Geotech Lab Manual

DETERMINATION OF CONSISTENCY LIMITS
LIQUID LIMIT TEST
OBJECTIVE
1. Prepare soil specimen as per specification.
2. Find the relationship between water content and number of blows.
3. Draw flow curve.
4. Find out liquid limit.
NEED AND SCOPE
Liquid limit is significant to know the stress history and general properties of the soil met with construction.
From the results of liquid limit the compression index may be estimated. The compression index value will help
us in settlement analysis. If the natural moisture content of soil is closer to liquid limit, the soil can be
considered as soft if the moisture content is lesser than liquids limit, the soil can be considered as soft if the
moisture content is lesser than liquid limit. The soil is brittle and stiffer.
THEORY
The liquid limit is the moisture content at which the groove, formed by a standard tool into the sample of soil
taken in the standard cup, closes for 10 mm on being given 25 blows in a standard manner. At this limit the soil
possess low shear strength.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Balance 2. Liquid limit device 3. Grooving tool 4. Mixing dishes
5. Spatula 6. Electrical Oven
PROCEDURE
1. About 120 gm. of air-dried soil from thoroughly mixed portion of material passing 425 micron I.S sieve is to
be obtained.
2. Distilled water is mixed to the soil thus obtained in a mixing disc to form uniform paste. The paste shall have
a consistency that would require 30 to 35 drops of cup to cause closer of standard groove for sufficient
length.
3. A portion of the paste is placed in the cup of LIQUID LIMIT device and spread into portion with few strokes
of spatula.
4. Trim it to a depth of 1cm at the point of maximum thickness and return excess of soil to the dish.
5. The soil in the cup shall be divided by the firm strokes of the grooving tool along the diameter through the
Centre line of the follower so that clean sharp groove of proper dimension is formed.
6. Lift and drop the cup by turning crank at the rate of two revolutions per second until the two halves of soil
cake come in contact with each other for a length of about 1 cm by flow only.
7. The number of blows required to cause the groove close for about 1 cm shall be recorded.
1
8. A representative portion of soil is taken from the cup for water content determination.
9. Repeat the test with different moisture contents at least three more times for blows between 10 and 40.
OBSERVATIONS
Details of the sample.........
Natural moisture content.........
Room temperature............
Determination Number 1 2 3 4
Container number
Weight of container
Weight of container + wet
soil
Weight of container + dry
soil
Weight of water
Weight of dry soil
Moisture content (%)
No. of blows
COMPUTATION / CALCULATION
Draw a graph showing the relationship between water content (on y-axis) and number of blows (on x-axis) on
semi-log graph. The curve obtained is called flow curve. The moisture content corresponding to 25 drops
(blows) as read from the represents liquid limit. It is usually expressed to the nearest whole number.
INTERPRETATION AND RECORDING
Flow index If = β(W2-W1)/ (logN1/N2) = slope of the flow curve.
Plasticity Index = wl-wp =
Toughness Index = Ip/If =
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2
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST
NEED AND SCOPE
Soil is used for making bricks, tiles, and soil cement blocks in addition to its use as foundation for structures.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Porcelain dish.
2. Glass plate for rolling the specimen.
3. Air tight containers to determine the moisture content.
4. Balance of capacity 200gm and sensitive to 0.01gm
5. Oven thermostatically controlled with interior of non-corroding material to maintain the temperature
around 1050 and 1100C.
PROCEDURE
1. Take about 20gm of thoroughly mixed portion of the material passing through 425 micron I.S. Sieve
obtained in accordance with I.S. 2720 (part 1).
2. Mix it thoroughly with distilled water in the evaporating dish till the soil mass becomes plastic enough to
be easily moulded with fingers.
3. Allow it to season for sufficient time (for 24 hrs.) to allow water to permeate throughout the soil mass
4. Take about 10gms of this plastic soil mass and roll it between fingers and glass plate with just sufficient
pressure to roll the mass into a threaded of uniform diameter throughout its length. The rate of rolling shall
be between 60 and 90 strokes per minute.
5. Continue rolling till you get a threaded of 3 mm diameter.
6. Kneed the soil together to a uniform mass and re-roll.
7. Continue the process until the thread crumbles when the diameter is 3 mm.
8. Collect the pieces of the crumbled thread in air tight container for moisture content determination.
9. Repeat the test to at least 3 times and take the average of the results calculated to the nearest whole
number.
OBSERVATION AND REPORTING
Compare the diameter of thread at intervals with the rod. When the diameter reduces to 3 mm, note the
surface of the thread for cracks.
PRESENTATION OF DATA
Container No.
Wt. of container + lid,W1
Wt. of container + lid + wet sample,W2
Wt. of container + lid + dry sample,W3
3
Wt. of dry sample = W3 - W1
Wt. of water in the soil = W3 - W2
Water content (%) = {(W3 - W2) / (W3 - W1) } 100
Average Plastic Limit=...............
Plasticity Index (Ip) = (LL - PL) =............
Toughness Index =Ip/If
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SHRINKAGE LIMIT TEST
OBJECTIVE
To determine the shrinkage limit and calculate the shrinkage ratio for the given soil.
THEORY
As the soil loses moisture, either in its natural environment, or by artificial means in laboratory it changes from
liquid state to plastic state, from plastic state to semi-solid state and then to solid state. Volume changes also
occur with changes in water content. But there is particular limit at which any moisture change does not cause
soil any volume change.
NEED AND SCOPE
Soils which undergo large volume changes with change in water content may be troublesome. Volume changes
may not and usually will not be equal.
A shrinkage limit test should be performed on a soil.
1. To obtain a quantitative indication of how much change in moisture can occur before any appreciable
volume changes occurs
2. To obtain an indication of change in volume.
The shrinkage limit is useful in areas where soils undergo large volume changes when going through wet and
dry cycles (as in case of earth dams)
APPARATUS
1. Evaporating Dish made of Porcelain, about 12 cm diameters with flat bottom.
2. Spatula
3. Shrinkage Dish. Circular, porcelain or non-corroding metal dish (3 no. s) having a flat bottom and 45 mm in
diameter and 15 mm in height internally.
4. Straight Edge. Steel, 15 cm in length.
5. Glass cup. 50 to 55 mm in diameter and 25 mm in height, the top rim of which is ground smooth and level.
6. Glass plates.
7. Sieves. 2mm and 425- micron IS sieves.
8. Oven-thermostatically controlled.
9. Graduate-Glass, having a capacity of 25 ml and graduated to 0.2 ml and 100 cc flask.
10. Balance-Sensitive to 0.01 g minimum.
11. Mercury. Clean, sufficient to fill the glass cup to over flowing.
12. Wash bottle containing distilled water.
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PROCEDURE
Preparation of soil paste
1. Take about 100 gm. of soil sample from a thoroughly mixed portion of the material passing through 425-
micron I.S. sieve.
2. Place about 30 gm. the above soil sample in the evaporating dish and thoroughly mixed with distilled water
and make a creamy paste.
Use water content somewhere around the liquid limit.
Filling the shrinkage dish
3. Coat the inside of the shrinkage dish with a thin layer of Vaseline to prevent the soil sticking to the dish.
4. Fill the dish in three layers by placing approximately 1/3 rd. of the amount of wet soil with the help of
spatula. Tap the dish gently on a firm base until the soil flows over the edges and no apparent air bubbles exist.
Repeat this process for 2nd and 3rd layers also till the dish is completely filled with the wet soil. Strike off the
excess soil and make the top of the dish smooth. Wipe off all the soil adhering to the outside of the dish.
5. Weigh immediately, the dish with wet soil and record the weight.
6. Air- dry the wet soil cake for 6 to 8hrs, until the colour of the pat turns from dark to light. Then oven-dry the
to constant weight at 1050C to 1100C say about 12 to 16 hrs.
7. Remove the dried disk of the soil from oven. Cool it in a desiccator. Then obtain the weight of the dish with
dry sample.
8. Determine the weight of the empty dish and record.
9. Determine the volume of shrinkage dish which is evidently equal to volume of the wet soil as follows. Place
the shrinkage dish in an evaporating dish and fill the dish with mercury till it overflows slightly. Press it with
plain glass plate firmly on its top to remove excess mercury. Pour the mercury from the shrinkage dish into a
measuring jar and find the volume of the shrinkage dish directly. Record this volume as the volume of the wet
soil pat.
Volume of the Dry Soil Pat
10. Determine the volume of dry soil pat by removing the pat from the shrinkage dish and immersing it in the
glass cup full of mercury in the following manner.
Place the glass cup in a larger one and fill the glass cup to overflowing with mercury. Remove the excess
mercury by covering the cup with glass plate with prongs and pressing it. See that no air bubbles are
entrapped. Wipe out the outside of the glass cup to remove the adhering mercury. Then, place it in another
larger dish, which is, clean and empty carefully.
Place the dry soil pat on the mercury. It floats submerge it with the pronged glass plate which is again made
flush with top of the cup. The mercury spills over into the larger plate. Pour the mercury that is displayed by
the soil pat into the measuring jar and find the volume of the soil pat directly.
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CALCULATION
CAUTION
Do not touch the mercury with gold rings.
TABULATION AND RESULTS
S. No. Determination No. 1 2 3
Wt. of container in gm,W1

1
Wt. of container + wet soil pat in gm,W2
2
Wt. of container + dry soil pat in gm,W3
3
Wt. of oven dry soil pat, W0 in gm.
4
Wt. of water in gm.
5
Moisture content (%), W
6
Volume of wet soil pat (V), in cm
7
Volume of dry soil pat (V0) in cm3
8
By mercury displacement method
a. Weight of displaced mercury
b. Specific gravity of the mercury

