(Autonomous) (ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified) Summer 2022 Examination Model Answer Subject: Wireless & Mobile Network Subject Code: 22622

2/2/24, 9:06 PM WMN Summer 22 Exam Ans - Wireless and Mobile Network (22622)
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

MODEL ANSWER
Subject: Wireless & Mobile Network Subject Code: 22622
Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the
model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try
to assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more
Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the
figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give
credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed
constant values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and
model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant
answer based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi
and Bilingual (English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma
Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if the students in first year (first and second
semesters) write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner
shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model
answer.
Q. Sub Answer Marking

No Q.N. Scheme
.
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10
a) Define the term 2M
i) Routing area.
ii) Location area
Ans. i) Routing Area: The routing area is the packet-switched domain
equivalent of the location area. A "routing area" is normally a 1M
subdivision of a "location area". Routing areas are used by mobiles for each
which are GPRS-attached . definition
ii) Location Area: A "location area" is a set of base stations that are
grouped together to optimize signaling.
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b) State the processes involved in the use of RFID in student 2M

attendance in a college. 2M for
Ans. Wireless data capture and Transaction are processes involved in the naming
use of RFID in student attendance in college. correct
processes
c) State two features of 5G technology. 2M

Ans.  Up to 10Gbps data rate - > 10 to 100x speed improvement over
4G and 4.5G networks 1M each
 1-millisecond latency Any 2
 Packet switching features
 CDMA multiplexing
 Up to 100x number of connected devices per unit area
(compared with 4G LTE)
 99.999% availability
 100% coverage
 90% reduction in network energy usage
 Up to 10-year battery life for low power IoT device
d) Classify Clustering algorithm. 2M

Ans. i. Distributed Clustering Algorithm 1M
ii. CentralizedClustering Algorithms each
e) Define the term LEC (Local Exchange Carrier) 2M

Ans. Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) is a local telecom Exchange that 2M for
provides telecommunication services within the area and operates Correct
within a local area. definition
f) State two applications of MANET. 2M

Ans.  PAN and Bluetooth: A PAN is localized and tiny range
network whose devices are generally belong to a specified 1M each
individual. Limited-range MANET such as Bluetooth can make Any 2
simpler the exchange among several portable devices like a applications
laptop, and a cell phone.
 Business Sector: Ad-hoc network could be used for rescuing

and emergency processes for adversity assistance struggles, for
instance, in flood, fire or earthquake. Emergency saving
procedures should take place where damaged and non-existing
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MODEL ANSWER
transmissions structure and quick preparation of a transmission

network is required.
 Sensor Networks: managing home appliances with MANETs

in both the case like nearby and distantly. Tracking of objects
like creatures. Weather sensing related activities.
 Backup Services: liberation operations, tragedy recovery,

diagnosis or status or record handing in hospitals, replacement
of stationary infrastructure.
 Educational sector: arrangement of communications facilities

for computer-generated conference rooms or classrooms or
laboratories.
 Military field: Ad-Hoc networking can permit army to exploit

benefit of conventional network expertise for preserving any
info network among vehicles, armed forces, and headquarters of
information.
 Cooperative work: To facilitate the commercial settings,

necessity for concerted computing is very significant external to
office atmosphere and surroundings as compared to inner
environment. People want getting outside meetings for
exchanging the information plus cooperating with each other
regarding any assigned task.
 Confined level: Ad-Hoc networks are able to freely associate

with immediate, in addition momentary hypermedia network by
means of laptop computers for sharing the info with all the
contestants’ e.g. classroom and conference. Additional valid
and confined level application may be in domestic network
where these devices can interconnect straight in exchanging the
information.
(Any other Relevant Application can be considered)
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g) State two specifications of IMT 2000. 2M

Ans.  Frequency 2000MHz region
 Target user data rate 2000 kbps 1M each
 144kbps absolute minimum acceptable transmission data rate
 384 kbps the ideal achievable data rate Any two
 2000 kbps data rate while operating mobile phone inside specificatio
building for stationary user. ns
 Symmetrical and asymmetrical Data transmission
 High data rates for indoor and outdoor operations
 Roaming between different operational environments
2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

a) Draw the block diagram of the architecture of PCS (Personal 4M
Communication Services) and explain.
Ans.
2M for
Block
Diagram
• The PCS Network Architecture is a communication network

structure in which components communicate with one another to 2M for
establish wireless communication. explanation
• The PCS Network Architecture is divided into two sections:
• Wireline Transport Network
• Radio Network
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Radio Network:
• The radio network connects Mobile Stations (MS) and other
network components via a wireless network.
• MS connect with one another via the radio network's Base Stations
(BS).
• The radio link protocols are handled by the BS in a radio network
during communication.
• The BSC serves as a link between the radio network's BTS and the
Wireline Transport network's MSC
Wireline Transport Network:

• The Base Station Controller (BSC) in the Radio Network
interfaces with the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) in the
Wireline Transport Network.
• To provide wireline customers with communication services, MSC
connects to the Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN).
• MSC also communicates with a mobility database, which keeps
track of where moving devices are in the architecture.
b) Explain the functions performed by GPRS support nodes. 4M

Ans. There are TWO Support nodes in GPRS:
 Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
 Gateway GPRS Support Nodes (GGSN) 2M for each
node
 Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
The Serving GPRS Support Node is responsible for authentication of
GPRS mobiles, registration of mobiles in the network, mobility
management, and collecting information on charging for the use of
the air interface
 Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
The Gateway GPRS Support Node acts as an interface and a router to
external networks. It contains routing information for GPRS mobiles,
which is used to tunnel packets through the IP based internal
backbone to the correct Serving GPRS Support Node. The GGSN
also collects charging information connected to the use of the external
data networks and can act as a packet filter for incoming traffic.
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c) Draw the WAP protocol stack and state the functions of any four 4M
protocols.
Ans.
1M for each
protocol
Any four
protocols
1. Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP):

The WDP allows WAP to be bearer-independent by adapting the
transport layer of the underlying bearer. The WDP presents a
consistent data format to the higher layers of the WAP protocol stack,
thereby offering the advantage of bearer independence to application
developers.
2.Wireless Transport layer Security(WTLS)
WTLS incorporates security features that are based upon the
established Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol standard. It
includes data integrity checks, privacy, service denial, and
authentication services.
3.Wireless Transaction Protocol:
The WTP runs on top of a datagram service, such as User Datagram
Protocol (UDP) and is part of the standard suite of TCP/IP protocols
used to provide a simplified protocol suitable for low bandwidth
wireless stations.
4. Wireless Session Protocol:
Unlike HTTP, WSP has been designed by the WAP Forum to provide
fast connection suspension and reconnection.
5. Wireless Application Environment (WAE).
This layer is of most interest to content developers because it contains
among other things, device specifications, and the content
development programming languages, WML, and WMLScript.
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d) Draw the block schematic of WLL architecture and explain. 4M

Ans.
2M for
Block
Diagram
WLL stands for Wireless Local Loop. Microwave wireless linkcan be

used to create a wireless local loop such as shown in figure. The
components are
 PSTN:
It is Public Switched Telephone Network which is a circuit
switched network. It is a collection of world’s interconnected
circuit switched telephone networks.
 Switch Function:
Switch Function switches the PSTN among various WANUs.
 WANU:
It is short for Wireless Access Network Unit. It is present at the 2M for
local exchange office. All local WASUs are connected to it. Its explanation
functions includes: Authentication, Operation & maintenance,
Routing, Transceiving voice and data. It consists of following
sub-components:
i. Transceiver: It transmits/receives data.
ii. WLL Controller: It controls the wireless local loop component
with WASU.
iii. AM: It is short for Access Manager. It is responsible for
authentication.
iv. HLR: It is short for Home Location Register. It stores the
details of all local WASUs.
 WASU:
It is short for Wireless Access Subscriber Units. It is present at
the house of the subscriber. It connects the subscriber to WANU
and the power supply for it is provided locally.
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a) Compare the features of 3G and 4G. 4M
Ans. Parameters 3G Technology 4G Technology 1M each for

any relevant
Full Form The term 3G is an The term 4G is an abbreviation feature
abbreviation for the third for the fourth generation
generation technology. technology.
Maximum It can go up to 5 It can go much higher, about 500
Upload Rate Megabytes per second. Megabytes per second.
Maximum The 3G technology offers The 4G technology can
Rate of a maximum download download videos at a much
Download rate of about 21 faster rate, which can go as high
Megabytes per second. as 1 Gigabyte per second.
Switching It utilizes the packet It utilizes both the message
Techniques switching technique. switching as well as the packet
switching techniques.
Range of The frequency of the 3G The frequency range of the 4G
Frequency technology ranges technology ranges somewhat
somewhat between 1.8 to between 2 to 8 Gigahertz.
2.5 Gigahertz.
Leniency The 3G technology is The 4G technology is both
horizontally lenient. vertically as well as horizontally
lenient.
Network The network architecture The network architecture of the
Architecture of the 3G technology is a 4G technology is cell-based for a
wide area cell-based one. wide area along with the
integration of WLAN.
Error The 3G technology The 4G technology performs
Correction performs error correction error correction using the
using the turbo codes. concatenated codes.
b) Explain the Quality of service parameters of GPRS. 4M

