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Case Studies & Success Stories Vol. I
Turbocharged
Programming with Python
Software quality is a vital ingredient to success in A comprehensive standard library and thousands of
industry and science. Ubiquitous IT systems control additional libraries in the Python Package Index provide
the business processes of the global economy. developers with high-quality solutions which they can
Increasingly powerful computers and sophisticated easily integrate into their applications to meet virtually
algorithms provide the platform for new scientific any requirement.
discoveries. And global communication is inconceiv- In this way, Python frees up vast resources, which can be
able without intelligent software. earmarked for more productive use elsewhere.
In the race for customers, the pole position belongs to those who
get to market faster than their competitors. Better and more creative
solutions combined with the ability to respond instantly to new
challenges drive the race. Writing secure and reliable programs in
The Master Key for
a fraction of the time normally required gets you first across the
finish line.
System Integration
Python offers unique benefits for system integration. On the
one hand, there are huge numbers of Python libraries, with
The Programming Language which virtually any third-party system can be integrated.
On the other hand, the libraries of many other programming
of the Agile Era languages can also be used in Python.

Once they have been programmed, Python applications can

Agility is the hallmark of our times and Python is the pro-
run on all operating systems for which a Python interpreter
gramming language of the agile era. The Python univer-
exists, significantly reducing the cost of operating-system-
sal programming language is the turbocharger of the IT
specific applications.
department. Compared with other modern programming
languages such as Java or C, Python achieves superior
results in significantly shorter timescales for a number of
different reasons. The Language that has
For example, Python is a very lean programming language.
Python programs are a great deal shorter than code written
Changed Everything
in other modern programming languages. As a result, both
For over 20 years, Python has been used successfully
development times and maintenance costs are drastically
throughout the world as a programming language in
reduced. Less code means fewer errors, meaning the cost
industry, in the service sector, and also in research and
of identifying and eliminating these errors is also reduced.
science to meet a wide range of different requirements.
In this time, the language has changed many things.

The Python programming language is easy to learn. It has

blurred the boundaries between users and developers.
Increasing numbers of scientists, engineers, financial
experts and others with little programming experience are
using Python to solve specific complex technical problems.
 The Web
Python impresses Mozilla
The Mozilla Corporation, manufacturer
of the Firefox web browser and Thunder-
bird e-mail client, is impressed with
Python and uses the language for its web
services. The addon.mozilla.org and
support.mozilla.com websites and the
Socorro crash-reporting system are
based on Django and Python.

Firefox Sync Server

The Firefox Sync Server, which is used to synchronize bookmarks, browsing
histories, passwords, and open tabs on different computers and mobile
devices, was also written in Python.

«The Python programming language supports many programming

paradigms and can be put to productive use virtually anywhere. What’s
more, Python is not restricted to the web. For example, we also use
Tarek Ziadé – member of the Mozilla Python for our packaging and build systems.
Service Team, on the reasons for success.
The Python ecosystem is very rich and well-developed. Our developers
can incorporate existing libraries into their projects and only need to
develop the new functions that they need.

Python’s concise syntax is simple and yet highly productive. This means
DESKTOP MOBILE RELEASES ADD-ONS SUPPORT ABOUT
that new developers can very quickly get involved in our projects, even if
» Mobile » Sync
they are not yet familiar with Python.»
Get Firefox for Mobile

Keep Your Firefox

Or visit Firefox.com/m on your mobile browser

IN SYNC
Seamlessly sync your Firefoxes, access your data no
matter which device you use.

Learn more about Firefox Sync

Stay
Have a question about Firefox Sync? Ask it in our forums. SAFE
Firefox Sync works behind the scenes to
keep you safe.
Just follow these
SIMPLE STEPS: For Your Eyes Only:
Your data is always protected, so only you have
access to information like your passwords and
>>> import success
browsing history.
1. Go to your Firefox Preferences and click the 'Sync' tab.
(Not sure where your preference pane is?)
Safety First:

Less Code is Better

Firefox Sync is the only service with end-to-end
2. Click 'Set Up Firefox Sync' and 'Create a New Account'. encryption. Sync’s advanced security measures mean
you’re never vulnerable to online bad guys or
companies that will sell your information.

3. Enter your email address, create a password and confirm it.

Get Up and Go:
Then check "I agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Enjoy the benefits of sharing personal info across all
your devices while still maintaining military-grade
Policy" and click Continue. security and privacy.

4. Confirm that you are not a robot by entering the text from
the image.
A task that requires an average of twenty lines
5. Click 'Done' to close the setup window and take you back to of code in C and seven in Java can often be
the Sync panel.

6. You're done! Firefox Sync will now automatically sync your

done with just one line in Python.
data in the background from here on.

Want more detailed instructions?

 «Python has been an important part of Google since the begin-
ning and remains so as the system grows and evolves. Today
dozens of Google engineers use Python, and we’re looking for
more people with skills in this language.»