9
Shrinkage limit (WS)
10
Shrinkage ratio (R)
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DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY
OBJECTIVE
Determine the specific gravity of soil fraction passing 4.75 mm I.S sieve by density bottle.
NEED AND SCOPE
The knowledge of specific gravity is needed in calculation of soil properties like void ratio, degree of saturation
etc.
DEFINITION
Specific gravity G is defined as the ratio of the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at that temperature
both weights taken in air.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Density bottle of 50 ml with stopper having capillary hole.
2. Balance to weigh the materials (accuracy 10gm).
3. Wash bottle with distilled water.
4. Alcohol and ether.
PROCEDURE
1. Clean and dry the density bottle
a. Wash the bottle with water and allow it to drain.
b. Wash it with alcohol and drain it to remove water.
c. Wash it with ether, to remove alcohol and drain ether.
2. Weigh the empty bottle with stopper (W1)
3. Take about 10 to 20 gm. of oven soil sample which is cooled in a desiccator. Transfer it to the bottle. Find
the weight of the bottle and soil (W2).
4. Put 10ml of distilled water in the bottle to allow the soil to soak completely. Leave it for about 2 hours.
5. Again fill the bottle completely with distilled water put the stopper and keep the bottle
Under constant temperature water baths (Tx0).
6. Take the bottle outside and wipe it clean and dry note. Now determine the weight of the bottle and the
contents (W3).
7. Now empty the bottle and thoroughly clean it. Fill the bottle with only distilled water and weigh it. Let it be
W4 at temperature (Tx0 C).
8. Repeat the same process for 2 to 3 times, to take the average reading of it.
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OBSERVATIONS
S. No. Observation Number 1 2 3

1 Weight of density bottle (W1 g)
2 Weight of density bottle + dry soil (W2 g)
Weight of bottle + dry soil + water at temperature

T x0 C (W3 g)
3
Weight of bottle + water (W4 g) at temperature
T x0 C
4
Specific gravity G at Tx0 C
Average specific gravity at Tx0 C
CALCULATIONS
GENERAL REMARKS
The specific gravity of the soil particles lies within the range of 2.65 to 2.85. Soils containing organic matter
and porous particles may have specific gravity values below 2.0. Soils having heavy substances may have
values above 3.0.
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DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT
OBJECTIVE
Determine the natural content of the given soil sample.
NEED AND SCOPE OF THE EXPERIMENT
In almost all soil tests natural moisture content of the soil is to be determined. The knowledge of the natural
moisture content is essential in all studies of soil mechanics. To sight a few, natural moisture content is used in
determining the bearing capacity and settlement. The natural moisture content will give an idea of the state of
soil in the field.
DEFINITION
The natural water content also called the natural moisture content is the ratio of the weight of water to the
weight of the solids in a given mass of soil. This ratio is usually expressed as percentage.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Non-corrodible air-tight container.
2. Electric oven, maintain the temperature between 1050 C to 1100 C.
3. Desiccator.
4. Balance of sufficient sensitivity.
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the container with lid dries it and weighs it (W1).
2. Take a specimen of the sample in the container and weigh with lid (W2).
3. Keep the container in the oven with lid removed. Dry the specimen to constant weight maintaining the
temperature between 1050 C to 1100 C for a period varying with the type of soil but usually 16 to 24 hours.
4. Record the final constant weight (W3) of the container with dried soil sample. Peat and other organic soils
are to be dried at lower temperature (say 600 C) possibly for a longer period.
Certain soils contain gypsum which on heating loses its water if crystallization. If it is suspected that gypsum
is present in the soil sample used for moisture content determination it shall be dried at not more than 800 C
and possibly for a longer time.
OBSERVATIONS AND RECORDING
Data and observation sheet for water content determination

S. No. Sample No. 1 2 3
1 Weight of container with lid W1 gm.
2 Weight of container with lid +wet soil W2 gm.
3 Weight of container with lid +dry soil W3 gm.
4 Water/Moisture content
W = [(W2−W3)/(W3−W1)]×100
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INTERPRETATION AND REPORTING
RESULT
The natural moisture content of the soil sample is ________
GENERAL REMARKS
1. A container without lid can be used, when moist sample is weighed immediately after placing the container
and oven dried sample is weighed immediately after cooling in desiccator.
2. As dry soil absorbs moisture from wet soil, dried samples should be removed before placing wet samples in
the oven.
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11
FIELD DENSITY TEST (SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD)
OBJECTIVE
Determine the in situ density of natural or compacted soils using sand pouring cylinders.
NEED AND SCOPE
The in situ density of natural soil is needed for the determination of bearing capacity of soils, for the purpose
of stability analysis of slopes, for the determination of pressures on underlying strata for the calculation of
settlement and the design of underground structures.
It is very quality control test, where compaction is required, in the cases like embankment and pavement
construction.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Sand pouring cylinder of 3 litres/16.5 litres capacity mounted above a pouring come and separated by a
shutter cover plate.
2. Tools for excavating holes; suitable tools such as scraper tool to make a level surface.
3. Cylindrical calibrating container with an internal diameter of 100 mm/200 mm and an internal depth of 150
mm/250 mm fitted with a flange 50 mm/75 mm wide and about 5 mm surrounding the open end.
4. Balance to weigh unto an accuracy of 1g.
5. Metal containers to collect excavated soil.
6. Metal tray with 300 mm/450 mm square and 40 mm/50 mm deep with a 100 mm/200 mm diameter hole in
the centre.
7. Glass plate about 450 mm/600 mm square and 10mm thick.
8. Clean, uniformly graded natural sand passing through 1.00 mm I.S.sieve and retained on the 600micron
I.S.sieve. It shall be free from organic matter and shall have been oven dried and exposed to atmospheric
humidity.
9. Suitable non-corrodible airtight containers.
10. Thermostatically controlled oven with interior on non-corroding material to maintain the temperature
between 105 0C to 110 0C.
11. A desiccator with any desiccating agent other than sulphuric acid.
THEORY
By conducting this test it is possible to determine the field density of the soil. The moisture content is likely to
vary from time and hence the field density also. So it is required to report the test result in terms of dry
density. The relationship that can be established between the dry density with known moisture content is as
follows:
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PROCEDURE
Calibration of the Cylinder
1. Fill the sand pouring cylinder with clean sand so that the level of the sand in the cylinder is within about 10
mm from the top. Find out the initial weight of the cylinder plus sand (W1) and this weight should be
maintained constant throughout the test for which the calibration is used.
2. Allow the sand of volume equal to that of the calibrating container to run out of the cylinder by opening the
shutter, close the shutter and place the cylinder on the glass sand takes place in the cylinder close the shutter
and remove the cylinder carefully. Weigh the sand collected on the glass plate. Its weight (W2) gives the weight
of sand filling the cone portion of the sand pouring cylinder.
Repeat this step at least three times and take the mean weight (W2) Put the sand back into the sand pouring
cylinder to have the same initial constant weight (W1)
Determination of Bulk Density of Soil
3. Determine the volume (V) of the container be filling it with water to the brim. Check this volume by
calculating from the measured internal dimensions of the container.
4. Place the sand poring cylinder centrally on the of the calibrating container making sure that constant weight
(W1) is maintained. Open the shutter and permit the sand to run into the container. When no further
movement of sand is seen close the shutter, remove the pouring cylinder and find its weight (W3).
Determination of Dry Density of Soil in Place
5. Approximately 60 sq. cm of area of soil to be tested should be trimmed down to a level surface,
approximately of the size of the container. Keep the metal tray on the level surface and excavate a circular
hole of volume equal to that of the calibrating container. Collect all the excavated soil in the tray and find out
the weight of the excavated soil (Ww). Remove the tray, and place the sand pouring cylinder filled to constant
weight so that the base of the cylinder covers the hole concentrically. Open the shutter and permit the sand to
run into the hole. Close the shutter when no further movement of the sand is seen. Remove the cylinder and
determine its weight (W3).
6. Keep a representative sample of the excavated sample of the soil for water content determination.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
Sample Details
1 2 3
S. No. Calibration
1.
Weight of sand in cone (of pouring cylinder) W2 gm.
2.
Volume of calibrating container (V) in cc
3.
Weight of sand + cylinder before pouring W3 gm.
4.
Weight of sand + cylinder after pouring W3 gm.
5.
Weight of sand to fill calibrating containers
6.
Wa = (W1-W3-W2) gm.
Bulk density of sand s = Wa / V gm./cc
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1 2 3
S. No. Measurement of Soil Density
1. Weight of wet soil from hole Ww gm.
2. Weight of sand + cylinder before pouring W1 gm.
3. Weight of sand + cylinder after pouring W4 gm.
4. Weight of sand in hole Wb = (W1-W2-W4) gm.
5. Bulk density b = (Ww /Wb) s gm./cc
Water content determination
6. Container number
7. Weight of wet soil
8. Weight of dry soil
9. Moisture content (%)
10. Dry density d = b / (1+w) gm/cc
GENERAL REMARKS
1. While calibrating the bulk density of sand great care has to be taken.
2. The excavated hole must be equal to the volume of the calibrating container.
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PROCTOR TEST
SCOPE
This method covers the determination of the relationship between the moisture content and density of soils
compacted in a mould of a given size with a 2.5 kg rammer dropped from a height of 30 cm.
APPARATUS
1. Proctor mould having a capacity of 944 cc with an internal diameter of 10.2 cm and a height of 11.6 cm. The
mould shall have a detachable collar assembly and a detachable base plate.
2. Rammer: A mechanical operated metal rammer having a 5.08 cm diameter face and a weight of 2.5 kg. The
rammer shall be equipped with a suitable arrangement to control the height of drop to a free fall of 30 cm.
3. Sample extruder.
4. A balance of 15 kg capacity.
5. Sensitive balance.
6. Straight edge.
7. Graduated cylinder.
8. Mixing tools such as mixing pan, spoon, towel, spatula etc.
9. Moisture tins.
PROCEDURE
1. Take a representative oven-dried sample, approximately 5 kg in the given pan. Thoroughly mix the
sample with sufficient water to dampen it to approximately four to six percentage points below
optimum moisture content.
2. Weigh the proctor mould without base plate and collar. Fix the collar and base plate. Place the soil in
the Proctor mould and compact it in 3 layers giving 25 blows per layer with the 2.5 kg rammer falling
through.
3. Remove the collar, trim the compacted soil even with the top of the mould by means of the straight
edge and weigh.
4. Divide the weight of the compacted specimen by 944 cc and record the result as the wet weight wet
in grams per cubic centimetre of the compacted soil.
5. Remove the sample from the mould and slice vertically through and obtain a small sample for
moisture determination.
6. Thoroughly break up the remainder of the material until it will pass a no.4 sieve as judged by the eye.
Add water in sufficient amounts to increase the moisture content of the soil sample by one or two
percentage points and repeat the above procedure for each increment of water added. Continue this
series of determination until there is either a decrease or no change in the wet unit weight of the
compacted soil.
CALCULATION
1. Wet density gm. /cc =weight of compacted soil / 944.

