured Text.
Software development resources.

...
Chap. 4 - GRAFCET (Sequential Function Chart) [1 week]

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PLC Programming languages

(IEC 1131-3 changed to IEC 61131-3)
Ladder Diagram Structured Text
If %I1.0 THEN
%Q2.1 := TRUE
ELSE
%Q2.2 := FALSE
END_IF

Instruction List Sequential Function Chart

1
(GRAFCET)
(1) m
LD %M12 2 Direita
AND %I1.0 (2) b
ANDN %I1.1 3 Carrega
OR %M10 (3) p
ST %Q2.0 4 Esquerda
(2) a

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Ladder diagram

A program is a series of instructions

that directs the PLC to execute
actions.

Relay ladder logic, the standard

programming language, is based on
electromagnetic relay control.
Input Output
Instructions Instructions

N S

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Ladder diagram Types of operands in Schneider DMY 28FK:

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Ladder diagram Types of operands:

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Ladder diagram
Basic Instructions

Load Normally open contact: contact is active (result is 1)

when the control bit is 1.
Normally closed contact: contact is active (result is 1)
when the control bit is 0.

Contact in the rising edge: contact is active during a scan cycle

P
where the control bit has a rising edge.

Contact in the falling edge: contact is active during a scan cycle

N
where the control bit has a falling edge.

%I1.0 %Q2.0 I1.0

P t
Q2.0

t
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Ladder diagram
Basic Instructions

Load operands

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Ladder diagram
Basic Instructions

Store The result of the logic function activates the coil.

The inverse result of the logic function activates the coil.

S
The result of the logic function energizes the relay
(sets the latch).

R
The result of the logic function de-energizes the relay
(resets the latch)..

%I1.0 %Q2.0 I1.0

N S t
Q2.0

t
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Ladder diagram
Basic Instructions

Store operands

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Ladder diagram
Allen Bradley notation
Relays with latch and unlatch

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Ladder diagram

Relay-type instructions

Example:

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Ladder diagram
Basic Instructions

AND AND of the operand with the result of the previous

logical operation.

AND of the operand with the inverted result of the previous

logical operation.

P
AND of the rising edge with the result of the previous
logical operation.

N
AND of the falling edge with the result of the previous
logical operation.

%I1.0 %I1.0 %Q2.0 I1.0

N P S t
Q2.0

t
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Ladder diagram
Basic Instructions

OR
OR of the operand with the result of the previous
logical operation.

OR of the operand with the inverted result of the previous

logical operation.

OR of the rising edge with the result of the previous

P logical operation.

OR of the falling edge with the result of the previous

N logical operation.

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Ladder diagram
Basic Instructions

XOR

%Q2.3 := %I1.1 XOR %M1;

%Q2.2 := NOT(%M2 XOR %I1.2);
%Q2.2 := %M2 XOR NOT(%I1.2);

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Ladder diagram

Ladder assembling

Input Output
Instructions Instructions

N S

The outputs that have a TRUE logical function, evaluated

from the left to right and from the top to the bottom, are
energized (Schneider, Micro PLCs).

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Ladder diagram

Example:

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Ladder diagram

Example:

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Ladder diagram

Example:

If the Stop PB is normally open, then invert its logic in the ladder diagram.

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Ladder diagram

Example:

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Ladder diagram

General case of Inputs and Outputs in parallel, with derivations

Note: it is important to study the constraints and potentialities of the

development tools.
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Ladder diagram

Imbricated (nested) contacts and alternative solution

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Ladder diagram

Contacts in the vertical and alternative solution

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Ladder diagram

Contacts in the vertical and alternative solution

Another example:

Solves the problem of disallowed right to

left scanning (FDBC in fig5.30).

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Ladder diagram Temporized Relays or Timers

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Ladder diagram Temporized Relays or Timers (pneumatic)

The instantaneous contacts change state as soon as the timer coil is powered.
The delayed contacts change state at the end of the time delay.
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Ladder diagram Temporized Relays or Timers

On-delay, provides time delay Off-delay, provides time delay when the
when the relay coil is energized. relay coil is de-energized.

Tables: Relay symbols used for timed contacts.