Powered by Python
Peter Norvig – Director of Research at Google Inc

In 1998, a small company from California, with the help of the

Python programming language, changed the way we search for
relevant information on the Internet. The company had an
unusual-sounding name: Google.
Twelve years on, this name is valued at 111 billion* US dollars, making it one of the most
valuable brands in the world. Thanks to its innovative products, Google has quickly risen
to its position as a market-leading online information provider.

«Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and

make it universally accessible and useful.»
It is safe to assume that without Python, the World Wide Web would not exist in its
present form. Not only Google, but also many other companies and open-source com-
munities have changed the web, and with it our lives, using Python.

How a Shortener
*Millward Brown BrandZ Study 2011

Tailor-made for
Web Applications goes Large
Bitly is a URL shortener and analytics service based
The Python programming language is tailor-made in New York City, handling hundreds of millions of
to perform new tasks on the World Wide Web. events per day. The majority of the code is written
Frameworks and application servers such as Zope, in Python. Python scales well and means that the
Django, Turbogears and Pylons have enabled small shortener really can do it large.
start-ups to implement new services and business
models on the Internet. Quickly, securely and with Bitly shortens approximately 80 million new URLs per day and
built-in scalability. handles hundreds of millions of clicks on those URLs.

Bitly chose Python for its ability to develop rapidly, and for its vast
standard library. The company also makes extensive use of Python’s
numerical computing frameworks. Python serves all user-facing pages
as well as a large portion of public API traffic. Additionally, Python does
the heavy lifting for all asynchronous work in the backend systems.
All of bitly’s internal APIs are written or prototyped in Python.
«Python is fast enough for our site and allows us
to produce maintainable features in record times, Kategorien | Video hochladen Konto erstellen | Anmelden

with a minimum of developers.»

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Python programs. With every line of code that can be left out, a

“ New developers learn to use the leaner

”
possible source of error is also avoided.
code base much more quickly.
 From C# .NET to Python
How SurveyMonkey attracts
and retains Top Developers
SurveyMonkey is the world’s largest survey company, with over one
million survey responses every day on its website. The company has
built tools based on over 10 years of experience in survey methodology
and web development. Following an acquisition in 2009 it has grown
to over 100 employees throughout the United States and Portugal,
with its headquarters in Palo Alto, CA.

At the time of the acquisition, the Separate Services

company was running a single monolithic
C# .NET web application. While the system The services communicate via hardened
was running smoothly, it was slow to add, web APIs. This decomposition makes it
test, and deploy new features. Survey- possible to build features on smaller
Monkey decided to bite the bullet and codebases that are more easily manage-
commit to rewriting the application in able and can be released on independent
Python, breaking core features into schedules.
separate services.

«The transition to Python from .NET has been a

great success. Our Python applications handle
heavy traffic without problems. Developers have found
it possible to add new features much more quickly
than before. New employees get up to speed in a
manner of days, and recruiting has become easier.»
Chuck Groom – Head of Engineering
at the Seattle SurveyMonkey office

>>> import success

Lively Open Source The combined creativity and productivity of the community
and the intensive transfer of knowledge and expertise
Python is used by a large dynamic community. within the community makes it an extended workbench
of a company's own IT department.
 «Esri users range from veterans who have been using GIS through several generations
of our platform to young people educated in the latest software approaches. Using
Python as our core scripting language lets us reach everyone, whether to build a
simple repeatable workflow or conduct complex GIS analysis.»
Jack Dangermond – President, Esri

Esri and ArcGIS

Mapping Knowledge with Python

Scientists, thought leaders, and innovators, includ-
ing commercial and government workforces, are
increasingly sharing their knowledge using geo-
graphic information systems (GIS) to better under- methods into ArcGIS. Python has become the langua-
stand problems and make better decisions. ge for data analysis, conversion, and management,
which in turn is increasing the productivity of Ar-
cGIS users, as well expanding the use of ArcGIS into
To help their users, Esri, leading provider of GIS
new markets.
solutions, created a Python module for their ArcGIS
system called ArcPy. Python was chosen for its ease
of use, extensibility, readability, openness and power. Increasing Productivity
Now, professionals and programmers from nearly
any discipline can incorporate their work and GIS application developers also benefit from ArcPy.
They can rapidly prototype and test scripts in an
interactive environment, scale applications to meet
demand, and port applications across platforms.

DataVisualisation with the kartograph.org framework –

written in Python and using ESRI shapefiles.

Solutions to many problems have already been devised

“
by other developers. Extensive online documentation, The Python community … an extended workbench
numerous books, forums, and mailing lists, and also
congresses and conferences across the globe make it easy
to learn this fascinating programming language.
of a company's own IT department…
”
 OpenERP

It’s all about Agility

OpenERP is a full-featured enterprise Fast-tracking New Professionals
resource planning suite written in to Productivity
Python. One of the key strengths of
OpenERP is that it is agile at all levels: Due to the fast growth and high demand for
customizations, modularity, and quick OpenERP, the company has to train integration
start for newcomers. partners every day, so that they can become pro-
ficient and start customer implementations in just
These characteristics are beneficial for both
one week! Most of them don’t have advanced
customers and developers. Customers need agility
knowledge of Python when they start, but in just
to react to changing business needs immediately,
a few hours of training, they can have a new
and OpenERP developers need agility to drive the
OpenERP module up and running.
software forward and stay ahead of the competi-
tion. All of this is possible because of the Python
framework upon which OpenERP is based.