2. Dry density = wet density/(1+w)
Where w is the moisture content of the soil.
Plot the dry density against moisture content and find out the maximum dry density and optimum moisture
for the soil.
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OBSERVATIONS
a. Cylinder diameter = cm.
b. Height = cm.
c. Volume = cc
Weight of cylinder = gm.
Density
Determination No.
Water to be added (per cent)
Weight of water to be added
(gm.)
Weight of cylinder + compacted
soil
Weight of compacted soil (gm.)
Average moisture content (per
cent)
Wet density
(gm. /cc)
Dry density (gm./cc)
Water content
Container No.
Wt. Of container + wet soil gm.
Wt. Of container + dry soil gm.
Wt. of container alone gm.
Wt. Of water gm.
Wt. Of dry soil gm.
Percentage of water
Content
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VANE SHEAR TEST
OBJECTIVE
To find shear strength of a given soil specimen.
NEED AND SCOPE
The structural strength of soil is basically a problem of shear strength.
Vane shear test is a useful method of measuring the shear strength of clay. It is a cheaper and quicker method.
The test can also be conducted in the laboratory. The laboratory vane shear test for the measurement of shear
strength of cohesive soils is useful for soils of low shear strength (less than 0.3 kg/cm2) for which triaxial or
unconfined tests cannot be performed. The test gives the undrained strength of the soil. The undisturbed and
remoulded strength obtained are useful for evaluating the sensitivity of soil.
PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION
EQUIPMENT
1. Vane shear apparatus.
2. Specimen.
3. Specimen container.
4. Callipers.
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare two or three specimens of the soil sample of dimensions of at least 37.5 mm diameter and 75 mm
length in specimen. (L/D ratio 2 or 3).
2. Mount the specimen container with the specimen on the base of the vane shear apparatus. If the specimen
container is closed at one end, it should be provided with a hole of about 1 mm diameter at the bottom.
3. Gently lower the shear vanes into the specimen to their full length without disturbing the soil specimen. The
top of the vanes should be at least 10 mm below the top of the specimen. Note the readings of the angle of
twist.
4. Rotate the vanes at an uniform rate say 0.1o/s by suitable operating the torque application handle until the
specimen fails.
5. Note the final reading of the angle of twist.
6. Find the value of blade height in cm.
7. Find the value of blade width in cm.
CALCULATIONS:
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OBSERVATIONS:
Name of the project:
Soil description:
T=Spring
Initial Final Average Spring
Difference Constant/180x S=TxG
Reading Reading 'S' Constant
Difference
S. No.
(Deg.) Kg/cm2
(Deg.) (Deg.) Kg/cm2 Kg-cm
Kg-cm
GENERAL REMARKS:
This test is useful when the soil is soft and its water content is nearer to liquid limit.
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18
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST
OBJECTIVE
Determine shear parameters of cohesive soil
It is not always possible to conduct the bearing capacity test in the field. Sometimes it is cheaper to take the
undisturbed soil sample and test its strength in the laboratory. Also to choose the best material for the
embankment, one has to conduct strength tests on the samples selected. Under these conditions it is easy to
perform the unconfined compression test on undisturbed and remoulded soil sample. Now we will investigate
experimentally the strength of a given soil sample.
We have to find out the diameter and length of the specimen.
EQUIPMENT
1. Loading frame of capacity of 2 t, with constant rate of movement. What is the least count of the dial gauge
attached to the proving ring!
2. Proving ring of 0.01 kg sensitivity for soft soils; 0.05 kg for stiff soils.
3. Soil trimmer.
4. Frictionless end plates of 75 mm diameter (Perspex plate with silicon grease coating).
5. Evaporating dish (Aluminium container).
6. Soil sample of 75 mm length.
7. Dial gauge (0.01 mm accuracy).
8. Balance of capacity 200 g and sensitivity to weigh 0.01 g.
9. Oven thermostatically controlled with interior of non-corroding material to maintain the temperature at the
desired level. What is the range of the temperature used for drying the soil!
10. Sample extractor and split sampler.
11. Dial gauge (sensitivity 0.01mm).
12. Vernier callipers
PROCEDURE (SPECIMEN)
1. In this test, a cylinder of soil without lateral support is tested to failure in simple compression, at a
constant rate of strain. The compressive load per unit area required to fail the specimen as called
unconfined compressive strength of the soil.
Preparation of specimen for testing
A. Undisturbed specimen
1. Note down the sample number, bore hole number and the depth at which the sample was taken.
2. Remove the protective cover (paraffin wax) from the sampling tube.
3. Place the sampling tube extractor and push the plunger till a small length of sample moves out.
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4. Trim the projected sample using a wire saw.
5. Again push the plunger of the extractor till a 75 mm long sample comes out.
6. Cut-out this sample carefully and hold it on the split sampler so that it does not fall.
7. Take about 10 to 15 g of soil from the tube for water content determination.
8. Note the container number and take the net weight of the sample and the container.
9. Measure the diameter at the top, middle, and the bottom of the sample and find the average and record the
same.
10. Measure the length of the sample and record.
11. Find the weight of the sample and record.
B. Moulded sample
1. For the desired water content and the dry density, calculate the weight of the dry soil Ws required for
preparing a specimen of 3.8 cm diameter and 7.5 cm long.
2. Add required quantity of water Ww to this soil.
3. Mix the soil thoroughly with water.
4. Place the wet soil in a tight thick polythene bag in a humidity chamber and place the soil in a constant
volume mould, having an internal height of 7.5 cm and internal diameter of 3.8 cm.
5. After 24 hours take the soil from the humidity chamber and place the soil in a constant volume mould,
having an internal height of 7.5 cm and internal diameter of 3.8 cm.
6. Place the lubricated moulded with plungers in position in the load frame.
7. Apply the compressive load till the specimen is compacted to a height of 7.5 cm.
8. Eject the specimen from the constant volume mould.
9. Record the correct height, weight and diameter of the specimen.
Test procedure
1. Take two frictionless bearing plates of 75 mm diameter.
2. Place the specimen on the base plate of the load frame (sandwiched between the end plates).
3. Place a hardened steel ball on the bearing plate.
4. Adjust the centre line of the specimen such that the proving ring and the steel ball are in the same line.
5. Fix a dial gauge to measure the vertical compression of the specimen.
6. Adjust the gear position on the load frame to give suitable vertical displacement.
7. Start applying the load and record the readings of the proving ring dial and compression dial for every 5 mm
compression.
8. Continue loading till failure is complete.
9. Draw the sketch of the failure pattern in the specimen.
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Project: Tested by:
Location: Boring No. :
Depth:
Sample details
Type UD/R: soil description
Specific gravity (GS) = 2.71
Bulk density =
Water content =
Degree of saturation = .%
Diameter (Do) of the sample = cm
Area of cross-section = cm2
Initial length (Lo) of the sample = 76 mm
Compressive
Axial
Proving ring stress
load
Compression dial reading (Divns.)
Elapsed time Strain (L/L0 ) Area A Ao
reading (L) (kg)
(minutes) ×100 (%) (e) /(1-e) (cm)2 (kg/cm2)
(mm)
5
1 3 4 6
2 7
Interpretation and Reporting
Unconfined compression strength of the soil = qu =
Shear strength of the soil = qu/2 =
Sensitivity = (qu for undisturbed sample)/ (qu for remoulded sample).
General Remarks
Minimum three samples should be tested; correlation can be made between unconfined strength and field SPT
value N. Up to 6% strain the readings may be taken at every min (30 sec).
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21
UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TEST
OBJECTIVE
To find the shear of the soil by Un drained Tri axial Test.
NEED AND SCOPE OF THE TEST
The standard consolidated un drained test is compression test, in which the soil specimen is first consolidated
under all round pressure in the tri axial cell before failure is brought about by increasing the major principal
stress.
It may be performing with or without measurement of pore pressure although for most applications the
measurement of pore pressure is desirable.
Knowledge of Equipment
A constant rate of strain compression machine of which the following is a brief description of one is in
common use.
(a) A loading frame in which the load is applied by yoke acting through an elastic dynamometer, more
commonly called a proving ring which used to measure the load. The frame is operated at a constant rate by a
geared screw jack. It is preferable for the machine to be motor driven, by a small electric motor.
(b) A hydraulic pressure apparatus including an air compressor and water reservoir in which air under pressure
acting on the water raises it to the required pressure, together with the necessary control valves and pressure
dials.
A tri axial cell to take 3.8 cm dia. and 7.6 cm long samples, in which the sample can be subjected to an
all-round hydrostatic pressure, together with a vertical compression load acting through a piston. The vertical
load from the piston acts on a pressure cap. The cell is usually designed with a non-ferrous metal top and base
connected by tension rods and with walls formed of Perspex.
Apparatus for preparation of the sample:
(a) 3.8 cm (1.5 inch) internal diameter 12.5 cm (5 inches) long sample tubes.
(b) Rubber ring.
(c) An open ended cylindrical section former, 3.8 cm inside dia. fitted with a small rubber tube in its side.
(d) Stop clock.
(e) Moisture content test apparatus.
(f) A balance of 250 gm. capacity and accurate to 0.01 gm.
Procedure
1. The sample is placed in the compression machine and a pressure plate is placed on the top. Care must be
taken to prevent any part of the machine or cell from jogging the sample while it is being setup, for example,
by knocking against this bottom of the loading piston. The probable strength of the sample is estimated and a
suitable proving ring selected and fitted to the machine.
2. The cell must be properly set up and uniformly clamped down to prevent leakage of pressure during the
test, making sure first that the sample is properly sealed with its end caps and rings (rubber) in position and
that the sealing rings for the cell are also correctly placed.
22
3. When the sample is setup water is admitted and the cell is fitted under water escapes from the beed valve,
at the top, which is closed. If the sample is to be tested at zero lateral pressure water is not required.
4. The air pressure in the reservoir is then increased to raise the hydrostatic pressure in the required amount.
The pressure gauge must be watched during the test and any necessary adjustments must be made to keep
the pressure constant.
5. The handle wheel of the screw jack is rotated until the underside of the hemispherical seating of the proving
ring, through which the loading is applied, just touches the cell piston.
6. The piston is then removed down by handle until it is just in touch with the pressure plate on the top of the
sample, and the proving ring seating is again brought into contact for the begging of the test.
Observation and Recording
The machine is set in motion (or if hand operated the hand wheel is turned at a constant rate) to give a rate of
strain 2% per minute. The strain dial gauge reading is then taken and the corresponding proving ring reading is
taken the corresponding proving ring chart. The load applied is known. The experiment is stopped at the strain
dial gauge reading for 15% length of the sample or 15% strain.
Operator: Sample No:
Date: Job:
Location: Size of specimen:
Length: Proving ring constant:
Diameter: 3.81 cm Initial area L:
Initial Volume: Strain dials least count (const.):
Corrected area
Cell pressure Proving ring Load on sample
cm2 Deviator stress
kg/cm2 Strain dial 2 reading kg
6
1 3 4 5
50
100
150
200
1
250
300
350
400
450
1.5 0
23
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0
50
100
150
200
2
250
300
350
400
450
Compressive
stress Shear Angle of
Wet bulk density Cell pressure Moisture
Sample No. Strain at failure strength shearing
gm./cc kg/cm2 content
at failure (kg/cm2) resistance
1.
2.
3.
24
General Remarks
a) It is assumed that the volume of the sample remains constant and that the area of the sample increases
uniformly as the length decreases. The calculation of the stress is based on this new area at failure, by direct
calculation, using the proving ring constant and the new area of the sample. By constructing a chart relating
strain readings, from the proving ring, directly to the corresponding stress.
b) The strain and corresponding stress is plotted with stress abscissa and curve is drawn. The maximum
compressive stress at failure and the corresponding strain and cell pressure are found out.
c) The stress results of the series of tri axial tests at increasing cell pressure are plotted on a mohr stress
diagram. In this diagram a semicircle is plotted with normal stress as abscissa shear stress as ordinate.
d) The condition of the failure of the sample is generally approximated to by a straight line drawn as a
tangent to the circles, the equation of which is t = C + a tanf. The value of cohesion C is read of the shear stress
axis, where it is cut by the tangent to the mohr circles, and the angle of shearing resistance (f) is angle
between the tangent and a line parallel to the shear stress.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25
CONSOLIDATION TEST
OBJECTIVE
To determine the settlements due to primary consolidation of soil by conducting one dimensional test.
NEED AND SCOPE
The test is conducted to determine the settlement due to primary consolidation. To determine:
i. Rate of consolidation under normal load.