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Ladder diagram Temporized Relays or Timers

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Ladder diagram Temporized Relays or Timers

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Ladder diagram Characteristics:

Temporized Relays Identifier: %TMi 0..63 in the TSX37

Input: IN to activate
or Timers (PLC)
Mode: TON Timer On delay
TOF Timer Off delay
TP Monostable
%TMi
IN Q Time basis: TB 1mn (def.), 1s,
100ms, 10ms
MODE: TON
Programmed value: %TMi.P 0...9999 (def.)
TB: 1mn
period=TB*TMi.P
TM.P: 9999 Actual value: %TMi.V 0...TMi.P
MODIF: Y (can be read or tested)

Modifiable: Y/N can be modified from

the console

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Ladder diagram
TON mode
Temporized Relays

or Timers (PLC)

%TMi
IN Q

MODE: TON
TB: 1mn

TM.P: 9999
MODIF: Y

App. example: start ringing the alarm if N sec after door open there is no disarm of the alarm.

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Ladder diagram
TOF mode
Temporized Relays

or Timers (PLC)

%TMi
IN Q

MODE: TOF
TB: 1mn

TM.P: 9999
MODIF: Y

App. example: turn off stairways lights after N sec the lights’ button has been released.

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Ladder diagram TP mode

Works as a monostable or as a pulse generator
Temporized Relays (with pre-programmed period)

or Timers (PLC)

%TMi
IN Q

MODE: TP
TB: 100msec

TM.P: 5
MODIF: Y

App. example: positive input edge give a controlled (fixed) duration pulse to start a motor.
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Ladder diagram

Timers in PL7 vs Unity (Schneider)

%TMi
IN Q

MODE: TON
TB: 1mn

TM.P: 9999
MODIF: Y

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Ladder diagram

Timers in the Allen-Bradley PLC-5

Two alternative representations

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Ladder diagram

Timers implementation in the Allen-Bradley PLC-5:

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Ladder diagram

Retentive Timers
Switch-off region

Switch-on region

Motor accumulated
motion (rotation)
defines the on/off
timing.

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Ladder diagram

Example of retentive timers

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Ladder diagram

Retentive Timers

Animated demonstration:
(search on the Schneider PLC or discuss implementation)

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Ladder diagram

Example:

• SW ON to start operation

• Before motor starts,

lubrificate 10 s with oil.

• SW OFF to stop.
(lubrificate 15 s more).

• After 3 hours of pump

operation, stop motor and
signal with pilot light.

• Reset available after

servicing.

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Ladder diagram

Cascaded Timers

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Ladder diagram

Cascaded Timers (bistable system)

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Ladder diagram

Timers for very long time intervals

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Ladder diagram

Example of a semaphore

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Example of a semaphore in both directions

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Example of a semaphore

in both directions

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Ladder diagram

Counters

Some applications...

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Ladder diagram

Implementation of Counters
in the PLC-5 of Allen-Bradley:

Internal structure representation

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Ladder diagram

Implementation of Counters
in the PLC-5 of Allen-Bradley:
Two alternative representations:

Coil-formatted counter and reset Block-formatted counter

instructions instruction

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Ladder diagram

Up-counters

Usage of an
incremental up-counter
and the corresponding
temporal diagram:

PB1 increments counting

PB2 resets the counting
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Ladder diagram

Example

1. Start conveyor motor

2. Passing cases increment counter
3. After 50 cases, stop motor

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Ladder diagram

Up/down-counters

Usage of an incremental
up-down-counter
and the corresponding
temporal diagram:

PB1 increments counting

PB2 decrements the counting
PB3 resets the counter

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Ladder diagram

Up/down-counters

Example:

Finite parking garage

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Ladder diagram

Cascaded Counters

Example:

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Ladder diagram

Cascaded Counters

Example:
Count
24 hours clock

Reset

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Ladder diagram

Incremental Encoder

counter measures rotation angle or

rotation speed (if divided by time)

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Ladder diagram

Incremental Encoder

Example:
counter as a ”length sensor”

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Ladder diagram

Counters in PL7 Characteristics:

Identifier: %Ci 0..31 in the TSX37

Value progr.: %Ci.P 0...9999 (def.)