Open «Python played a strategic role in the development of OpenERP. The flexibility of
ERP Python gave us the capability to adapt to market or design decision changes over the
years. It’s very important for large projects as the customer demand evolves very
quickly: five years ago, the best ERPs were three-tier applications with a rich user in-
terface; today you need a web interface to be on the top; tomorrow you will need to
be on mobile or tablet PCs.
Most of our competitors did not succeed in evolving with the market and this is what
makes OpenERP a killer application: we have all the features of seven years of devel-
opment application but with the user interface of recent and cool applications.»
Fabien Pinckaers – OpenERP CEO

>>> import success

Agile Development
OpenERP developers need agility to drive the software Python is the language of agile
forward and stay ahead of the competition.
software development.
 «We wouldn’t have been able to do this
with any other technology. Only Python
with its extremely high efficiency, clear
syntax and large number of professional
quality extensions and frameworks made
eGenix.com this possible.»

VAT Revenue Collection in Ghana Marc-André Lemburg

CEO eGenix.com
Ghana is one of the few countries in Western Africa
with a growing economy. Value added tax (VAT) is
a major source of revenue for the government of Since the project was time-critical, Aya contacted
Ghana. eGenix.com, a German consulting company, to get
Unfortunately, collecting VAT is diffcult: the backend server for the system implemented.
Many small traders have trouble calculating and eGenix designed and rolled out a complete end-
reporting the VAT tax on their sold products. to-end system based on PostgreSQL and Python,
communicating with the trader terminals, man-
A Swiss company, Aya Technologies AG, had an idea
aging trader sales in the database and providing
of how to improve this situation: instead of letting
live monitoring via a web interface to the VAT
the traders do the VAT calculation and reporting
Service — all in just three months!
themselves, they suggested having the traders
use an online terminal, which works as simple The Ghana VAT Service was immediately sold on
electronic cash register with integrated book- the idea and is now using the system to improve
keeping, VAT calculation, and reporting. To con- VAT revenue for traders in their small traders
vince the Ghana VAT Service, they agreed to run a program.
pilot project.

Since Python is an interpreted language,

the entire compilation stage is eliminated
Furthermore, programming errors do not
necessarily result in crashes. A compre- “ Competitive programs offering maxi-
mum benefit to the customer can be
from the development process, which
normally entails three working steps
(programming, compiling, debugging.
hensive log is created for each exception,
which significantly reduces error analysis
costs.
created very rapidly.
”
Python therefore opens up entirely new
dimensions in agile development. Proto-
Optimization errors by the compiler,
In addition, Python is designed to ensure types can be developed much more quickly
resulting in crashes which are difficult
that certain errors cannot even occur in and can be adapted in real time to user
to analyze, are similarly ruled out.
the first place. requirements.
ForecastWatch
Yesterday’s Weather
Tomorrow we will know how accurate yesterday’s ForecastWatch is used by The Weather Channel
weather forecast was. By then, however, no one is and The Weather Network in Canada, among others.
interested anymore. Or are they? The system collects weather forecasts from a large
number of national and international forecasting
Improved Quality with Python companies and compares them with actual ob-
servations from about 1200 locations around the
Meteorologists would of course like to compare
world. The meteorologists can see aggregated data
their forecasts with the weather that actually
on temperature, precipitation, wind, and opacity
occurred, i.e., with the real measurement data, in
order to optimize their calculation models and forecasts, presented in a web-based view, and

improve the quality of their forecasts. In the USA, they can filter that data down from a nationwide
Canada and globally, Python and the web-based summary all the way down to individual local
system ForecastWatch are used for this purpose. forecasts. The entire system is written in Python.

«For ForecastWatch, Python’s power to do a lot with very few

ForecastAccuracy
WatchDefined
lines of code allowed us to get the ForecastWatch prototype up
Nachbau
in a matter of weeks. And it has allowed us to continue to use
that code as the product has expanded. Having come from C++ and Java, Python’s
interactivity made testing code easy and made trying out new ideas or features painless
and quick. This has allowed us to be nimble in meeting customer needs and to react
quickly when web page formats change or new feeds are added.»
Eric Floehr – Owner of Intellovations and
maker of ForecastWatch
Global Earthquake Model
Calculating the Inconceivable
Over half a million people died in the last decade due to earthquakes, most of these in the
developing world, where risk is increasing due to rapid population growth and urbanization.
Recent earthquakes in Haiti, Japan, New Zealand and Turkey painfully reminded the world of
the destructive impact of seismic events and the importance of the availability of reliable
earthquake risk information.