ii. Degree of consolidation at any time.
iii. Pressure-void ratio relationship.
iv. Coefficient of consolidation at various pressures.
v. Compression index.
From the above information it will be possible for us to predict the time rate and extent of settlement of
structures founded on fine-grained soils. It is also helpful in analysing the stress history of soil. Since the
settlement analysis of the foundation depends mainly on the values determined by the test, this test is very
important for foundation design.
1. Consolidometer consisting essentially
(a) A ring of diameter = 60mm and height = 20mm
(b) Two porous plates or stones of silicon carbide, aluminium oxide or porous metal.
(c) Guide ring.
(d) Outer ring.
(e) Water jacket with base.
(f) Pressure pad.
(g) Rubber basket.
2. Loading device consisting of frame, lever system, loading yoke dial gauge fixing device and weights.
3. Dial gauge to read to an accuracy of 0.002mm.
4. Thermostatically controlled oven.
5. Stopwatch to read seconds.
6. Sample extractor.
7. Miscellaneous items like balance, soil trimming tools, spatula, filter papers, sample containers.
PRINCIPAL INVOLVED
When a compressive load is applied to soil mass, a decrease in its volume takes place, the decrease in volume
of soil mass under stress is known as compression and the property of soil mass pertaining to its tendency to
decrease in volume under pressure is known as compressibility. In a saturated soil mass having its void filled
with incompressible water, decrease in volume or compression can take place when water is expelled out of
the voids. Such a compression resulting from a long time static load and the consequent escape of pore water
is termed as consolidation.
26
Then the load is applied on the saturated soil mass, the entire load is carried by pore water in the beginning.
As the water starts escaping from the voids, the hydrostatic pressure in water gets gradually dissipated and the
load is shifted to the soil solids which increases effective on them, as a result the soil mass decrease in volume.
The rate of escape of water depends on the permeability of the soil.
(1) From the sample tube, eject the sample into the consolidation ring. The sample should project about one
cm from outer ring. Trim the sample smooth and flush with top and bottom of the ring by using a knife. Clean
the ring from outside and keep it ready from weighing.
(2) Remoulded sample:
(a) Choose the density and water content at which samples have to be compacted from the moisture density
relationship.
(b) Calculate the quantity of soil and water required to mix and compact.
(c) Compact the specimen in compaction mould in three layers using the standard rammers.
(d) Eject the specimen from the mould using the sample extractor.
PROCEDURE
1. Saturate two porous stones either by boiling in distilled water about 15 minute or by keeping them
submerged in the distilled water for 4 to 8 hrs. Wipe away excess water. Fittings of the consolidometer which
is to be enclosed shall be moistened.
2. Assemble the consolidometer, with the soil specimen and porous stones at top and bottom of specimen,
providing a filter paper between the soil specimen and porous stone. Position the pressure pad centrally on
the top porous stone.
3. Mount the mould assembly on the loading frame, and centre it such that the load applied is axial.
4. Position the dial gauge to measure the vertical compression of the specimen. The dial gauge holder should
be set so that the dial gauge is in the begging of its releases run, allowing sufficient margin for the swelling of
the soil, if any.
5. Connect the mould assembly to the water reservoir and the sample is allowed to saturate. The level of the
water in the reservoir should be at about the same level as the soil specimen.
6. Apply an initial load to the assembly. The magnitude of this load should be chosen by trial, such that there is
no swelling. It should be not less than 50 g/cm3 for ordinary soils & 25 g/cm2 for very soft soils. The load
should be allowed to stand until there is no change in dial gauge readings for two consecutive hours or for a
maximum of 24 hours.
7. Note the final dial reading under the initial load. Apply first load of intensity 0.1 kg/cm2 start the stop watch
simultaneously. Record the dial gauge readings at various time intervals. The dial gauge readings are taken
until 90% consolidation is reached. Primary consolidation is gradually reached within 24 hrs.
8. At the end of the period, specified above take the dial reading and time reading. Double the load intensity
and take the dial readings at various time intervals. Repeat this procedure fir successive load increments. The
usual loading intensities are as follows:
a. 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 kg/cm2.
9. After the last loading is completed, reduce the load to the value of the last load and allow it to stand for 24
hrs. Reduce the load further in steps of the previous intensity till an intensity of 0.1 kg/cm2 is reached. Take
the final reading of the dial gauge.
10. Reduce the load to the initial load, keep it for 24 hrs. and note the final readings of the dial gauge.
27
11. Quickly dismantle the specimen assembly and remove the excess water on the soil specimen in oven, note
the dry weight of it.
OBSERVATION AND READING
Table 1
Data and observation sheet for consolidation test pressure, compression and time.
Name of the project: Borehole no. : 1
Depth of the sample: 2m Description of soil:
Empty weight of ring: 635 gm. Area of ring: 4560 mm2 (45.60 cm2)
Diameter of ring: 76.2 mm (7.62 cm) Volume of ring: 115.82 cm3
Height of ring: 25.4 (2.54 cm) Specific gravity of soil sample No:
Dial Gauge = 0.0127 mm (least count)
Pressure
Intensity 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 4 8
(Kg/cm2)
Elapsed Time
0.25
2.5
6.25
16
25
30
1 hr.
2 hrs.
4 hrs.
8 hrs.
24 hrs.
28
Observation Sheet for Consolidation Test: Pressure Voids Ratio
Applied Final dial Specimen

Dial change Height solids Height of voids Void ration
pressure reading height
0.1
0.2
0.5
1.0
2.0
4.0
8.0
4.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
0.2
0.1
CALCULATIONS
1. Height of solids:
2. Void ratio:
3. Coefficient of consolidation. The Coefficient of consolidation at each pressures increment is calculated by

using the following equations:
i. Cv = 0.197 d2/t50 (Log fitting method)
ii. Cv = 0.848 d2/t90 (Square fitting method)
In the log fitting method, a plot is made between dial readings and logarithmic of time, the time
corresponding to 50% consolidation is determined.
In the square root fitting method, a plot is made between dial readings and square root of time and the time
corresponding to 90% consolidation is determined. The values of Cv are recorded in table II.
4. Compression Index. To determine the compression index, a plot of voids ratio (e) Vs log t is made. The initial
compression curve would be a straight line and the slope of this line would give the compression index Cc.
29
5. Coefficient of compressibility. It is calculated as follows
Av = 0.435 Cc/Avg. pressure for the increment
Where Cc = Coefficient of compressibility
6. Coefficient of permeability. It is calculated as follows
K = Cc Av × (unit weight of water)/ (1+e).
Graphs
1. Dial reading Vs log of time or
Dial reading Vs square root of time.
2. Voids ratio Vs logσ (average pressure for the increment).
General Remarks
1. While preparing the specimen, attempts has to be made to have the soil strata orientated in the same
direction in the consolidation apparatus.
2. During trimming care should be taken in handling the soil specimen with least pressure.
3. Smaller increments of sequential loading have to be adopted for soft soils.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST
OBJECTIVE
To determine the California bearing ratio by conducting a load penetration test in the laboratory.
NEED AND SCOPE
The California bearing ratio test is penetration test meant for the evaluation of subgrade strength of roads and
pavements. The results obtained by these tests are used with the empirical curves to determine the thickness
of pavement and its component layers. This is the most widely used method for the design of flexible
pavement.
This instruction sheet covers the laboratory method for the determination of C.B.R. of undisturbed and
remoulded /compacted soil specimens, both in soaked as well as unsoaked state.
Equipment and tool required.
1. Cylindrical mould with inside dia. 150 mm and height 175 mm, provided with a detachable extension collar
50 mm height and a detachable perforated base plate 10 mm thick.
2. Spacer disc 148 mm in dia. and 47.7 mm in height along with handle.
3. Metal rammers. Weight 2.6 kg with a drop of 310 mm (or) weight 4.89 kg a drop 450 mm.
4. Weights. One annular metal weight and several slotted weights weighing 2.5 kg each, 147 mm in dia., with a
central hole 53 mm in diameter.
5. Loading machine. With a capacity of at least 5000 kg and equipped with a movable head or base that travels
at an uniform rate of 1.25 mm/min. Complete with load indicating device.
6. Metal penetration piston 50 mm dia. and minimum of 100 mm in length.
7. Two dial gauges reading to 0.01 mm.
8. Sieves. 4.75 mm and 20 mm I.S. Sieves.
9. Miscellaneous apparatus, such as a mixing bowl, straight edge, scales soaking tank or pan, drying oven, filter
paper and containers.
DEFINITION OF C.B.R.
It is the ratio of force per unit area required to penetrate a soil mass with standard circular piston at the rate of
1.25 mm/min. to that required for the corresponding penetration of a standard material.
C.B.R. = (Test load/Standard load) 100
The following table gives the standard loads adopted for different penetrations for the standard material with
a C.B.R. value of 100%
31
Penetration of plunger (mm) Standard load (kg)
2.5 1370
5.0 2055
7.5 2630
10.0 3180
12.5 3600
The test may be performed on undisturbed specimens and on remoulded specimens who may be compacted
either statically or dynamically.
PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN
Undisturbed specimen
Attach the cutting edge to the mould and push it gently into the ground. Remove the soil from the outside of
the mould which is pushed in . When the mould is full of soil, remove it from weighing the soil with the mould
or by any field method near the spot.
Determine the density
Remoulded specimen
Prepare the remoulded specimen at Proctor maximum dry density or any other density at which C.B.R is
required. Maintain the specimen at optimum moisture content or the field moisture as required. The material
used should pass 20 mm I.S. sieve but it should be retained on 4.75 mm I.S. sieve. Prepare the specimen either
by dynamic compaction or by static compaction.
Dynamic Compaction
Take about 4.5 to 5.5 kg of soil and mix thoroughly with the required water.
Fix the extension collar and the base plate to the mould. Insert the spacer disc over the base. Place the filter
paper on the top of the spacer disc.
Compact the mix soil in the mould using either light compaction or heavy compaction. For light compaction,
compact the soil in 3 equal layers, each layer being given 55 blows by the 2.6 kg rammer. For heavy
compaction compact the soil in 5 layers, 56 blows to each layer by the 4.89 kg rammer.
Remove the collar and trim off soil.
Turn the mould upside down and remove the base plate and the displacer disc.
Weigh the mould with compacted soil and determine the bulk density and dry density.
Put filter paper on the top of the compacted soil (collar side) and clamp the perforated base plate on to it.
Static compaction
Calculate the weight of the wet soil at the required water content to give the desired density when occupying
the standard specimen volume in the mould from the expression.
W =desired dry density × (1+w) V
Where,
32
W = Weight of the wet soil
w = desired water content
V = volume of the specimen in the mould = 2250 cm3 (as per the mould available in laboratory)
Take the weight W (calculated as above) of the mix soil and place it in the mould.
Place a filter paper and the displacer disc on the top of soil.
Keep the mould assembly in static loading frame and compact by pressing the displacer disc till the level of disc
reaches the top of the mould.
Keep the load for some time and then release the load. Remove the displacer disc.
The test may be conducted for both soaked as well as unsoaked conditions.
If the sample is to be soaked, in both cases of compaction, put a filter paper on the top of the soil and place
the adjustable stem and perforated plate on the top of filter paper.
Put annular weights to produce a surcharge equal to weight of base material and pavement expected in actual
construction. Each 2.5 kg weight is equivalent to 7 cm construction. A minimum of two weights should be put.
Immerse the mould assembly and weights in a tank of water and soak it for 96 hours. Remove the mould from
tank.
Note the consolidation of the specimen.
Procedure for Penetration Test
Place the mould assembly with the surcharge weights on the penetration test machine.
Seat the penetration piston at the centre of the specimen with the smallest possible load, but in no case in
excess of 4 kg so that full contact of the piston on the sample is established.
Set the stress and strain dial gauge to read zero. Apply the load on the piston so that the penetration rate is
about 1.25 mm/min.
Record the load readings at penetrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 mm. Note the
maximum load and corresponding penetration if it occurs for a penetration less than 12.5 mm.
Detach the mould from the loading equipment. Take about 20 to 50 g of soil from the top 3 cm layer and
determine the moisture content.
Observation and Recording
For Dynamic Compaction
Optimum water content (%) =
Weight of mould + compacted specimen g =
Weight of empty mould g =
Weight of compacted specimen g =
Volume of specimen cm3 =
Bulk density g/cc =
Dry density g/cc =
33
For static compaction
Dry density g/cc =
Moulding water content % =
Wet weight of the compacted soil, (W) g =
Period of soaking 96 hrs. (4days).
For penetration Test
Calibration factor of the proving ring 1 Div. = 1.176 kg
Surcharge weight used (kg) 2.0 kg per 6 cm construction
Water content after penetration test %
Least count of penetration dial 1 Div. = 0.01 mm
If the initial portion of the curve is concave upwards, apply correction by drawing a tangent to the curve at the
point of greatest slope and shift the origin (Fig. 40). Find and record the correct load reading corresponding to
each penetration.
C.B.R. = (PT/PS) 100.
Where PT = Corrected test load corresponding to the chosen penetration from the load penetration curve.
PS = Standard load for the same penetration taken from the table I.
Penetration Dial
Load Dial Corrected Load
proving ring reading Load (kg)