%Ci Value Actual: %Ci.V 0...Ci.P (only to be read)
R E
Modifiable: Y/N can be modified from
S the console
CP: 9999
MODIF: Y D
Inputs: R Reset Ci.V=0
CU S Preset Ci.V=Ci.P
CD F CU Count Up
CD Count Down

Outputs: E Overrun %Ci.E=1 %Ci.V=0->9999

D Done %Ci.D=1 %Ci.V=Ci.P
F Full %Ci.F=1 %Ci.V=9999->0

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Ladder diagram

Counters in Unity Pro

CU "0" to "1" => CV is incremented by 1

CU "0" to "1" => CV is incremented by 1 CD "0" to "1" => CV is decremented by 1

CV ≥ PV => Q:=1 CV ≥ PV => QU:=1

CV ≤ 0 => QD:=1
R=1 => CV:=0
R=1 => CV:=0 LD=1 => CV:=PV
R has precedence over LD

NOTE: counters are saturated such that no overflow occurs

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Ladder diagram

Numerical Processing

Algebraic and Logic Functions

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Ladder diagram

Numerical Processing

Arithmetic Functions

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Ladder diagram

Numerical Processing

Example:

Arithmetic functions

Use of a system variable:

%S18 – flag de overflow

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Ladder diagram

Numerical Processing

Logic Functions

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Ladder diagram

Numerical Processing

Example:

Logic functions

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Ladder diagram

Numerical Processing

Priorities on the execution of the operations

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Ladder diagram

Structures for Control of Flux

Subroutines

Call and Return

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Ladder diagram

Structures for Control of Flux

JUMP instructions:

Conditional and unconditional

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Ladder diagram

Structures for Control of Flux

Example:

Use of jump instructions

Attention to:

• INFINITE LOOPS ...

• It is not a good style of

programming!...

• Does not improove the legibility

of the proposed solution.

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Ladder diagram

Structures for Control of Flux

Halt

Stops all processes!

Events masking

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Ladder diagram

There are other advanced instructions (see manual)

• Monostable

• Registers of 256 words (LIFO ou FIFO)

• DRUMs

• Comparators

• Shift-registers

...

• Functions to manipulate floats

• Functions to convert bases and types

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Ladder diagram

Numerical Tables

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Ladder diagram
System information: system bits

See manual
for the remaining
100 bits generated...

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Ladder diagram
System information: system words

See manual
for the remaining
140 words generated...

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Ladder diagram Software Organization

A program can be built from:

Tasks, that are executed cyclically or periodically.

Tasks MAST / FAST / AUX are built from:

Sections
Subroutines
Event processing, that is carried out before all other tasks.

Event processing is built from:

Sections for processing time controlled events
Sections for processing hardware controlled events

Unity - Project Browser

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Ladder diagram Software Organization

Sas (LD)
MAST – Master Task Program
Oven1 (GRAFCET)
Composed by sections
Execution Cyclic or Periodic PRL (LD)
Chart

POST (IL)
SR0
Drying (LD)

Cleaning (IL)

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Ladder diagram Software Organization

FAST – Fast Task Program

Priority greater than MAST

• Executed Periodically (1-255ms)

• Verified by a Watchdog, impacts on %S11
• %S31 Enables or disables a FAST
• %S33 gives the execution time for FAST

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Ladder diagram Software Organization

Event Processes – Processes that can react to external changes

(16 in the Micro 3722 EV0 to EV15)

Priority greater than MAST and FAST!

Event Generators
• Inputs 0 to 3 in module 1, given transitions
• Counters
• Upon telegrams reception
• %S38 Enables or disables event processes
(also with MASKEVT() or UNMASKEVT())
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Ladder diagram Development tools

Each PLC has limitations in terms of connections

Example:

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Ladder diagram Development tools

It is important to learn the potentialities and ...
the limitations of the developing tools,
i.e. STUDYING the manuals is a MUST.

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Ladder diagram Development tools

Last but not least, learn how to develop and debug programs
(and how to do some fine tuning).

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Ladder diagram Development tools

Last but not least, learn how to develop and debug programs
(and how to do some fine tuning).

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