In many earthquake-prone regions no risk models society, worldwide. In January 2009 the Global
exist to provide such information. There are also Earthquake Model (GEM) Foundation started to
no agreed global standards for risk assessment, develop uniform standards, open software and
which are critical for the effective and unambigu- tools for worldwide earthquake risk assessment.
ous communication of seismic risk and are essen-
Currently hundreds of organizations and individ-
tial as input for increasing risk awareness and
uals are working together on the OpenQuake
undertaking mitigating action.
Platform, which is powered by OpenQuake engine,
an open source application written in Python
For the Benefit of Society which is used by scientists, engineers, government
officials, and the financial sector to perform
OECD’s Global Science Forum created the earthquake hazard and risk analysis on a global
opportunity for an initiative to leverage scientific scale.
knowledge on earthquake risk for the benefit of

OQ
OPENquake
calculate share explore

«We find Python to be a highly productive language which facilitates rapid prototyping
and the frequent adjustments needed to keep up with the latest user requirements,»
says Lars Butler, one of the chief developers at OpenQuake. «We also find Python to be
an appropriate tool for the job, given the availability of several powerful libraries which
do most of the heavy lifting in our mission-critical components.»
 Python adds New Impetus to Industry
Maximal output for minimal input — the benefits of Python continue to
impress more and more companies. Engineers use the programming language
to make scientific calculations, design systems, or as a script language for
design and simulation software. The language is also used to manage
production processes.

Roll out
the Future
Continuous casting plants need a lot of energy.
Cost savings can be made and CO2 emissions can be
indirectly reduced by reducing power consumption.

>>> import success

This enables economical use of the resources of IT depart-
Reusability and Scalability ments, saves time, and speeds up the market launch of new
products.In Python's extensive standard library, developers
Python programs can be developed in the form
find ready-made modules for regularly recurring programming
of modules, so that the functionality, once
tasks. Programs developed in modular form can therefore
developed, can be reused in other programs.
be quickly and easily scaled, thereby significantly increasing
the flexibility of development projects.
 SMS Siemag AG

Saving Energy with Python

SMS Siemag AG is one of the leading companies in metallurgical plant and rolling
mill technology. In order to improve the efficiency and environmental impact of its
continuous casting plants, the company is working together with its customers to
devise energy-saving methods of operation, known as “Eco Mode.”
In Eco Mode, generator units not needed for production are automatically shut down or switched
to a power-saving stand-by mode. Python-based software is used to measure and record the power
consumption of the various consumers so that the reactive and active power of the individual
generator units in the different operating modes is logged and evaluated. The most energy-efficient system
control, the Eco Mode, is then determined for each operating mode from the data obtained. Eco Mode allows
energy savings of up to 7%.

The agile programming language allows engineers to make real-time system modifications, collect new data
during live operation, or change the evaluation criteria.

DLR German Aerospace Center

The DLR is Germany’s national

Lift off with Python
VAMPzero: Aircraft Conceptual Design with Python
research center for aeronautics
and space and describes itself VAMPzero, a Python-based software tool methods the design of new configurations
as one of Germany’s leading for the conceputal design of aircraft with VAMPzero includes outer geometry as
software houses. Around 1 000 enables DLR to address two main chal- well as structures, engines, systems, mission
employees develop software lenges during the conceptual design analysis and costs. VAMPzero supports
for the numerous research stage for aircraft: flexibility and trans- working in multi-disciplinary and multi-
and development projects run parency. As in every design, requirements fidelity environments.
by the DLR. change during the course of development.
VAMPzero is the first aircraft conceptual
The DLR mainly uses Python to develop The same is especially true for aircraft
design code that is published as open source.
engineering software and tools for knowl- design and becomes even more important
It is available through software.dlr.de .
edge management. The DLR also uses a due to the integration of novel tech-
Python-based system called Allura to nologies. Based on well known handbook
manage its software development
projects.

“
Around 13 000 freely accessible
libraries offer a ready-made
implemented solution for virtually
every conceivable task.
”
 Swisscom IT Services AG

Quantax Post-Trade Risk Management

Quantax addresses post-trade risk management for «Python has a low technical and conceptual
complex portfolios of financial instruments. It is overhead, yet includes everything you need to
currently used on bank trading floors and for profes- build professional applications.»
sional asset management in four countries. Martin Gfeller – Swisscom

There are a number of applications in the risk management and is therefore used as the sole programming language
domain. They are typically either Excel-based solutions at in Quantax.
the low end or solutions developed as complex, multi-
Quantax offers broad coverage of financial instruments,
layered client-server systems at the high-end, with very little
ranging from shares to complex credit derivates and
in between.
exotics, with real-time valuation, position keeping, and
Swisscom IT Services, a provider of professional consulting risk management. The Python environment and the Zope
and expert implementations of IT solutions in the finan- application server already include many components and
cial sector, decided to build Quantax from the ground up can easily be expanded with modules provided by the
as an object-oriented, web-based application, using tech- Python community and ecosystem. Quantax’s total cost of
nologies in which domain experts can utilize their ex- ownership therefore compares very favorably with its
pertise directly. Python excels at low technical overhead high-end competitors.