Readings Penetration (mm)
34
Interpretation and recording
C.B.R. of specimen at 2.5 mm penetration
The C.B.R. values are usually calculated for penetration of 2.5 mm and 5 mm. Generally the C.B.R. value at 2.5
mm will be greater that at 5 mm and in such a case/the former shall be taken as C.B.R. for design purpose. If
C.B.R. for 5 mm exceeds that for 2.5 mm, the test should be repeated. If identical results follow, the C.B.R.
corresponding to 5 mm penetration should be taken for design.
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35
DIRECT SHEAR TEST
Objective
To determine the shearing strength of the soil using the direct shear apparatus.
NEED AND SCOPE
In many engineering problems such as design of foundation, retaining walls, slab bridges, pipes, sheet piling,
the value of the angle of internal friction and cohesion of the soil involved are required for the design. Direct
shear test is used to predict these parameters quickly. The laboratory report covers the laboratory procedures
for determining these values for cohesion less soils.
Apparatus
1. Direct shear box apparatus
2. Loading frame (motor attached).
3. Dial gauge.
4. Proving ring.
5. Tamper.
6. Straight edge.
7. Balance to weigh up to 200 mg.
8. Aluminium container.
9. Spatula.
KNOWLEDGE OF EQUIPMENT:
Strain controlled direct shear machine consists of shear box, soil container, loading unit, proving ring, dial
gauge to measure shear deformation and volume changes. A two piece square shear box is one type of soil
container used.
A proving ring is used to indicate the shear load taken by the soil initiated in the shearing plane.
PROCEDURE
1. Check the inner dimension of the soil container.
2. Put the parts of the soil container together.
3. Calculate the volume of the container. Weigh the container.
4. Place the soil in smooth layers (approximately 10 mm thick). If a dense sample is desired tamp the soil.
5. Weigh the soil container, the difference of these two is the weight of the soil. Calculate the density of the
soil.
6. Make the surface of the soil plane.
7. Put the upper grating on stone and loading block on top of soil.
8. Measure the thickness of soil specimen.
36
9. Apply the desired normal load.
10. Remove the shear pin.
11. Attach the dial gauge which measures the change of volume.
12. Record the initial reading of the dial gauge and calibration values.
13. Before proceeding to test check all adjustments to see that there is no connection between two parts
except sand/soil.
14. Start the motor. Take the reading of the shear force and record the reading.
15. Take volume change readings till failure.
16. Add 5 kg normal stress 0.5 kg/cm2 and continue the experiment till failure
17. Record carefully all the readings. Set the dial gauges zero, before starting the experiment
DATA CALCULATION SHEET FOR DIRECT SHEAR TEST
Normal stress 0.5 kg/cm2
L.C=.......
P.R.C=.........
Hori. Dial
gauge Shear Vertical Vertical Shear stress = div.
Vertical Proving
Horizontal Proving Reading deformation gauge deformation= col.(8)x proving
Dial reading
Gauge ring Initial Col.(4) x reading div.in col.6 ring constant
gauge Initial
Reading Reading reading Least count Initial xL. C of dial Area of the
Reading reading
(1) (3) div. of dial Reading gauge specimen(kg/cm2)
(2) (8)
gauge (5) (6) (7) (9)
(4)
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
250
300
37
400
500
600
700
800
900
L.C=.......
P.R.C=........
Hori. Dial
Vertical Proving
Dial reading
gauge Initial
Reading reading
(2) (8)
gauge (5) (6) (7) (9)
(4)
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
250
300
400
500
38
600
700
800
900
L.C=.......
P.R.C=........
Hori. Dial
Vertical Proving
Dial reading
gauge Initial
Reading reading
(2) (8)
gauge (5) (6) (7) (9)
(4)
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
250
300
400
500
600
39
700
800
900
OBSERVATION AND RECORDING
Proving Ring constant.......
Least count of the dial........
Calibration factor.......
Leverage factor........
Dimensions of shear box 60 x 60 mm
Empty weight of shear box........
Least count of dial gauge.........
Volume change.......
Normal Shear stress

Normal stress(kg/cm2) proving Ring
stress(kg/cm2) reading x
S. No. Normal load (kg) load x calibration / Area
load x leverage/Area of container
leverage/Area
GENERAL REMARKS
1. In the shear box test, the specimen is not failing along its weakest plane but along a predetermined or
induced failure plane i.e. horizontal plane separating the two halves of the shear box. This is the main
drawback of this test. Moreover, during loading, the state of stress cannot be evaluated. It can be evaluated
only at failure condition i.e. Mohr’s circle can be drawn at the failure condition only. Also failure is progressive.
2. Direct shear test is simple and faster to operate. As thinner specimens are used in shear box, they
facilitate drainage of pore water from a saturated sample in less time. This test is also useful to study friction
between two materials one material in lower half of box and another material in the upper half of box.
3. The angle of shearing resistance of sands depends on state of compaction, coarseness of grains, particle
shape and roughness of grain surface and grading. It varies between 28o(uniformly graded sands with round
grains in very loose state) to 46o(well graded sand with angular grains in dense state).
40
4. The volume change in sandy soil is a complex phenomenon depending on gradation, particle shape, state
and type of packing, orientation of principal planes, principal stress ratio, stress history, magnitude of minor
principal stress, type of apparatus, test procedure, method of preparing specimen etc. In general loose sands
expand and dense sands contract in volume on shearing. There is a void ratio at which either expansion
contraction in volume takes place. This void ratio is called critical void ratio. Expansion or contraction can be
inferred from the movement of vertical dial gauge during shearing.
5. The friction between sand particles is due to sliding and rolling friction and interlocking action.
The ultimate values of shear parameter for both loose sand and dense sand approximately attain the same
value so, if angle of friction value is calculated at ultimate stage, slight disturbance in density during sampling
and preparation of test specimens will not have much effect.
41
RELATIVE DENSITY TEST
OBJECTIVE
To determine the relative density of given coarse grained material..
DEFINITIONS
Relative density or density index is the ratio of the difference between the void ratios of a cohesion less soil in
its loosest state and existing natural state to the difference between its void ratio in the loosest and densest states.
Where,
emax = void ratio of coarse grained soil ( cohesion less) in its loosest state.
emin = void ratio of coarse grained soil ( cohesion less) in its densest state.
e = void ratio of coarse grained soil (cohesion less) in its natural existing state in the field.
THEORY
Porosity of a soil depends on the shape of grain, uniformity of grain size and condition of sedimentation. Hence
porosity itself does not indicate whether a soil is in loose or dense state. This information can only be obtained
by comparing the porosity or void ratio of the given soil with that of the same soil in its loosest and densest
possible state and hence the term, relative density is introduced.
Relative density is an arbitrary character of sandy deposit. In real sense, relative density expresses the ratio of
actual decrease in volume of voids in a sandy soil to the maximum possible decrease in the volume of voids i.e
how far the sand under investigation can be capable to the further densification beyond its natural state.
Determination of relative density is helpful in compaction of coarse grained soils and in evaluating safe bearing
capacity in case of sandy soils.
For very dense gravelly sand, it is possible to obtain relative density greater the one. This means that such
natural dense packing could not be obtained in the laboratory.
42
PROCEDURE
Calibration of mould:
1. Measure inside diameter of mould at different depths using a bore gauge and take the average.
2. Keep the mould on a flat surface or flat plate. Measure the height at different positions and take the average
(accuracy = 0.025 mm).
3. Calculate the volume.
4. Fill the mould with distilled water till over flowing takes place.
5. Slid thick glass plate over the top surface of mould.
6. Weigh the water filling the mould.
7. Note the temperature of water.
8. Obtain density of water for the above temperature from physical tables.
9. Calculate the volume of the mould which is weight of water filling the mould /density of water.
Preparation of the Sample:
1. Dry the soil sample in a thermostatically controlled electric oven.
2. Cool in the sample in a desiccator.
3. Segregate soil lumps without breaking individual particles
4. Sieve it through the required sieve size.
Minimum Density:
The mould is weighed accurately (W). Pour the dry pulverized soil into the mould through a funnel in a steady
stream. The spout is adjusted so that the free fall of soil particle is always 25 mm. While pouring soil the spout
must have a spiral motion from the rim to the center. The process is continued to fill up the mould with soil up
to about 25mm above the top. It is then leveled, with the soil and weight is recorded (W 1).
Maximum Density:
Weigh the empty mould (W). Put the collar on top of the mould and clamp it. Fill the mould with the oven dried
soil sample till 1 / 2 or 2 / 3 of the collar is filled. Place the mould on the vibrating deck and fix it with nuts and
43
bolts. Then place the surcharge weight on it. The vibrator is allowed to run for 8 minutes. Then mould is
weighed with the soil and weight is recorded (W 2).
Natural Density:
Weigh the mould with dry soil. Knowing the volume of the mould and weight of dry soil natural density, d, can
be calculated.
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44
PERMEABILITY TEST
A. CONSTANT HEAD
OBJECTIVE
To determine the coefficient of permeability of a soil using constant head method.
NEED AND SCOPE
The knowledge of this property is much useful in solving problems involving yield of water bearing strata,
seepage through earthen dams, stability of earthen dams, and embankments of canal bank affected by
seepage, settlement etc.
1. Preparation of the soil sample for the test
2. Finding the discharge through the specimen under a particular head of water.
DEFINITION OF COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY
The rate of flow under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross sectional are of porous medium under unit
hydraulic gradient is defined as coefficient of permeability.
EQUIPMENT
1. Permeameter mould of non-corrodible material.
2. The mould shall be fitted with a detachable base plate and removable extension counter.
3. Compacting equipment: 50 mm diameter circular face, weight 2.76 kg and height of fall 310 mm as specified
in I.S 2720 part VII 1965.
4. Drainage bade: A bade with a porous disc, 12 mm thick which has the permeability 10 times the expected
permeability of soil.
5. Drainage cap: A porous disc of 12 mm thick having a fitting for connection to water inlet or outlet.
6. Constant head tank: A suitable water reservoir capable of supplying water to the permeameter under
constant head.
7. Graduated glass cylinder to receive the discharge.
8. Stop watch to note the time.
9. A meter scale to measure the head differences and length of specimen.
PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN FOR TESTING
A. UNDISTURBED SOIL SAMPLE
1. Note down the sample number, bore hole number and its depth at which the sample was taken.
2. Remove the protective cover (paraffin wax) from the sampling tube.
3. Place the sampling tube in the sample extraction frame, and push the plunger to get a cylindrical form
sample not longer than 35 mm in diameter and having height equal to that of mould.
4. The specimen shall be placed centrally over the porous disc to the drainage base.
45
5. The angular space shall be filled with an impervious material such as cement slurry or wax, to provide
sealing between the soil specimen and the mould against leakage from the sides.
6. The drainage cap shall then be fixed over the top of the mould.
7. Now the specimen is ready for the test.
DISTURBED SOIL SAMPLE
1. A 2.5 kg sample shall be taken from a thoroughly mixed air dried or oven dried material.
2. The initial moisture content of the 2.5 kg sample shall be determined. Then the soil shall be placed in the air
tight container.
3. Add required quantity of water to get the desired moisture content.
4. Mix the soil thoroughly.
5. Weigh the empty permeameter mould.
6. After greasing the inside slightly, clamp it between the compaction base plate and extension collar.
7. Place the assembly on a solid base and fill it with sample and compact it.
8. After completion of a compaction the collar and excess soil are removed.
9. Find the weight of mould with sample.
10. Place the mould with sample in the permeameter, with drainage base and cap having discs that are
properly saturated.
TEST PROCEDURE
1. For the constant head arrangement, the specimen shall be connected through the top inlet to the constant
head reservoir.
2. Open the bottom outlet.
3. Establish steady flow of water.
4. The quantity of flow for a convenient time interval may be collected.
5. Repeat three times for the same interval.
OBSERVATION AND RECORDING
The flow is very low at the beginning, gradually increases and then stands constant. Constant head
permeability test is suitable for cohesion less soils. For cohesive soils falling head method is suitable.
COMPUTATION
Coefficient of permeability for a constant head test is given by
Presentation of data
The coefficient of permeability is reported in cm/sec at 27o C. The dry density, the void ratio and the degree of
saturation shall be reported. The test results should be tabulated as below:
46
Permeability Test Record
Project: ………………………………
Tested By: ………………………
Location: ………………………..
Boring No. : …………………….
Depth: …………………………………
Details of sample
Diameter of specimen = cm
Length of specimen (L) = cm
Area of specimen (A) = cm2
Specific gravity of soil GS =
Volume of specimen (V) = cm3
Weight of dry specimen (WS) = gm.
Moisture content = %
Experiment
1 2 3
No.
Length of
L(cm)
specimen
Area of
A(cm2)
specimen
Time t (sec)
Discharge q(cm3)
Height of
h(cm)
water
Temperature (o C)
47
Interpretation and Reporting
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B. FALLING HEAD METHOD
OBJECTIVE
To determine the coefficient of permeability of the given soil sample, using falling head method.
NEED AND SCOPE
The test results of the permeability experiments are used:
1. To estimate ground water flow.
2. To calculate seepage through dams.
3. To find out the rate of consolidation and settlement of structures.
4. To plan the method of lowering the ground water table.
5. To calculate the uplift pressure and piping.
6. To design the grouting.
7. And also for soil freezing tests.
48
8. To design pits for recharging.
Thus the study of seepage of water through soil is very important, with wide field applications.
The falling head method of determining permeability is used for soil with low discharge, whereas the constant
head permeability test is used for coarse-grained soils with a reasonable discharge in a given time. For very
fine-grained soil, capillarity permeability test is recommended.
PRINCIPLE OF THE EXPERIMENT
1. The passage of water through porous material is called seepage. A material with continuous voids is
called a permeable material. Hence permeability is a property of a porous material which permits
passage of fluids through inter connecting conditions.
2. Hence permeability is defined as the rate of flow of water under laminar conditions through a unit
cross-sectional area perpendicular to the direction of flow through a porous medium under unit
hydraulic gradient and under standard temperature conditions.
3. The principle behind the test is Darcy’s law for laminar flow. The rate of discharge is proportional to
(i x A),
q= kiA
Where, q= Discharge per unit time.
A=Total area of c/s of soil perpendicular to the direction of flow.
i=hydraulic gradient.
k=Darcy’s coefficient of permeability = the mean velocity of flow that will occur through the cross-
sectional area under unit hydraulic gradient.
The tools and accessories needed for the test are:
1. Permeameter with its accessories.
2. Standard soil specimen.
3. Dearies water.
4. Balance to weigh up to 1 gm.
5. I.S sieves 4.75 mm and 2 mm.
6. Mixing pan.
7. Stop watch.
8. Measuring jar.
9. Meter scale.
10. Thermometer.
11. Container for water.
12. Trimming knife etc.
KNOWLEDGE OF EQUIPMENT
(a) The permeameter is made of non-corrodible material.
49
(b) The mould has a detachable base plate and a removable exterior collar.
(c) The compacting equipment has a circular face with 50 mm diameter and a length of 310 mm with a
weight of 2.6 kg.
(d) The drainage base is a porous disc, 12 mm thick with a permeability 10 times that of soil.
(e) The drainage cap is also a porous disc of 12 mm thickness with an inlet/outlet fitting.
(f) The container tank has an overflow valve. There is also a graduated jar to collect discharge.
(g) The stand pipe arrangements are done on a board with 2 or 3 glass pipes of different diameters.
PREPARATION OF THE SPECIMEN
The preparation of the specimen for this test is important. There are two types of specimen, the undisturbed
soil sample and the disturbed or made up soil sample.
A. UNDISTURBED SOIL SPECIMEN
It is prepared as follows:
1. Note down-sample no., borehole no., depth at which sample is taken.
2. Remove the protective cover (wax) from the sampling tube.
3.Place the sampling tube in the sample extract or and push the plunger to get a cylindrical shaped specimen
not larger than 85 mm diameter and height equal to that of the mould.
4. This specimen is placed centrally over the drainage disc of base plate.
5. The annular space in between the mould and specimen is filled with an impervious material like cement
slurry to block the side leakage of the specimen.
6. Protect the porous disc when cement slurry is poured.
7. Compact the slurry with a small tamper.
8. The drainage cap is also fixed over the top of the mould.
9. The specimen is now ready for test.
B. DISTURBED SPECIMEN
The disturbed specimen can be prepared by static compaction or by dynamic compaction.
(a) Preparation of statically compacted (disturbed) specimen.
1. Take 800 to 1000 gm. of representative soil and mix with water to O.M.C determined by I.S Light
Compaction test. Then leave the mix for 24 hours in an airtight container.
2. Find weight (W) of soil mix for the given volume of the mould and hence find the dry
3. Now, assemble the permeameter for static compaction. Attach the 3 cm collar to the bottom end of 0.3
litres mould and the 2 cm collar to the top end. Support the mould assembly over 2.5 cm end plug, with 2.5 cm
collar resting on the split collar kept around the 2.5 cm- end plug. The inside of the 0.3 lit. Mould is lightly
greased.
50
4. Put the weighed soil into the mould. Insert the top 3 cm end plug into the top collar, tamping the soil with
hand.
5. Keep, now the entire assembly on a compressive machine and remove the split collar. Apply the
compressive force till the flange of both end plugs touches the corresponding collars. Maintain this load for 1
mt and then release it.
6. Then remove the top 3 cm plug and collar place a filter paper on fine wire mesh on the top of the specimen
and fix the perforated base plate.
7. Turn the mould assembly upside down and remove the 2.5 cm end plug and collar. Place the top perforated
plate on the top of the soil specimen and fix the top cap on it, after inserting the seating gasket.
8. Now the specimen is ready for test.
(B) Preparation of Dynamically Compacted Disturbed sample:
1. Take 800 to 1000 gm. of representative soil and mix it with water to get O.M.C, if necessary. Have the mix in
airtight container for 24 hours.
2. Assemble the permeameter for dynamic compaction. Grease the inside of the mould and place it upside
down on the dynamic compaction base. Weigh the assembly correct to a gram (w). Put the 3 cm collar to the
other end.
3. Now, compact the wet soil in 2 layers with 15 blows to each layer with a 2.5 kg dynamic tool. Remove the
collar and then trim off the excess. Weigh the mould assembly with the soil (W2).
4. Place the filter paper or fine wore mesh on the top of the soil specimen and fix the perforated base plate on
it.
5. Turn the assembly upside down and remove the compaction plate. Insert the sealing gasket and place the
top perforated plate on the top of soil specimen. And fix the top cap.
6. Now, the specimen is ready for test.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Prepare the soil specimen as specified.
2. Saturate it. Desired water is preferred.
3. Assemble the permeameter in the bottom tank and fill the tank with water.
4. Inlet nozzle of the mould is connected to the stand pipe. Allow some water to flow until steady flow is
obtained.
5. Note down the time interval (t) for a fall of head in the stand pipe (h).
6. Repeat step 5 three times to determine (t) for the same head.
7. Find ‘a’ by collecting (q) for the stand pipe. Weigh it correct to 1 gm. and find ‘a’ from q/h=a.
Therefore the coefficient of permeability
51
Observation and Recording:
52
1st 2nd
set set
1.Area of stand pipe (dia. 5 cm) (a)
2.Cross sectional area of soil specimen (A)
3.Length of soil specimen (L)
4.Initial reading of stand pipe (h1)
5.Final reading of stand pipe (h2)
6.Time (t)
7.Test temperature (T)
8.Coefficient of permeability at T (kt)
9.Coefficient of permeability at 27o C, (k27)
GENERAL REMARKS:
1. During test there should be no volume change in the soil, there should be no compressible air present in the
voids of soil i.e. soil should be completely saturated. The flow should be laminar and in a steady state
condition.
2. Coefficient of permeability is used to assess drainage characteristics of soil, to predict rate of settlement
founded on soil bed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
53
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION
I.SIEVE ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE
(A). Select sieves as per I.S specifications and perform sieving.