Ans. The QoS is a vital feature of GPRS services as there are different QoS 1M for each
support requirements for assorted GPRS applications like realtime point
multimedia, web browsing, and e-mail transfer.
GPRS allows defining QoS profiles using the following parameters :
 Service Precedence
 Reliability
 Delay and
 Throughput
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MODEL ANSWER
These parameters are described below:

Service Precedence
The preference given to a service when compared to another service
is known as Service Precedence.This level of priority is classified
into three levels called:
 high
 normal
 low
When there is network congestion, the packets of low priority are
discarded as compared to high or normal priority packets.
Reliability
This parameter signifies the transmission characteristics required by
an application.The reliability classes are defined which guarantee
certain maximum values for the probability of loss, duplication, mis-
sequencing, and corruption of packets.
Delay
The delay is defined as the end-to-end transfer time between two
communicating mobile stations or between a mobile station and the
GI interface to an external packet data network.
This includes all delays within the GPRS network, e.g., the delay for
request and assignment of radio resources and the transit delay in the
GPRS backbone network. Transfer delays outside the GPRS network,
e.g., in external transit networks, are not taken into account.
Throughput
The throughput specifies the maximum/peak bit rate and the mean bit
rate.
Using these QoS classes, QoS profiles can be negotiated between the
mobile user and the network for each session, depending on the QoS
demand and the available resources.
c) Encode the datastream 1011000101 using the following 4M
techniques
i) RZ Bipolar
ii) AMI
iii) Manchester
iv) NRZ-unipolar
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Ans. 1M for each

technique
d) Draw the architecture of WSN and explain. 4M

Ans. There are 2 types of architecture used in WSN:
1. Layered Network Architecture:Layered Network Architecture 2M for
makes use of a few hundred sensor nodes and a single powerful base diagram
station. Network nodes are organized into concentric Layers. It
consists of 5 layers and three crosslayers.
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MODEL ANSWER
The 5 layers are:

2M for
1. Application -Responsible for traffic management and provide explanation
software for differentapplicationsthat translate the data in an
understandable form orsendqueriesto obtaincertain information Any one
architecture
2. Transport Layer-Layer-The function of thislayer is to provide can be
reliability and congestionavoidance where a lot of protocols designed explained
to provide thisfunction are either appliedon the upstream or by students
downstream.
3. Network Layer-The major function of thislayer is

routing,handling the major challengesare in the powersaving, limited
memory and buffers,sensor does not have a global IDand have to be
self organized. The basic idea of the routing protocol isto define a
reliable path and redundant paths.
4. Data Link Layer-Responsible for multiplexing data streams, data

frame detection, MAC, and error control, ensure reliability ofPoint–
point or point– multipoint. Errors or unreliability comesfrom.
5. Physical Layer -Responsible for frequency selection, carrier

frequency generation,signal detection, Modulation and data
encryption The cross layers : These layers are used to manage the
network and make the sensors work together in order to increase the
overall efficiency of the network
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Three functions are-

1.Power Management Plane
2.Mobility Management Plane-detect sensor nodes movement. Node
can keep track of neighbors and power levels (for power balancing )
3.Task Management Plane-schedule the sensing tasks to a given area.
Determine which nodes are off and which ones are on.
2. Clustered Network Architecture:

• In Clustered Network Architecture, Sensor Nodes autonomously
clubs into groups called clusters. It isbased on the Leach Protocol
which makes use of clusters. Leach Protocol stands for Low Energy
AdaptiveClustering Hierarchy.
Properties of Leach Protocol:
• It is a 2-tier hierarchy clustering architecture.
• It is a distributed algorithm for organizing the sensor nodes into
groups called clusters.
• The cluster head nodes in each of the autonomously formed clusters
create the Time-division multiple access
(TDMA) schedules.
• It makes use of the concept called Data Fusion which makes it
energy efficient.
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a) Draw the architecture of UMTS and explain 4M
Ans.
2M for any
relevant
diagram
UMTS system uses the same core network as the GPRS and uses
entirely new radio interface. 2M for
• The new radio network in UMTS is called UTRAN (UMTS explanation
Terrestrial Radio Access Network) and is connected to the core
network (CN) of GPRS via Iu interface.
• The Iu is the UTRAN interface between the Radio network
controller RNC and CN.
• The mobile terminal in UMTS is called User Equipment (UE). The
UE is connected to Node-B over high speed Uu (up to 2 Mbps)
Interface. The Node-B are the equivalent of BTS in GSM and
typically serve a cell site. Several Node-Bs are controlled by a
single RNCs over the Iub interface.
• The RNCs are connected to CN through Iu interface.
• The packet switched data is transmitted through Iu-PS interface
and circuit switched data is transferred over Iu-CS interface. One
of the new interfaces in UTRAN is Iur interface which connects
two RNCs and has no equivalent in GSM system. The Iur interface
facilitates handling of 100 percent of RRM (Radio Resource
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Management) and eliminates the burden from CN.
• UMTS also supports GSM mode connections in which case the

MS connect to the CN through Um interface to BSS and BSS
connects through A (Gb interface in GPRS) interface to CN.
b) Compare GSM networks with GPRS networks 4M
Ans. 1M for each

GSM GPRS
relevant
point
GSM represents Global GPRS represents General Packet
Systems for Mobile Radio Service.
Communications.
It is 2G It is 2.5 G
The frequency bands The frequency bands used in the

used in the GSM system system are 850, 900, 1800 and
are 900 and 1800 MHz. 1900 MHZ.
GSM is used in circuit GPRS is used for packet switching

switching traffic. traffic.
GSM is used in almost all GPRS services cannot be provided

countries and remote in all the countries and remote
locations. Therefore, locations. This creates GPRS
GSM supports its service confined to developed areas with a
to the users. suitable network connection.
Internet service is not Internet services are supported in

supported in GSM and GPRS and this is completed with
this creates wireless systems. Therefore the
communication harder in internet can be used even in remote
the system. locations and communication is
Communication has to be completed through emails or other
completed through messaging services with the internet.
messages or calls.
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c) Explain the energy constraints in sensor nodes in WSN and name 4M

the protocols to design energy efficiency in WSN
Ans. Energy constraints in sensor nodes inWSN:
Wireless sensor node is microelectronic device meansit is equipped 2M for

with a limited number of power source. Nodes are dependent constraints
onbattery for their power. Hence power conservation and power
management isan important issue in wireless sensor network. Due to
this reason researchersare focusing on the design of power aware
protocols and algorithm forsensors network.
Protocol used:
Hierarchal routing protocols are considered more energy efficient 2M for
when compared with flat and location based routing protocols. A relevant
number of hierarchal based energy efficient routing protocols have protocol
been referred to in the literature review such as LEACH , TEEN and
APTEEN , PEGASIS , MECN and SMECN , SOP , HPAR , VGA ,
Sensor Aggregate , TTDD , Energy Efficient Self-Healing , Energy
Efficient Position Based , and CELRP .
d) Explain the logical channels in a GPRS system in short. 4M

Ans. There is a variety of channels used within GPRS, and they can be set
into groups dependent upon whether they are for common or
dedicated use.The system does use the GSM control and broadcast 4M for
channels for initial set up, but all the GPRS actions are carried out correct
within the GPRS logical channels carried within the PDCH explanation
Broadcast channels:
• Packet Broadcast Central Channel (PBCCH):
• This is a downlink only channel that is used to broadcast
information to mobiles and informs them of incoming calls
etc.
• It is very similar in operation to the BCCH used for GSM.
• In fact the BCCH is still required in the initial to provide a
time slot number for the PBCCH.
• In operation the PBCCH broadcasts general information such
as power control parameters, access methods and operational
modes, network parameters, etc, required to set up calls.
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Common control channels:

• Packet Paging Channel (PPCH): This is a downlink only
channel and is used to alert the mobile to an incoming call and
to alert it to be ready to receive data. It is used for control
signaling prior to the call set up. Once the call is in progress a
dedicated channel referred to as the PACCH takes over.
• Packet Access Grant Channel (PAGCH): This is also a
downlink channel and it sends information telling the mobile
which traffic channel has been assigned to it. It occurs after
the PPCH has informed the mobile that there is an incoming
call.
• Packet Notification Channel (PNCH): This is another
downlink only channel that is used to alert mobiles that there
is broadcast traffic intended for a large number of mobiles. It
is typically used in what is termed point-to-point multicasting.
• Packet Random Access Channel (PRACH): This is an
uplink channel that enables the mobile to initiate a burst of
data in the uplink. There are two types of PRACH burst, one
is an 8 bit standard burst, and a second one using an 11 bit
burst has added data to allow for priority setting. Both types
of burst allow for timing advance setting.
Dedicated control channels:

• Packet Associated Control Channel (PACCH): : This
channel is present in both uplink and downlink directions and
it is used for control signaling while a call is in progress. It
takes over from the PPCH once the call is set up and it carries
information such as channel assignments, power control
messages and acknowledgements of received data.
• Packet Timing Advance Common Control Channel
(PTCCH): This channel, which is present in both the uplink
and downlink directions is used to adjust the timing advance.
This is required to ensure that messages arrive at the correct
time at the base station regardless of the distance of the
mobile from the base station. As timing is critical in a TDMA
system and signals take a small but finite time to travel this
aspect is very important if long guard bands are not to be left.
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Dedicated traffic channel:

• Packet Data Traffic Channel (PDTCH): This channel is
used to send the traffic and it is present in both the uplink and
downlink directions. Up to eight PDTCHs can be allocated to
a mobile to provide high speed data.
e) Draw the MANET Topology and explain. State two applications 4M

of MANET.
Ans. Topology in MANET
MANET may operate as standalone fashion or they can be the part of 2M for
larger internet. They Topology
form highly dynamic autonomous topology with the presence of one
or multiple different
transceivers between nodes. Autonomous Behavior: Each node can
act as a host and router, 2M for
which shows its autonomous behavior. Typically communicate at applications
radio frequencies
(30MHz-5GHz)
• TORA is a routing algorithm and is mainly used in MANETs to
enhance scalability TORA
is an adaptive routing protocol. It is therefore used in multi-hop
networks.
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Applications of MANET
• Defense applications: Many defense applications require on the fly
communications set-up, and adHoc/sensor networks are excellent
candidates for use in battlefield management.
• Crisis management applications: These arise, for example, as a
result of natural disasters in which theentire communication
infrastructure is in disarray. Restoring communications quickly is
essential.
• Telemedicine: The paramedic assisting the victim of a traffic
accident in a remote location must accessmedical records (e.g. X-
rays) and may need video conference assistance from a surgeon for an
emergencyintervention. In fact, the paramedic may need to
instantaneously relay back to the hospital the victim's X-rays and
other diagnostic tests from the site of the accident.
• Tele- Geoprocessing application: The combination of GPS, GIS
(Geographical Information Systems), andhigh-capacity wireless
mobile systems enables a new type of application referred to as tele-
geoprocessing WSN
• Virtual Navigation: A remote database contains the graphical
representation of building, streets, andphysical characteristics of a
large metropolis. They may also "virtually" see the internal layout of
buildings,including an emergency rescue plan, or find possible points
of interest.
• For example, A VANET (Vehicular Ad Hoc Network), is a type of
MANET that allows vehicles tocommunicate with roadside
equipment.
5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12

a) Explain location update procedure for a inter LA Movement in 6M
GSM with suitable diagram
Ans. Inter LA movement in GSM
Step 1:
 The MS moves from LA1 to LA2, where both LAs are
connected to the same MSC
 A location update request message is sent from the MS to the 4M for
MSC through the BTS, include the address of the previously explanation
visited LA, MSC, and VLR and TMSI is used to avoid
sending the IMSI on the radio path
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Step 2:The MSC forwards the location update request to the VLR by
a TCAP message(TRANSACTION CAPABILITY APPLICATION
PART) message, MAP_UPDATE_LOCATION_AREA ,
 Address of the MSC ,
 TMSI of the MS ,
 Previous location area identification (LAI)
 Target LAI
Step 3 and Step 4: 2M for
MSC updates the LAI field of the VLR record, and replies with an diagram
acknowledgment to the MS through the MSC
b) Explain the principle of working of ASK and BPSK with suitable 6M

waveforms for the bit sequence 110101100
Ans. ASK Block Diagram
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2M for
diagram
• The carrier is a sinewave of frequency . 4M for