>>> import success

Risk-free programming:
Security – No buffer overflows
Python is a highly stable and secure – No buffer underruns
programming language. – No memory leaks
– No stack manipulations
By the end of 2011, only 125 security-related errors were detected – No memory management errors
in Python, one tenth of the errors in Java and a fraction of the possible – No access violations
security breaches detected to date in C. – No segmentation faults
 Taming bulls and bears
The world’s stock markets can no longer survive without computers.
Billions are traded every second in the electronic global networks.

Complex, random calculations and simulations They can use powerful tools without having to
form the basis for buy and sell orders. Financial worry about the numerous underlying program-
mathematicians like to use Python for this purpose. ming parameters such as memory management,
violations, and debugging.
Specialist libraries and Python-based applications
provide them with all finance-related mathemat- Similar conditions prevail in the insurance sector.
ical functions in an intuitive, comprehensible format. Actuaries use mathematical models to assess risks
and calculate insurance premiums, all with Python.

Landesbank Baden-Württemberg

PyTAF Python - The Adaptor Framework

Landesbank Baden-Württemberg (LBBW) is the
central savings bank in Baden-Württemberg,
PyTAF allows the developer to rapidly develop interface
Rhineland Palatinate and Saxony, with total
programs (adaptors) using a wide range of connectivity
assets of around EUR 373 billion*.
and data transformation components.
*as of December 31, 2011
Python has helped to enable PyTAF with its extensive
In 1999, LBBW IT Financial Markets designed a new standard library, extensibility, and dynamic nature. Python
application integration architecture based on a message- is key to PyTAF’s success. Since PyTAF went live in 2000 it
oriented middleware layer and asynchronous event-driven has seen a steady increase in use, with over 100 PyTAF-
communications. A toolkit was needed to achieve the based adaptors in production today, processing millions
project objectives of technically decoupling applications, of EUROs of trade data every day.
standardizing the implementation of interface programs
and meeting the requirements of real-time straight-
through-processing of financial markets trade data.

As no vendor solutions fulfilled all of the key requirements «There are lots of other programming
the decision was taken to implement an integration languages with outstanding features.
Landesbank Baden-Württemberg

framework in-house: PyTAF builds upon a simple model- We don’t know of any other programming language with features
driven development approach based on data flow graph- and a syntax as elegant and concise as Python, though.»
oriented development of programs on an interface editor Holger Joukl, Manuela Kälberer, Rainer Kluger
GUI, the generation of executable programs, and a rich, Landesbank Baden-Württemberg IT Financial Markets
extensible component library.

Due to the language design in Python, several classes of error This is why Python has become the language of
cannot even occur in the first place. Application code, for example, choice for security-conscious developers in many
cannot trigger buffer overflows, underruns or memory leaks, since sensitive fields of application.
the validity of all Python indices is automatically checked. As the
program stack is not administered by the application code but by the to worry about memory management, so manual implementation
Python interpreter, stack manipulations are more or less excluded. errors are avoided from the outset. As there are no null pointers in
A garbage collector ensures the real-time, automated clearance of Python, errors due to access violations or segmentation faults
unused objects from the memory. The programmer does not have can only occur – if at all – in the interpreter itself or in a C extension.
>>> import success

Test-driven Development
Python supports modern
test-driven development methods
based on unit tests and integration tests.
Learning to Program
with Python When Guido van Rossum began to develop the Python
programming language in the 1980s, he worked at
the Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI) in
Amsterdam (Netherlands) in the ABC Working Group.
ABC was a programming language that had been
designed to teach IT students.

Guido van Rossum took many design concepts from ABC and im-
plemented them in Python. This may explain why Python is ideally
suited for use as a teaching language in schools and universities.

Numerous textbooks have been written for children and young

people, proving that even ten-year-olds can be successfully taught
the basic concepts of programming.

OLPC: One Laptop per Child

To Empower the World’s ExpEYES - Eyes for Science
Poorest Children through Low Cost Experiments for
Young Engineers and Scientists
Education ExpEYES is a portable, expandable, and affordable science laboratory,
supporting a wide range of experiments from high school to post-
Python is involved in one of the world’s most ambitious education
graduate level. It combines the power available from Python for
projects, the One Laptop per Child project, which was presented by
doing scientific computation and data visualization with control
MIT Professor Nicholas Negroponte at the World Economic Summit
via a data acquisition hardware device. Mathematical analysis
in Davos in 2005. The aim of the initiative is described on the project
and visualization of experimental data are done using modules
website as follows: «We aim to provide each child with a rugged,
like Scipy, Matplotlib and Tkinter. GUI programs are available for
low-cost, low-power, connected laptop. To this end, we have designed
around 50 experiments. ExpEYES can change the way in which
hardware, content and software for collaborative, joyful, and self-em-
science and engineering is taught and encourages the concept of
powered learning. With access to this type of tool, children are engaged
learning by doing.
in their own education, and learn, share, and create together. They be-
come connected to each other, to the world and to a brighter future.» ExpEYES is a part of the PHOENIX project (Physics with Home-
made Equipment and Innovative Experiments) started in 2004 by
The successful educational outcome of the project depends entirely
the Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC) in India. The software
on the learning software provided. To make it as simple as possible
was initially written in C language but shifted to Python. This
for teachers and educationalists to develop learning software for
resulted in two major benefits: writing the GUI code became much
the OLPC, the project has relied on Python from the outset. The
easier, and accessing the hardware from inside the Python Interpreter
Sugar user interface, specifically optimized for children, and all
made the development of new experiments much easier. The switch
application programs were written in Python.
to Python also made training teachers easier. In just
Over 2.5 million children and teachers in 42 countries have a couple of weeks teachers have a sufficient
XO laptops command of Python for productive work.

ExpEyes

Doctests provide Python with a unique Python therefore produces powerful

With Python, software testing is as simple
tool for embedding tests into the software software with unprecedented levels of
as can be, producing powerful software
documentation. With Python, software operational security.
with maximum operational security.
development can be seamlessly integrated
into automated test environments.
 The Language of Science
In hardly any other field of application has Python been so quickly and
enthusiastically embraced as in the sciences. The language’s design
complements the thinking of scientists. Python does not force them to
think like computer scientists, but enables them to formulate scientific
tasks quickly and efficiently as programmatic algorithms in Python.
Libraries for complex mathematical and statistical calculations, for data
visualization in 2D and 3D, and for specific technical purposes equip
scientists from all disciplines with powerful tools to achieve their goals
more quickly.

Big Bang
Experiment
 «Most developers in the CMS experiment are physics students looking
for new physics in the data. Usually they don’t have any formal IT training.
Python allows them to be productive from the very start and to dedicate
most of their time on the research they want to carry out.»
Benedikt Hegner – CERN

Large Hadron Collider at CERN

Chasing the Higgs Boson

with Python It is the largest machine ever built: the Large Hadron
Collider (LHC) at CERN. The ring-shaped particle accelerator
has a circumference of 26.7 km.
In 2012 with the LHC, physicists finally found the first
direct evidence for the existence of the Higgs boson, an
elementary particle predicted by the Standard Model of
particle physics which gives mass to other particles. The
signal was observed in both, the ATLAS and CMS particle
detectors.

The CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) is one of several

experiments at the LHC. The goal of the experiment is to Configuring
answer a number of unresolved key questions in particle
physics and in our understanding of the universe at large. 13 000 Parameters
Every physicist is interested in different data selections

Managing
and computations, and the C++ based analysis framework
can be configured dynamically for this purpose. A typical

Petabytes of Data
analysis setup contains over 13000 configurable parameters.
To help the physicists in choosing the proper parameter set,
a domain specific configuration language was developed.
The detectors create an unprecedented amount of experi-
Soon it became apparent that the chosen configuration
mental data, in the range of multiple petabytes each year.
solution was too inflexible. Every functionality change
The challenge of analyzing these results not only involves
came with a huge maintenance burden. Looking for
the discovery of new physics, but also has a social aspect:
alternatives, CERN decided to replace the domain-specific
thousands of scientists around the world want to access
language with Python and a lightweight C++/Python bridge.
and analyze these data concurrently. To make this possible,
a distributed computing and data storage infrastructure Overall, the entire process from the strategy decision, an
was developed: the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid. More automated translation, up to the eventual deprecation of
than 34 countries and more than 100 computing centers the old configuration language was finished in less than
are involved in this project. six months. This new system has been in use for a few
years now, and many problems that could not be solved
New tools needed to be written to handle the management
using the previous system are now literally one-liners.
of the data and the associated workflows, and the language
of choice for these was Python. «The large functionality
available in Python’s library in combination with the flexibil-
ity provided by the language itself was the main reason for
the choice.» says Dr. Andreas Pfeiffer, CMS. The full system
has been up and running since late 2009 when the data
collection began and has already handled a few Petabytes
of data in total.
>>> import success
This development has boosted Python’s Python runs on all conventional operating
Openness and Interoperability popularity, given that Python is more systems and is open to databases and
suitable than virtually any other pro- protocols of all types. Modules from the
Software development is increasing- gramming language for the integration extensive software library give access to
ly focused on the integration of mul- of different systems. the hardware and software systems of a
ti-vendor systems. wide range of different manufacturers.
 «Python, for someone who enjoys programming and with a
wide-ranging taste for beautiful and powerful languages, is a
winning card. It’s really amazing.»
Yann Le Du – Chief Developer at the HPU4Science Project

EPRI
Looking for Life on Mars
Training a neural network to recognize biosignatures on Mars

In the year 2020, the European Space Agency (ESA) intends to send a
probe to Mars which will then bring rock samples back to Earth. Back
on Earth, the samples will be examined for signs of life. However, as
the probe can only bring around 500 g of Mars rock back to Earth, the
samples on Mars must be very carefully selected. Scientists at Chimie-
ParisTech are investigating the possibility of a novel in situ selection
device and they make heavy use of Python to achieve this goal.

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging spec- Technical Details

troscopy (EPR) and imaging (EPRI) could be used
to search for organic carbon embedded in rocks. Working closely with expert users of EPR and
This is on the discussion table at the French Space EPRI, the workgroup developed and coded a
Agency (CNES). The distinctive biosignatures left system based on machine learning. The involved
behind by fossilized carbon in rocks, for example, artificial neural network is trained on the Hybrid
can be readily identifiable to the EPR expert eye. Processing Units for Science (HPU4Science) cluster,
which was assembled completely using only
consumer-grade computer parts that includes
Making the Right Selection graphical processors (GPUs). The goal is to obtain
a network that could then be implemented in a
The challenge in EPR and EPRI is to enable a
field programmable gate array itself coupled to an
Mars probe to make the right selection without
EPRI spectrometer onboard a probe that could
human assistance.
be sent to Mars in future missions.
In the Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière
Condensée in Paris (LCMCP), spectroscopists and
computer scientists from the CNRS and Chimie- Heavy use of Python
ParisTech are developing a new imaging pipeline
algorithm for EPR and EPRI allowing automatic The scientists make heavy use of Python. It is both

image reconstruction without human intervention. used for the general functioning of the HPU4Science
cluster and for the computational code that runs
on standard GPUs (Graphic Processing Units)
through PyCUDA, a Python wrapper for NVIDIAs
CUDA libraries.

However, Python code can also be Jython is a Java implementation of Python code can also be embedded
embedded directly into other program- Python which enables all Java libraries directly into other programming
ming languages. IronPython provides a to be imported into Python. Conversely, languages.
Python implementation for the Common JavaVM can be embedded into Python
and via SWIG, Boost, SIP, and Cython. Native
Language Infrastructure (CLI), so that to provide access from Python to Java
hardware optimization of Python programs
Python can be used as a script language libraries. Operating system libraries can
can be performed with the Psyco JIT compiler.
for the automation of .NET applications. be integrated via Python’s C extensions
 Blender
It’s not just commercial software products
that benefit from Python code. Python is
also used in many open-source programs
such as Blender to automate complex work
processes efficiently.
Blender is a free open-source 3D content creation suite,
available for all major operating systems under the GNU
General Public License.

Side Effects Software and Houdini

Pure Magic
Side Effects Software develops Houdini, a 3D animation and VFX
software package used by top studios to add CG to feature films,
commercials, and games. Houdini has been in development since
1993 and was initially developed entirely in C++.

Python is adopted widely in the film industry

Side Effects started using Python in 2005 as a replacement
for their in-house scripting language. Python was chosen
because they wanted a real-world, heavily used, robust
language with a large set of supporting libraries. Python
was also being adopted widely in the film industry and
Side Effects wanted to facilitate interoperability between
Houdini and other packages and libraries.

Control Houdini with Python

Side Effects therefore integrated the Python interpreter
into Houdini and at the same time designed a new
programming interface to control Houdini from Python.
«The benefits of choosing Python Python has become the language of choice for everything
continue to reveal themselves. High-level tasks that once seemed but the most performance-critical elements.
dauntingly complex can be expressed succinctly, letting us create
higher quality visual effects tools. As Python use continues to Houdini now has support for Python throughout its interface,
grow in our industry, we have seen an explosion of customers from small expressions to whole blocks of code that set
integrating it successfully with their proprietary in-house code.» up geometric operations, physical simulations, and image
processing.
Luke Moore
Director of Special Projects Side Effects Software

>>> import success

Python as a Scripting Language for Third-Party Systems As it then offers completely new user
facilities, software manufacturers are
Due to its elegant, easy-to-learn syntax, Python can readily increasingly building Python interfaces
be used as a scripting language to control other programs. into their products.
 Images from ›Sintel‹, an animation film
made with Blender (© Blender Foundation)

«And Action!»
Python in the director’s chair
It doesn’t matter whether it’s Star Wars, Jurassic Park, Titanic,
or Avatar – films can no longer survive today without special
effects and computer animations. The Python programming
language plays a key role here.
For example, at Industrial Light and Magic (ILM), a special effects company founded by
George Lucas, thousands of computers with different operating systems, equipped with
numerous components and commercial and in-house software, have been interconnected
to form a production line which is used on a daily basis by hundreds of employees to
produce computer-generated film sequences. Since the mid-1990s, ILM has been using
Python to control and largely automate this extensive production process.