(B). Obtain percentage of soil retained on each sieve.
(C). Draw graph between log grain size of soil and % finer.
NEED AND SCOPE OF EXPERIMEN
The grain size analysis is widely used in classification of soils. The data obtained from grain size distribution
curves is used in the design of filters for earth dams and to determine suitability of soil for road construction,
air field etc. Information obtained from grain size analysis can be used to predict soil water movement
although permeability tests are more generally used.
PLANNING AND ORGANISATION
Apparatus
1. Balance
2. I.S sieves
3. Rubber pestle and mortar.
4. Mechanical Sieve Shaker
The grain size analysis is an attempt to determine the relative proportions of different grain sizes which
make up a given soil mass.
KNOWLEDGE OF EQUIPMENT
1. The balance to be used must be sensitive to the extent of 0.1% of total weight of sample taken.
2. I.S 460-1962 is to used. The sieves for soil tests: 4.75 mm to 75 microns.
PROCEDURE
1. For soil samples of soil retained on 75 micron I.S sieve
(a) The proportion of soil sample retained on 75 micron I.S sieve is weighed and recorded weight of soil
sample is as per I.S 2720.
(b) I.S sieves are selected and arranged in the order as shown in the table.
(c) The soil sample is separated into various fractions by sieving through above sieves placed in the above
mentioned order.
(d) The weight of soil retained on each sieve is recorded.
(e) The moisture content of soil if above 5% it is to be measured and recorded.
2. No particle of soil sample shall be pushed through the sieves.
OBSERVATIONS AND RECORDING
Weight of soil sample:
Moisture content:
54
I.S sieve Wt. Retained Cumulative
Percentage on
number or size in each sieve %age retained % finer Remarks
each sieve
in mm on each sieve
(gm.)
4.75
4.00
3.36
2.40
1.46
1.20
0.60
0.30
0.15
0.075
GRAPH
Draw graph between log sieve size vs % finer. The graph is known as grading curve. Corresponding to 10%, 30%
and 60% finer, obtain diameters from graph are designated as D10, D30 and D60.
CALCULATION
1. The percentage of soil retained on each sieve shall be calculated on the basis of total weight of soil sample
taken.
2. Cumulative percentage of soil retained on successive sieve is found.
55
II.HYDROMETER ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE
Grain size analysis of soils by hydrometer analysis test.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
1. To determine the grain size distribution of soil sample containing appreciable amount of fines.
2. To draw a grain size distribution curve.
For determining the grain size distribution of soil sample, usually mechanical analysis (sieve analysis) is carried
out in which the finer sieve used is 63 micron or the nearer opening. If a soil contains appreciable quantities of
fine fractions in (less than 63 micron) wet analysis is done. One form of the analysis is hydrometer analysis. It is
very much helpful to classify the soil as per ISI classification. The properties of the soil are very much
influenced by the amount of clay and other fractions.
APPARATUS
1. Hydrometer
2. Glass measuring cylinder-Two of 1000 ml capacity with ground glass or rubber stoppers about 7 cm
diameter and 33 cm high marked at 1000 ml volume.
3. Thermometer- To cover the range 0 to 50o C with an accuracy of 0.5 0 C.
4. Water bath.
5. Stirring apparatus.
6. I.S sieves apparatus.
7. Balance-accurate to 0.01 gm.
8. Oven-105 to 110.
9. Stop watch.
10. Desiccators
11. Centimeter scale.
12. Porcelain evaporating dish.
13. Wide mouth conical flask or conical beaker of 1000 ml capacity.
14. Thick funnel-about 10 cm in diameter.
15. Filter flask-to take the funnel.
16. Measuring cylinder-100 ml capacity.
17. Wash bottle-containing distilled water.
18. Filter papers.
19. Glass rod-about 15 to 20 cm long and 4 to 5 mm in diameter.
20. Hydrogen peroxide-20 volume solution.
56
21. Hydrochloric acid N solution-89 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid.(specific gravity 1.18) diluted with
distilled water one litre of solution.
22. Sodium hexametaphosphate solution-dissolve 33 g of sodium hexa-metaphosphate and 7 gm. of sodium

carbonate in distilled water to make one litre of solution.
CALIBRATION OF HYDROMETER
Volume
(a) Volume of water displaced: Approximately 800 ml of water shall be poured in the 1000 ml measuring
cylinder. The reading of the water level shall be observed and recorded.
The hydrometer shall be immersed in the water and the level shall again be observed and recorded as the
volume of the hydrometer bulb in ml plus volume of that part of the stem that is submerged. For practical
purposes the error to the inclusion of this stem volume may be neglected.
(b) From the weight of the hydrometer: The hydrometer shall be weighed to the nearest 0.1 gm.
The weight in gm. shall be recorded as the volume of the bulb plus the volume of the stem below the 1000 ml
graduation mark. For practical purposes the error due to the inclusion of this stem may be neglected.
Calibration
(a ) The sectional area of the 1000 ml measuring cylinder in which the hydrometer is to used shall be
determined by measuring the distance between the graduations. The sectional area is equal to the volume
include between the two graduations divided by the measured distance between them.
Place the hydrometer on the paper and sketch it. On the sketch note the lowest and highest readings which
are on the hydrometer and also mark the neck of the bulb. Mark the center of the bulb which is half of the
distance between neck of the bulb and tip of the bulb.
(b) The distance from the lowest reading to the center of the bulb is (Rh) shall be recorded
(Rh =HL + L/2).
(c) The distance from the highest hydrometer reading to the center of the bulb shall be measured and
recorded.
(d) Draw graph hydrometer readings vs Hh and Rh. A straight line is obtained. This calibration curve is used to
calibrate the hydrometer readings which are taken within 2 minutes.
(e) From 4 minutes onwards the readings are to be taken by immersing the hydrometer each time. This makes
the soil solution to rise, there by rising distance of free fall of the particle. So correction is applied to the
hydrometer readings.
(f) Correction applied to the Rh and Hh
Vh = Volume of hydrometer bulb in ml.
A =Area of measuring cylinder in cm2.
From these two corrected readings draw graph (straight line)
Grain Size Distribution in Soil-Data and Calculation Chart
57
Date:
Sample No:
Total weight of dry soil taken, W =
Specific Gravity of soil, G =
Hydrometer No._____________
Wt. Of soil gone into solution, WS =
Meniscus correction, Cn =
Dispersion agent correction =
Reading in water RW =
Temperature correction =
% finer for wt. Of soil WS gone into solution N =
Hydrometer
Corrected Zr Equival N(%
reading Velocity
hydrometer ent dia. finer
Elapsed upper or
Cm/sec
Of Than
Reading REM
Date Time Time in Meniscus R
Particle for ARKS
Sec
l
Zr D soil)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
58

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DETERMINATION OF CONSISTENCY LIMITS

LIQUID LIMIT TEST

1. Prepare soil specimen as per specification.

2. Find the relationship between water content and number of blows.

3. Draw flow curve.

4. Find out liquid limit.

NEED AND SCOPE

1. Balance 2. Liquid limit device 3. Grooving tool 4. Mixing dishes

5. Spatula 6. Electrical Oven

Details of the sample.........

Natural moisture content.........

INTERPRETATION AND RECORDING

Flow index If = β(W2-W1)/ (logN1/N2) = slope of the flow curve.

Plasticity Index = wl-wp =

Toughness Index = Ip/If =

NEED AND SCOPE

2. Glass plate for rolling the specimen.

3. Air tight containers to determine the moisture content.

4. Balance of capacity 200gm and sensitive to 0.01gm

5. Continue rolling till you get a threaded of 3 mm diameter.

6. Kneed the soil together to a uniform mass and re-roll.

OBSERVATION AND REPORTING

Water content (%) = {(W3 - W2) / (W3 - W1) } 100

Average Plastic Limit=...............

Plasticity Index (Ip) = (LL - PL) =............

Toughness Index =Ip/If

NEED AND SCOPE

A shrinkage limit test should be performed on a soil.

2. To obtain an indication of change in volume.

1. Evaporating Dish made of Porcelain, about 12 cm diameters with flat bottom.

4. Straight Edge. Steel, 15 cm in length.

7. Sieves. 2mm and 425- micron IS sieves.

9. Graduate-Glass, having a capacity of 25 ml and graduated to 0.2 ml and 100 cc flask.

10. Balance-Sensitive to 0.01 g minimum.

12. Wash bottle containing distilled water.

Preparation of soil paste

Use water content somewhere around the liquid limit.

Filling the shrinkage dish

8. Determine the weight of the empty dish and record.

Volume of the Dry Soil Pat

Do not touch the mercury with gold rings.

TABULATION AND RESULTS

S. No. Determination No. 1 2 3

Wt. of container in gm,W1

a. Weight of displaced mercury

b. Specific gravity of the mercury

NEED AND SCOPE

1. Density bottle of 50 ml with stopper having capillary hole.

2. Balance to weigh the materials (accuracy 10gm).

3. Wash bottle with distilled water.

4. Alcohol and ether.

1. Clean and dry the density bottle

a. Wash the bottle with water and allow it to drain.

b. Wash it with alcohol and drain it to remove water.

c. Wash it with ether, to remove alcohol and drain ether.

2. Weigh the empty bottle with stopper (W1)

Under constant temperature water baths (Tx0).

S. No. Observation Number 1 2 3