explanation
• The digital signal from the computer acts as the modulating signal
• The ASK modulator is nothing but a multiplier followed by a
band pass filter.
• Due to the multiplication, the ASK output will be present only
when a binary “1” is to be transmitted
• The ASK output corresponding to a binary “0” is zero.
• The carrier is transmitted when a binary 1 is to be sent and no
carrier is transmitted when a binary 0 is to be sent.
PSK Block Diagram
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• Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital to analog modulation scheme

based on changing, or modulating, the initial phase of a carrier
signal.
• PSK is used to represent digital information, such as binary digits
zero (0) and one (1).The modulation of PSK is done using a
balance modulator, which multiplies the two signals applied at the
input.
• For a zero binary input, the phase will be 180° and for a high input,
the phase reversal is of 0°
• Following is the diagrammatic representation of PSK Modulated
output wave along with its given input.
• The output sine wave of the modulator will be the direct input
carrier or the inverted (180° phase shifted) input carrier, which is a
function of the data signal.
• Amplitude and frequency of the original carrier signal is kept
constant.
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c) Draw the architecture of 4G and explain. 6M

Ans.
2M for
diagram
Figure: 4G network architecture
4G network is an integration of all heterogeneous wireless access

networks such as Ad-hoc, cellular, hotspot and satellite radio
component.
Technologies used in 4G are smart antennas for multiple input and
multiple output (MIMO), IPv6,VoIP, OFDM and Software Defined 4M for
Radio (SDR) System. explanation
Smart Antennas:
Smart Antennas are Transmitting and receiving antennas.
It does not require increase power and additional frequency.
IPV6 Technology:
4G uses IPV6 Technology in order to support a large number of
wireless enable devices.
It enables a number of application with better multicast, security and
route optimization
capabilities.
VoIP:
It stands for Voice over IP.
It allows only packet to be transferred eliminating complexity of 2
protocols over the same circuit.
OFDM
OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.It is
currently used as WiMax and WiFi.
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SDR:
SDR stands for Software Defined Radio.It is the form of open
wireless architecture.
MME- Mobility Management Entity:
It is used for Paging, Authentication, Handover and Selection of
Serving Gateway
SGW-Serving Gateway:
It is used to Routing and Forwarding user data packet.
PDN-GW Packet Data Network Gateway:
It is used for User Equipment (UE) IP allocation.
HSS-Home Subscriber Server:
It is a user Database used for service subscriber, user identification
and addressing
PCRF-Policy and Charging Rule Function:
It provide quality of service and charging
eNode B-evolved Node B:
It is used as radio resources management and radio bearer control.
6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12

a) Explain the Network signaling and radio interfaces in GSM. 6M
2M for
Ans. diagram
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(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
GSM Network Signaling: 4M for

• The figure shows various network signaling protocols used by the explanation
entity interfaces in GSM
• The software platform for implementing GSM network signaling
protocol is GSM MAP(Mobile Application Part)
• GSM MAP is used in B,C,D,E,F,G interfaces
• In terms of Network signaling, the GSM architecture can be
partitioned into 3 parts
1. databases
2. Switches
3. Radio System
Databases:
GSM utilizes databases such as HLR, VLR and AuC. It also consists
of EIR which is used to maintain a list of legitimate , fraudulent
mobile station(faulty)
EIR is optional in GSM. AuC/EIR is a combined Node
To accomplish mobility management, VLRs communicate using G
interface and HLR to VLR using D interface
Switches :
• The GMSC performs necessary switching functions for mobile
stations within the geographical area it controls. An MSC area is
partitioned into several location areas. Each LA consists of many
BTS. For originating a call from MS to a wireline user , the MSC
communicates with SSP in the PSTN using SS7ISUP protocol
• To deliver a call from PSTN to MS, the originating SSP in PSTN
with Gateway MSC using SS&ISUP protocol
• In Intersystem Handoff, 2 MSCs are required to communicate
through E interface
• To perform Mobility and call handling tasks, the MSC needs to
communicate with HLR using the C interface and with VLR using
B interface
• To prevent Fraudulent handset usage, MSCcommunicates with EIR
using F interface
Radio system
It consists of BSc, BTS and MS. The BSCs connect to MSC through
A interface. BSC connects to BTS through A-Bis interface using
ISDN link access protocol for D channel(LAPD). A BTS
communicates with MS through radio interface Um
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(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
b) Draw the block diagram of a sensor node in WSN and state the 6M
function of various components.
Ans. • A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network 2M for
consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using diagram
sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions.
• A WSN system incorporates a gateway that provides wireless
connectivity back to the wired worldand distributed nodes.
4M for
explanation
• Sensors: Sensors are used by wireless sensor nodes to capture data