«Python plays a key role in our production pipeline. Without it a project

the size of The Avengers would have been very difficult to pull off.
LIGHT & MAGIC
From crowd rendering to batch processing to compositing, Python
A L U C A S F I L M C O M PA N Y
binds all things together.»
Tommy Burnette
Head of Global Pipeline, Lucasfilm

Furthermore, as Python is an open-source

Software manufacturers are increasingly building
language, individual adaptations can be made
Python interfaces into their products.
to the core system. For example, Python inter-
preters can be developed for autonomous
embedded systems or other highly specialized
hardware systems.
System Admins speak Python
As an interactive scripting language, Python is ideal Managing Data Centers with Python
for system administration. System administrators are
increasingly replacing their shell scripts with Python Many companies are using Python-based management
scripts, which are capable of more and easier to write. programs for the efficient and secure management of
data centers with hundreds of servers. No wonder that
Commercial distributors of LINUX operating systems Python features prominently in the storming markets of
such as Red Hat and Canonical go one step further virtualization and cloud technology.
and use Python to help them develop administrative
tools for their distributions, simplifying the work of
system administrators.

OpenStack
Open Source Cloud Computing
OpenStack is open source software for building clouds. Created
to drive industry standards, end cloud lock-in and speed cloud
adoption, OpenStack has become one of the fastest growing open
source projects of all time.
The open source cloud operating system enables businesses to
manage compute, storage and networking resources via a self-
service portal and APIs on standard hardware at massive scale.

It was at the O’Reilly OSCON 2010 conference that the open

source community was first introduced to the OpenStack
project, an initial collaboration between Rackspace Hosting
and NASA to establish the de facto standard in cloud com-
puting infrastructure. Since this launch over 150 companies
have joined the community including such industry leaders
as AT&T, Cisco, Dell, HP, IBM and Intel, and an independent
Foundation was established in September 2012.

Technology
The initial release of OpenStack consisted of two primary
projects: OpenStack Compute and OpenStack Object Stor-
age. OpenStack has since grown to seven core projects
spanning Compute, Storage, Networking and Shared Serv-
ices, including an identity service, disk image serve and
self-service dashboard.

OpenStack is architected to be flexible and pluggable,

with no proprietary hardware or software requirements
and the ability to integrate with legacy systems and third
party technologies. The cloud software is free to down-
load under the Apache 2.0 license, and is now included in
every major Linux distribution.
 >>> import success

Python Implementations
Various implementations and inter-
preters are available for the Python
Google App Engine programming language. As a result,
First Programming Language Python code can be executed in a wide
range of different environments, which
for Google App Engine helps reduce development costs.

Python was the first programming language to be CPython

supported by Google’s App Engine.
CPython is the Python language specification

The App Engine is a virtualized programming environment interpreter written in the C programming language.

which interprets Python code. The cloud provides the applica- It is the most frequently used programming

tion on demand with the computing, storage, and network ca- language implementation and is regarded as

pacity resources that are currently required. The deployment of the de facto reference implementation.

a web application is so drastically simplified that the user has

no need to worry about the overall server infrastructure.
Jython
Jython is a Java implementation of the Python
programming language which enables Python
code to be executed on Java platforms. Further-
more, all Java libraries can be imported and
dynamically used.

Why Python? IronPython

The OpenStack community chose Python as the exclusive IronPython is a Python implementation compliant
development language for the project and requires all with the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI),
new development to be in Python as well. The founders a standard for language-neutral and platform-
of the community chose Python for the following reasons: neutral application development and execution.
IronPython is written in C# and allows Python
• Rapid Product Development – Leverage of a variety of code to be executed in CLI-compatible runtime
pre-existing tools and components environments such as .NET and Mono.
• Infrastructure Flexibility – Python allows for internal
infrastructure swapping of components with signifi- PyPy
cantly less coding required PyPy is a Python implementation in RPython, a
subset of the Python specification which is
• Future Proof – The rapidly growing Python community
ported by translators into the relevant target
delivers a plethora of new projects to leverage for the
language (C, Java, C#). A JIT compiler can be
benefit of OpenStack
added at runtime to translate frequently used
• Open Source – As an open source community, Open- code.
Stack believes in supporting other open source proj-
ects by consuming their deliverables and also giving Stackless Python
back In Stackless Python, the context of the interpreter
is completely segregated from the CPU stack,
enabling the use of asynchronously running
“tasklets,” which are more efficient than OS threads.

«If cloud computing is the future, then understanding

how to make that future open is one of the great tech-
Python on Mobiles
nology challenges of our day.» Python has been ported to a number of mobile
phone platforms such as the iPhone, Android,
Tim O'Reilly – oreilly.com Windows Mobile, Nokia S60 and others, so you
can enjoy the same spirit of programming while
on the move.
 Find the needle
in the haystack.
Companies in every industry generate huge volumes of data. Thriving businesses look to Python to
convert this “haystack” of data into informed business decisions. Continuum provides your
organization with expert tools and ideas for array-oriented, lightning fast computing of large data sets
-- on a single machine or over a cluster. It’s NumPy, SciPy and Matplotlib on steroids.

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