Report

Problem Statement:
Consider fluid flowing through a pipe with diameter D=0.2 m and length L=10
m. The velocity at the inlet of the pipe is 0.1 m/s and temperature 300 K and
the pressure at the pipe outlet is 1 atm. The first 2 m of the pipe is isothermal
(300 K) while remaining 8 m of the pipe maintained at constant heat flux 50
2
W/m . Draw the velocity magnitude contour, temperature contour, velocity
and temperature profile at outlet, and temperature along axis. Calculate
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Nusselt number at exit. Take density ρ = 1 kg/m , coefficient of viscosity
(-3)
μ=2x10 kg/m-s, thermal conductivity k = 0.02 W/m-K and specific heat c =
1000 J/kg-K .

Steps Followed:
01.Pre-Analysis:
The physical problem is 3D. The mathematical model used was axisymmetric.
This assumption converted the 3D problem into a 2D problem with half the
domain accounting for the whole body. The cylindrical coordinates are
converted into Cartesian coordinates when the axisymmetric assumption is
made.

02. Geometry Creation:

 1st the workbench was set into 2D mode. Then using space claim a 10×0.1
m2 rectangle was made where 10m is the axial distance from inlet to outlet,
0.1m is the radial distance from the center.
 Then the surface was split into two parts in order to split the wall for the two
boundary conditions.
 The split action was done by using the surface split tool, then the surface
was split upto 20% of the surface from the inlet side using the UV cutter
point.
 Then the geometry was saved.
03. Mesh Setup:
 Initially the Ansys solver provided a very coarse mesh for the study.
 Under the mesh the sizing menu was selected and the left vertical line of the
rectangle was selected.
 The type of meshing was changed to Number of divisions and the number of
divisions was given a value of 60.
 Similarly for the right edge the number of divisions was set to 60.
 Now the edge sizing for the horizontal edges were given with total number
of divisions equal to 100 (20 for smaller edge, 80 for larger edge.
 Now after updating the mesh the behavior of the both the sizing was
changed to hard and the mesh was updated again.
 Now the two faces were selected for face meshing and the mesh was
updated.
 The upper left horizontal edge was selected and given the name “Unheated
wall”, because its temperature is same as that of the fluid.
 The upper right horizontal edge was selected and given the name “ Heated
wall”.
 Both the bottom edges were selected together and renamed to “Axis”
 Both the faces were selected and named “flow domain”. This concluded the
meshing and the project was saved.
04. Setup and Solution:
 First the 2D space under general section was changed from planar to
axisymmetric.
 Under Models the Viscous laminar model was set
 The energy equation was switched on because we need to find the
temperature distribution also.
 Under materials the fluid was changed from air to problem fluid 6 which has
viscosity of 2e-3 kg/m-s, the specific heat was set to 1000J/kg-K, thermal
conductivity was set to 0.02 W/m-K and the density was set to 1 kg/m . This
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new fluid was then saved.

 Under Cell Zone conditions the zone was selected to fluid domain which
was named earlier in the meshing step. The material of this zone was
changed to the problem fluid 6 and then it was saved.
 Under Boundary conditions the axis was selected to be the axis which was
named earlier, all other edges were also selected according to their names in
the meshing step. The internal was set to flow domain. The Boundary values
of the problem which is mentioned in the problems were set.
 The unheated wall was given a constant temperature condition with
T=300K.
 The heated wall given a flux boundary condition with Heat Flux = 50W/m2.
 The inlet was set as velocity-inlet with axial velocity = 0.1m/s and the outlet
was set as pressure-outlet with the value 1 pa.
 The fluid inlet temperature was set to 300K.
 The method was set to SIMPLE.
 Under the residual monitors the tolerance values were set to 1e-6 for all the
equations.
 Under Initialization the method was set to Standard. The Gauge pressure
was set to 0 Pa, axial velocity to 0.1 m/s and the radial velocity to 0 m/s and
the temperature = 300K. This step provided the initial values to the problem.
 Under calculation activities the number of iteration was increased to 1500.
Then the calculation was initiated. It was observed that the solution
converged at 1049th iteration.
 The project was updated in the workbench.
05. Results:
 The CFD Post was started.
 Under default transform the instancing info from domain was unchecked.
Apply reflection was checked, The method was set to ZX plane and it was
applied. This converted the half of the cross section of the pipe to full cross
section with diameter 0.2 m.
 The contour icon was selected for velocity magnitude. The location was set
to periodic1. The variable was set to velocity, This setting was applied. This
produced a velocity magnitude contour along the axis of the pipe. The
Legend was tweaked a bit to move it to the horizontal position. Now the
copy of the photo of the velocity magnitude contour was saved.
 Now again a temperature contour was plotted similarly.
 Now a line was created joining the points (10,0,0) and (10,0.1,0), this
represents the line at the outlet.
 Now the velocity profile at outlet was plotted by giving the location as
Outlet line and the variable as u velocity in x-axis and radial distance in y-
axis.
 Now similarly temperature profile at the outlet was also plotted with
selecting variable as Temperature in x axis and radial distance in y axis.
 A new line was created with points (0,0,0) and (10,0,0) to create a line along
the axis.
 Now the chart was selected to plot the temperature profile along the axis
with location set to axis, x distance along x-axis and temperature along y-
axis.
 Now a point was created at the (10,0.1,0) to determine the temperature of the
wall at outlet.
 A new expression was created named Tw with definition set to
maxVal(Temperature)@Point 1, to find the temperature at Point 1. The
temperature value (Tw) was found to be 487.097K.
 The function calculator was used to calculate the length integral of u
velocity at the outlet line using the expression lengthInt(velocity)@outlet.
 Another expression named Tm was created with definition
lengthInt(Velocity u*Temperature*2*y)@Outlet/lengthInt(Velocity
u*2*y)@Outlet. The Tm or Bulk mean temperature was found to be 380K.
 Another expression for Nusselt number was created with name Nu and
definition set to (50 [W/m^2]*2*0.1[m])/(0.02[W/m/K]*(Tw-Tm)).
 This concluded the project. After exiting from CFD post the project was
updated and the project was archived as .zip format.
  Results and Discussion:

From the velocity magnitude contour it can be seen that the maximum velocity of
0.959m/s occurs at the center and the velocity nearer to the walls is 0. Also it can
be seen that the boundary layer grows once we move from the leading egde. After
some distance from the leading edge the velocity magnitude remains same in the
axial direction.
From the axial velocity chart it is observed that the velocity profile at the outlet is
somewhat parabolic because of the laminar flow. The velocity magnitude is nearly
equal to 0.2 m/s at the centre and zero at the walls due to no slip condition.
From the temperature contour it can be seen that the initially the temperature does
not change since there is no heat interaction between the fluid and the wall due to
the constant temperature condition at the wall which is equal to that of fluid
temperature. After a some distance i.e. 2m the temperature starts to change because
of the heat flux condition.
From the temperature profile it can be seen that upto some distance the temperature
at the axis does not change and remains equal to the initial temperature, after that it
increases to a value of 320K.
The temperature at the axis at outlet at the centre is 320K. Then it increases
parabolically to around 500K as go along the radius.

Form the calculations carried out in the fluent function calculator it was observed
that at the outlet the Bulk mean temperature (Tm) was found to be 380K and the
wall temperature (Tw) at the outlet is 487.105 K. Using these values the Nusselt
number was found to be equal to 4.66866. This means that the flow is yet to be
fully developed. The Nusselt number for fully developed flow with constant heat
flux would have been 4.36.