from their environment. They arehardware devices that produce a
measurable response to a change in a physical condition
liketemperature or pressure.
• Sensors are classified into two categories: Passive and Active
sensors.
 Passive sensors sense the data without actually manipulating the
environment by activeprobing. They are self-powered, that is,
energy is needed only to amplify their analog signal.
 Active sensors actively probe the environment, for example, a
sonar or radar sensor, and theyrequire continuous energy from a
power source.
• Microcontroller: The controller performs tasks, processes data and
controls the functionality ofother components in the sensor node.
While the most common controller is a microcontroller,
otheralternatives that can be used as a controller are: a general
purpose desktop microprocessor, digitalsignal processors, FPGAs
(Field Programmable Gate Array) and ASICs (Application
SpecificIntegrated Circuits).
 Digital signal Processors may be chosen for broadband wireless
communication applications,but in Wireless Sensor Networks the
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(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
wireless communication is often modest: i.e., simpler, easierto

process modulation and the signal processing tasks of actual
sensing of data is lesscomplicated.
 Transceivers: Sensor nodes often make use of ISM band, which
gives free radio, spectrum allocationand global availability. The
possible choices of wireless transmission media are radiofrequency
(RF), optical communication (laser) and infrared.
 Memory: Flash memories are used due to their cost and storage
capacity. Memory requirements arevery much application
dependent.
 Power source: Two power saving policies used are Dynamic
Power Management (DPM) andDynamic voltage
Scaling (DVS). DPM conserves power by shutting down parts of
the sensor node which are not currently used or active. A DVS
scheme varies the power levels within the sensor node depending
on the non-deterministic workload.
c) Compare WCDMA and CDMA 2000 on the basis of channel 6M
Bandwidth, Chip rate, Duplex mode, Modulation, Frame length
and Power Control rate.
Ans.
Parameters CDMA 2000 WCDMA
Channel 1.25MHz(1X),3.75M 5MHz
1M
Bandwidth Hz
for each
Chip Rate 1.2288Mcps(1X),3.68 4-256 correct
64Mcps(3X)
point
Duplex mode Full duplex Full duplex
Modulation QPSK (forward QPSK(both links)
link),BPSK (reverse
link)
Frame length 5ms(signaling),20,40, 10ms for physical
80ms physical layer layer,10,20,40 and 80 ms
frames for transport layer
Power 800Hz in both the 1500Hz in both the links
Control rate links
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2/2/24, 9:06 PM WMN Summer 22 Exam Ans - Wireless and Mobile Network (22622)

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Important Instructions to examiners:

Q. Sub Answer Marking

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

b) State the processes involved in the use of RFID in student 2M

c) State two features of 5G technology. 2M

d) Classify Clustering algorithm. 2M

e) Define the term LEC (Local Exchange Carrier) 2M

f) State two applications of MANET. 2M

 Business Sector: Ad-hoc network could be used for rescuing

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject: Wireless & Mobile Network Subject Code: 22622

transmissions structure and quick preparation of a transmission

 Sensor Networks: managing home appliances with MANETs

 Backup Services: liberation operations, tragedy recovery,

 Educational sector: arrangement of communications facilities

 Military field: Ad-Hoc networking can permit army to exploit

 Cooperative work: To facilitate the commercial settings,

 Confined level: Ad-Hoc networks are able to freely associate

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

g) State two specifications of IMT 2000. 2M

2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

• The PCS Network Architecture is a communication network

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Wireline Transport Network:

b) Explain the functions performed by GPRS support nodes. 4M

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

1. Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP):

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

d) Draw the block schematic of WLL architecture and explain. 4M

WLL stands for Wireless Local Loop. Microwave wireless linkcan be

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

Ans. Parameters 3G Technology 4G Technology 1M each for

b) Explain the Quality of service parameters of GPRS. 4M

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

These parameters are described below:

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Ans. 1M for each

d) Draw the architecture of WSN and explain. 4M

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

The 5 layers are:

3. Network Layer-The major function of thislayer is

4. Data Link Layer-Responsible for multiplexing data streams, data

5. Physical Layer -Responsible for frequency selection, carrier

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION